Faculty Profiles - NAGANAWA, Shinji

Hybrid 3D T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence for fiducial marker detection and tumor delineation via magnetic resonance imaging in liver stereotactic body radiation therapy. Reviewed International journal Open Access

Yutaka Kato, Takeshi Kamomae, Motoki Kumagai, Yumi Oie, Yumiko Noguchi, Kuniyasu Okudaira, Mariko Kawamura, Toshiaki Taoka, Shinji Naganawa

Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB) Vol. 95 page： 9 - 15 2022.3

Authorship：Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

PURPOSE: Gold fiducial markers are used to guide liver stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and are hard to detect by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, the parameters of the three-dimensional T1-weighted turbo gradient-echo (3D T1W-GRE) sequence were optimized for gold marker detection without degrading tumor delineation. METHODS: Custom-made phantoms mimicking tumor and normal liver parenchyma were prepared and embedded with a gold marker. The 3D T1W-GRE was scanned by varying echo time (TE), bandwidth (BW), flip angle (FA), and base matrix size. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast ratio (CR), and relative standard deviation (RSD) of the signal intensity in the area including the gold marker were evaluated, and the parameters were optimized accordingly. The modified 3D T1W-GRE (called HYBRID) was compared with the conventional T1W-GRE- and T2*-sequences in both phantom and clinical studies. In the clinical study of six patients with primary liver tumors, two observers visually assessed marker detection, tumor delineation, and overall image quality on a four-point scale. RESULTS: In the phantom study, HYBRID showed significantly higher SNR and RSD than those of conventional T1W-GRE (P < 0.001). In the clinical study, HYBRID yielded significantly higher scores than conventional T1W-GRE did in terms of marker detection (P < 0.001). The scores of both sequences were not statistically different in terms of tumor delineation and overall image quality (P = 0.56 and P = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: The proposed HYBRID sequence improved gold fiducial marker detection without degrading tumor delineation in MRI for SBRT of primary liver tumor.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.01.003

歪みのないMRI拡散強調画像の放射線治療計画への臨床応用 Reviewed

加藤裕, 奥平訓康, 丸山克也, 田岡俊昭, 長縄慎二

日本放射線技術学会総会学術大会予稿集 Vol. 78回 page： 169 - 169 2022.3

コークスクリュー型高速パラレルイメージング併用3D-FLAIRシーケンスの基礎的検討 Reviewed

加藤裕, 田岡俊昭, 丸山克也, 長縄慎二

日本放射線技術学会総会学術大会予稿集 Vol. 78回 page： 214 - 214 2022.3

17O標識水と市販点眼薬の画像化に向けた初期検討 Ultra-heavily T2強調画像の可能性 Invited

加藤裕, 山口博司, 田岡俊昭, 長縄慎二

日本放射線技術学会総会学術大会予稿集 Vol. 78回 page： 190 - 190 2022.3

Water Diffusivity Changes Along the Perivascular Space After Lumboperitoneal Shunt Surgery in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Reviewed International journal Open Access

Junko Kikuta, Koji Kamagata, Toshiaki Taoka, Kaito Takabayashi, Wataru Uchida, Yuya Saito, Christina Andica, Akihiko Wada, Kaito Kawamura, Chihiro Akiba, Madoka Nakajima, Masakazu Miyajima, Shinji Naganawa, Shigeki Aoki

Frontiers in neurology Vol. 13 page： 843883 - 843883 2022.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the water diffusivity changes along the perivascular space after lumboperitoneal shunt (LPS) surgery in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Methods: Nine patients diagnosed with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH; three men and six women, mean age ± SD = 75.22 ± 5.12 years) according to the guidelines for iNPH in Japan were included in the study. Post-LPS surgery, six patients with iNPH who exhibited improvement in symptoms were defined as responder subjects, while three patients with iNPH who did not were defined as non-responder subjects. We calculated the mean analysis along the perivascular space (ALPS) index of the left and right hemispheres and compared the differences between pre- and post-LPS surgery mean ALPS indices in iNPH patients. In the responder or non-responder subjects, the mean ALPS indices in the pