Faculty Profiles - ISHIKAWA, Kenji

Papers - ISHIKAWA, Kenji

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Improvement of yield and grain quality by periodic cold plasma treatment with rice plants in a paddy field Reviewed

Hashizume, H; Kitano, H; Mizuno, H; Abe, A; Yuasa, G; Tohno, S; Tanaka, H; Ishikawa, K; Matsumoto, S; Sakakibara, H; Nikawa, S; Maeshima, M; Mizuno, M; Hori, M

PLASMA PROCESSES AND POLYMERS Vol. 18 ( 1 ) page： 2000181 2021.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Plasma Processes and Polymers

The application of cold plasma has attracted considerable attention in the field of agriculture. We examined the effects of plasma irradiation and treatment with plasma-activated Ringer's lactate solution (PAL) on rice seedlings in a paddy field. Irradiation during the vegetative growth period increased seedling growth, panicle number, and grain yield. In contrast, treatment during the reproductive growth period had a negative or no effect. Moreover, treatment with PAL solution promoted the growth of the main stem, such as grain number and panicle weight, and grain quality, but the grain yield from the whole plant was decreased. The results suggest that cold plasma treatment of rice seedlings is effective for improving plant growth, grain yield, and grain quality.

DOI： 10.1002/ppap.202000181

Cancer Treatments Using Low-Temperature Plasma Reviewed

Tanaka, H; Mizuno, M; Ishikawa, K; Toyokuni, S; Kajiyama, H; Kikkawa, F; Hori, M

CURRENT MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 28 ( 41 ) page： 8549 - 8558 2021

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Current Medicinal Chemistry

Low-temperature plasma (LTP) is a partially ionized gas that contains elec-trons, ions, radicals, light, etc. Recently, the bio-medical application of LTP has become a hot topic in plasma science and biological science. Cancer treatment with plasma is the most challenging topic in plasma bio-medical applications. Many in vitro and in vivo ex-periments have been conducted to investigate the anti-tumor effects of LTP. Extracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in plasma-activated solutions are key factors for the anti-tumor effects, and amino acid modifications by LTP may affect cellular responses. Intracellular RONS are also key factors for the anti-tumor effects. Various signaling pathways, such as p53 signaling pathways, survival and proliferation signaling pathways, and oxidative stress-dependent signaling pathways are activated by LTP.

DOI： 10.2174/0929867328666210629121731

Numerical analysis of high-electron-density atmospheric pressure argon streamer under a pin-to-plane electrode geometry: Effects of applying voltage polarity Reviewed Open Access

Sato Y., Ishikawa K., Tsutsumi T., Ui A., Akita M., Oka S., Hori M.

47th Eps Conference on Plasma Physics Eps 2021 Vol. 2021-June page： 45 - 48 2021

Reaction science of layer-by-layer thinning of graphene with oxygen neutrals at room temperature Reviewed

Sugiura, H; Kondo, H; Higuchi, K; Arai, S; Hamaji, R; Tsutsumi, T; Ishikawa, K; Hori, M

CARBON Vol. 170 page： 93 - 99 2020.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Carbon

Controlling the layers and in-plane defects in multi-layer graphene is the key to exploiting the extraordinary properties of graphene. Layer-by-layer thinning under high-density oxygen neutrals was observed in situ during room-temperature reaction science using a remote oxygen plasma inside a high-voltage transmission electron microscopy. Even though the etching rate of graphene was higher at the edge than at the basal plane, etching started from both locations. Each etched layer was represented by the plasmon loss intensity in the electron energy loss spectrum. After exposure to the remote oxygen plasma, the electron diffraction pattern for the multi-layer graphene keep clear six-fold diffraction pattern. Raman spectroscopy revealed the formation of defects in multi-layer graphene. The nonthermal reaction of oxygen neutrals required for graphene etching was demonstrated by in situ transmission electron microscopy.

DOI： 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.07.052

Influence of chamber pressure on the crystal quality of homo-epitaxial GaN grown by radical-enhanced MOCVD (REMOCVD) Reviewed

Amalraj, FW; Shimizu, N; Oda, O; Ishikawa, K; Hori, M

JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH Vol. 549 page： 125863 2020.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Crystal Growth

III-nitride was grown by radical-enhanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (REMOCVD) with a very high-frequency electric source 100 MHz, using nitrogen and hydrogen as a source gas free from ammonia gas. Applying radio frequency (RF) power at the top electrode generates activated nitrogen, hydrogen, and other nitrogen species. Homoepitaxial gallium nitride (GaN) growth was studied as a function of chamber pressure by REMOCVD. The grown GaN was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and double crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). Ga radicals and N radicals were detected by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) as a function of chamber pressure. The V/III ratio changes with the N<inf>2</inf>*/Ga* ratio, and the step flow growth of GaN was achieved under the chamber pressure of 300 Pa.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2020.125863

Steering of surface discharges on through-glass-vias combined with high-density nonequilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma generation Reviewed

Sato, Y; Katsuno, K; Odaka, H; Imajyo, N; Ishikawa, K; Hori, M

JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS Vol. 53 ( 43 ) page： 534302 2020.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Physics D Applied Physics

The concept of using a glass substrate with fine through-holes filled with metal, called through-glass-vias (TGVs), for an inner wall of an enclosure of a nonequilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma source was validated to extend its processing area with high plasma densities maintained. When applying the TGV substrate into an inner wall of the plasma source, the generated discharge was less likely to drift along with the gas flow, which resembled the behavior of locally high electric fields of the plasma source, called the creeping mode. The decrease in breakdown voltage was also observed. These phenomena are caused by the TGV areas acting as a steering control material in the enclosure of the plasma source. The location of the TGV areas affected the behavior of the generated plasma. The shape of the plasma was accomplished to arbitrarily and locally control by the placement of TGVs.

DOI： 10.1088/1361-6463/aba1ad

Formation of spherical Sn particles by reducing SnO2 film in floating wire-assisted H2/Ar plasma at atmospheric pressure Reviewed Open Access

Nguyen, TTN; Sasaki, M; Tsutsumi, T; Ishikawa, K; Hori, M

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Vol. 10 ( 1 ) page： 17770 2020.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Scientific Reports

A green method to synthesize spherical Sn particles by reducing SnO<inf>2</inf> film in atmospheric-pressure H<inf>2</inf>/Ar plasma at low temperatures for various applications is presented. The floating wire-assisted remotely-generated plasma with a mixture of 0.05% H<inf>2</inf>/Ar gas formed spherical metallic Sn particles by reducing a SnO<inf>2</inf> layer on glass substrate. During the reduction process, H radical density was measured by using vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, and plasma properties including electron density and gas temperature were diagnosed by optical emission spectroscopy. The inductively coupled generated plasma with a high electron density of 10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>, a hydrogen atom density of 10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>, and a gas temperature of 940 K was obtained at a remote region distance of 150 mm where the SnO<inf>2</inf>/glass substrate was placed for plasma treatment. The process has been modeled on the spherical Sn formation based on the reduction of SnO<inf>2</inf> films using H radicals. Depending on the treatment condition, the total reduction area, where spherical Sn particles formed, was enlarged and could reach 300 mm<sup>2</sup> after 2 min. The substrate temperature affected the expansion rate of the total reduction area and the growth of the Sn spheres.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-020-74663-z

Roles of Atomic Nitrogen/Hydrogen in GaN Film Growth by Chemically Assisted Sputtering with Dual Plasma Sources Reviewed Open Access

Tanide, A; Nakamura, S; Horikoshi, A; Takatsuji, S; Kimura, T; Kinose, K; Nadahara, S; Nishikawa, M; Ebe, A; Ishikawa, K; Oda, O; Hori, M

ACS OMEGA Vol. 5 ( 41 ) page： 26776 - 26785 2020.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ACS Omega

The growth of sputtered GaN at low temperature is strongly desired to realize the dissemination of low-cost GaN high electron mobility transistor devices for next-generation communication technology. In this work, the roles of atomic nitrogen (N)/hydrogen (H) in GaN film growth on AlN/sapphire substrates by chemically assisted dual source sputtering are studied at a low growth temperature of 600 °C under a pressure of 2 Pa using vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. The lateral growth was strongly enhanced with an appropriate H/N flux ratio of 1.9 at a GaN growth rate of ∼1 μm h-1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicated that N removal from the grown GaN surface by atomic hydrogen promoted the migration of Ga. A smooth GaN surface was achieved at a suitable N/Ga supply ratio of 53 and a H/N ratio of 1.9 with the addition of 0.5% chlorine to the Ar sputtering gas.

DOI： 10.1021/acsomega.0c03865

Laser-induced-plasma-activated medium enables killing of HeLa cells Reviewed

Kurokawa Y., Takeda K., Ishikawa K., Tanaka H., Hori M.

Applied Physics Express Vol. 13 ( 10 ) 2020.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Applied Physics Express

Plasma-activated medium (PAM) is defined as a medium irradiated with non-thermal plasma; multiple in vitro and animal experiments have demonstrated that PAM exhibits anti-tumor effects against various cancers. PAM contains various reactive species that contribute to these anti-tumor effects. To increase the abundance of such reactive species, we used laser-generated plasma (LGP). We used a LGP consisting of 200 ns pulsed plasma with an electron density of approximately 7.0 × 10<sup>18</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>, which is an extremely high electron density, exceeding those of other atmospheric pressure plasmas. We created a laser-generated-plasma-activated medium (LPAM), and treated HeLa cells with the LPAM in both the presence and absence of catalase. Both with and without catalase, the LPAM treatment yielded strong anti-cancer effects against HeLa cells. Surprisingly, we observed morphological differences between HeLa cells grown in LPAM prepared with and without catalase. These results suggested that LPAM induces the cell death through extracellular hydrogen peroxide-dependent and -independent processes.

DOI： 10.35848/1882-0786/abb68c

Adjusted multiple gases in the plasma flow induce differential antitumor potentials of plasma-activated solutions Reviewed

Nakamura, K; Yoshikawa, N; Yoshihara, M; Ikeda, Y; Higashida, A; Niwa, A; Jindo, T; Tanaka, H; Ishikawa, K; Mizuno, M; Toyokuni, S; Hori, M; Kikkawa, F; Kajiyama, H

PLASMA PROCESSES AND POLYMERS Vol. 17 ( 10 ) page： 1900259 2020.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Plasma Processes and Polymers

We present a novel plasma system that can generate a plasma-activated medium by changing the proportion of reactive gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen in the plasma flow. The correlation between the biological activity of plasma-activated solutions prepared under multiple plasma gas-flow conditions was evaluated. Mixed nitrogen, in addition to oxygen, in the gas flow is most powerful for producing plasma-activated Ringer's lactate solution against antitumor effects on ovarian cancer cells as compared with oxygen or nitrogen alone. The antitumor effect of plasma-activated solutions is controllable by the modification of the proportion of reactive gases (especially nitrogen and oxygen gases) in the plasma flow. These results suggest that the plasma flow conditions may be one of the candidates for the specifications of the plasma-activated solutions to the therapeutic effect.

DOI： 10.1002/ppap.201900259

Small size gold nanoparticles enhance apoptosis-induced by cold atmospheric plasma via depletion of intracellular GSH and modification of oxidative stress Reviewed Open Access

Jawaid, P; Rehman, MU; Zhao, QL; Misawa, M; Ishikawa, K; Hori, M; Shimizu, T; Saitoh, J; Noguchi, K; Kondo, T

CELL DEATH DISCOVERY Vol. 6 ( 1 ) page： 83 2020.9

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Cell Death Discovery

Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) have attracted attention as a promising sensitizer owing to their high atomic number (Z), and because they are considered fully multifunctional, they are preferred over other metal nanoparticles. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has also recently gained attention, especially for cancer treatment, by inducing apoptosis through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, the activity of different sized Au-NPs with helium-based CAP (He-CAP) was analyzed, and the underlying mechanism was investigated. Treating cells with only small Au-NPs (2 nm) significantly enhanced He-CAP-induced apoptosis. In comparison, 40 nm and 100 nm Au-NPs failed to enhance cell death. Mechanistically, the synergistic enhancement was due to 2 nm Au-NPs-induced decrease in intracellular glutathione, which led to the generation of intracellular ROS. He-CAP markedly induced ROS generation in an aqueous medium; however, treatment with He-CAP alone did not induce intracellular ROS formation. In contrast, the combined treatment significantly enhanced the intracellular formation of superoxide (O<inf>2</inf><sup>• −</sup>) and hydroxyl radical (<sup>•</sup>OH). These findings indicate the potential therapeutic use of Au-NPs in combination with CAP and further clarify the role of Au-NPs in He-CAP-aided therapies.

DOI： 10.1038/s41420-020-00314-x

Numerical analysis of coaxial dielectric barrier helium discharges: three-stage mode transitions and internal bullet propagation Reviewed Open Access

Sato, Y; Ishikawa, K; Tsutsumi, T; Hori, M

APPLIED PHYSICS EXPRESS Vol. 13 ( 8 ) page： 086001 2020.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Applied Physics Express

He discharge in a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) device develops in three stages: first, a Townsend-glow-type plasma spreads in the region between the electrodes; second, a plasma bullet (streamer type discharge) propagates axially and; third, the bullet transitions into a surface discharge at the dielectric surface. These mode transitions are quite different from planar type DBD, in which one discharge mode basically corresponds to one discharge pulse. From fluid-based numerical analysis, the bullet propagation is obeyed by trapping with strong electric fields induced by grounded electrode underneath the dielectric barrier and by surface charge accumulated on the dielectric surface.

DOI： 10.35848/1882-0786/aba3f2

Plasma Agriculture from Laboratory to Farm: A Review Reviewed Open Access

Attri, P; Ishikawa, K; Okumura, T; Koga, K; Shiratani, M

PROCESSES Vol. 8 ( 8 ) page： 1002 2020.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Processes

In recent years, non-thermal plasma (NTP) application in agriculture is rapidly increasing. Many published articles and reviews in the literature are focus on the post-harvest use of plasma in agriculture. However, the pre-harvest application of plasma still in its early stage. Therefore, in this review, we covered the effect of NTP and plasma-treated water (PTW) on seed germination and growth enhancement. Further, we will discuss the change in biochemical analysis, e.g., the variation in phytohormones, phytochemicals, and antioxidant levels of seeds after treatment with NTP and PTW. Lastly, we will address the possibility of using plasma in the actual agriculture field and prospects of this technology.

DOI： 10.3390/pr8081002

Non-thermal plasma-activated lactate solution kills U251SP glioblastoma cells in an innate reductive manner with altered metabolism Reviewed

Ishikawa, K; Hosoi, Y; Tanaka, H; Jiang, L; Toyokuni, S; Nakamura, K; Kajiyama, H; Kikkawa, F; Mizuno, M; Hori, M

ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS Vol. 688 page： 108414 2020.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

Ringer's lactate solution irradiated by non-thermal plasma, comprised of radicals, electrons, and ions, is defined as plasma-activated lactate (PAL). PAL exhibited antitumor effects in glioblastoma U251SP cells, which we termed PAL-specific regulated cell death. In contrast to the oxidative stress condition typical of cells incubated in plasma-activated medium (PAM), U251SP cells treated with Ringer's lactate solution or PAL exhibited changes in intracellular metabolites that were reductive in the redox state, as measured by the ratio of oxidative/reductive glutathione concentrations. In the metabolomic profiles of PAL-treated cells, the generation of acetyl-CoA increased for lipid metabolism from alanine and asparagine. PAL thus induces regulated death of U251SP glioblastoma cells in more innate microenvironments than PAM.

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108414

<i>In situ</i> surface analysis of an ion-energy-dependent chlorination layer on GaN during cyclic etching using Ar<SUP>+</SUP> ions and Cl radicals Reviewed

Hasegawa, M; Tsutsumi, T; Tanide, A; Nakamura, S; Kondo, H; Ishikawa, K; Sekine, M; Hori, M

JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A Vol. 38 ( 4 ) page： 042602 2020.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A Vacuum Surfaces and Films

Gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductor devices must be fabricated using plasma etching with precise control of the etching depths and minimal plasma-induced damage on the atomic scale. A cyclic process comprising etchant adsorption and product removal may be suitable for this purpose but an understanding of the associated etching surface reactions is required. The present work examined the formation of a chlorinated layer based on Cl radical adsorption on a GaN surface in conjunction with Ar ion irradiation. This research employed beam experiments and in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that N atoms are preferentially desorbed during exposure to Ar ions to produce Ga-rich layers at depths of 0.8 and 1.1 nm at an Ar ion dosage on the order of 1016 cm-2 and ion energies of 116.0 and 212.6 eV, respectively. Subsequent exposure of the irradiated Ga-rich layer to Cl radicals removes some Ga atoms and produces a chlorinated layer over the GaN surface. This chlorinated layer has a thickness on the order of 1 nm following Cl radical dosages on the order of 1019 cm-2. This study of plasma-treated surfaces is expected to assist in developing means of controlling the etching depth during the atomic layer etching of GaN via Ar ion bombardment.

DOI： 10.1116/6.0000124

Numerical simulations of stable, high-electron-density atmospheric pressure argon plasma under pin-to-plane electrode geometry: effects of applied voltage polarity Reviewed Open Access

Sato, Y; Ishikawa, K; Tsutsumi, T; Ui, A; Akita, M; Oka, S; Hori, M

JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS Vol. 53 ( 26 ) page： 265204 2020.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Physics D Applied Physics

When applying high-voltage direct current to a pin-to-plane electrode geometry with a distance of 2 mm under atmospheric pressure in argon gas, electrical breakdown forms primary then secondary streamers. The polarity of the applied voltage affects this streamer-propagating phenomenon. Properties such as propagation speed, streamer head size, and plasma generation are parameterized at nanosecond scales by computational simulations of a self-consistent, multi-species, multierature plasma fluid modeling approach. For positive polarity on the pin electrode, streamer-head propagation speeds up and streamer head size increases with increasing applied voltages. However, local electron density at the head decreases. For negative polarity, corona-like discharges form around the pin electrode under low applied voltages, and diffusive steamers form under high applied voltages. Secondary streamers re-propagate from the pin after primary streamer propagation, forming a plasma with a high electron density of 10<sup>21</sup> m<sup>-3</sup> for the positive polarity. We show that low-voltage operations with positive polarity are useful for stable high-electron-density discharges under atmospheric pressure argon.

DOI： 10.1088/1361-6463/ab7df0

In-plane modification of hexagonal boron nitride particles via plasma in solution Reviewed

Ito, T; Goto, T; Inoue, K; Ishikawa, K; Kondo, H; Hori, M; Shimizu, Y; Hakuta, Y; Terashima, K

APPLIED PHYSICS EXPRESS Vol. 13 ( 6 ) page： 066001 2020.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Applied Physics Express

In-plane modification of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is demonstrated via plasma in solution without acid/base addition. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy clearly reveals an increase in nitrogen vacancies in the hBN plane. This could be a simple route to functionalizing the two-dimensional surface of hBN. Simultaneously, hydroxylation occurs, accompanied by an increase in the zeta potential.

DOI： 10.35848/1882-0786/ab916c

Characterization of a microsecond pulsed non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure Ar plasma using laser scattering and optical emission spectroscopy Reviewed

Jia, FD; Wu, Y; Min, Q; Su, MG; Takeda, K; Ishikawa, K; Kondo, H; Sekine, M; Hori, M; Zhong, ZP

PLASMA SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Vol. 22 ( 6 ) page： 065404 2020.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Plasma Science and Technology

A non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure argon (Ar) plasma excited by microsecond pulse is studied experimentally by laser scattering and optical emission spectroscopy (OES), and theoretically by collisional-radiative (CR) model. More specifically, the electron temperature and electron density of plasma are obtained directly by the laser Thomson scattering, the gas temperature is measured by laser Raman scattering, the optical emissions of excited Ar states of plasma are measured by OES. The laser scattering results show that the electron temperature is about 1 eV which is similar to that excited by 60 Hz AC power, but the gas temperature is as low as 300 K compared to about 700 K excited by 60 Hz AC power. It is shown that the microsecond pulsed power supply, rather than nanosecond ones, is short enough to reduce the gas temperature of atmospheric pressure plasma to near room temperature. The electron temperature and electron density are also obtained by CR model based on OES, and find that the intensities of the optical emission intensity lines of 727.41, 811.73, 841.08, 842.83, 852.44 and 912.86 nm of Ar can be used to characterize the behavior of electron density and electron temperature, it is very useful to quickly estimate the activity of the atmospheric pressure Ar plasma in many applications.

DOI： 10.1088/2058-6272/ab84e2

Electronic properties and primary dissociation channels of fluoromethane compounds Reviewed

Hayashi, T; Ishikawa, K; Sekine, M; Hori, M

JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS Vol. 59 ( SJ ) page： SJJE02 2020.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Journal of Applied Physics

We investigated fluoromethane compounds (CF<inf>4</inf>, CF<inf>3</inf>, CHF<inf>3</inf>, CH<inf>2</inf>F<inf>2</inf>, and CH<inf>3</inf>F) to examine their electronic properties and primary dissociation channels by using computational chemistry. For the electron attachment process, it was very important to represent the observed negative mass spectrum as a function of electron energy that calculation by the MP2 method for the negative ion and subsequent calculation by the EOMCCSD method were used to more accurately estimate the ground and the first excited states of the negative ion. In the evaluation of dissociation channels through the excitation process, the structure change of the excited fragment (from pyramidal to planar) was taken into account. Evaluation of Jahn-Teller distortion for the highly symmetrical CHF<inf>3</inf> and CH<inf>3</inf>F was also very important to estimate the fragmentation process through the excitation. The calculated results after these treatments gave satisfactory representation of the experimental values. Moreover some predictions of experimentally unknown values are proposed.

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/ab7e3f

Electron spin resonance as a tool to monitor the influence of novel processing technologies on food properties Reviewed International coauthorship

Barba, FJ; Roohinejad, S; Ishikawa, K; Leong, SY; Bekhit, AEA; Saraiva, JA; Lebovka, N

TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Vol. 100 page： 77 - 87 2020.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Trends in Food Science and Technology

Background: Nowadays, electron spin resonance (ESR) is widely used as a powerful, non-destructive and very sensitive technique for the detection of free radicals in food systems. It can be applied for the direct identification of highly reactive oxygen species, organic and inorganic paramagnetic species and screening of food for potential toxicity. Its applications cover investigating food oxidative stability and properties of irradiated foods including fruits and vegetables, meats and fishes, spices, cereal grains, and oil seeds. Scope and approach: This review aims at providing specialists in food science and industry with the fundamentals of ESR spectroscopy, typical radicals present in foods and their sources, ESR modalities, and detailed account for the use of the technology for evaluation of the physicochemical and nutritional properties of foods. Examples illustrating ESR applications for the evaluation of the effects of innovative and emerging technologies (ionizing radiation, high pressures, pulsed electric fields, cold plasma and ultrasonication) are discussed. Key findings and conclusions: ESR can be used for the identification/quantification of free radicals in foods, for spin-label oximetry, estimation of free radical scavenging, food stability, and chelating activity, with particular interest for food processed using innovative technologies, with the main advantages of its high sensitivity, specificity, and low amounts of sample needed and nowadays many types of ESR instruments are commercially available. However, due to the different nature of foods, the development of novel ESR techniques and methods of analysis specially designed to study foods is of great interest in the future.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.032

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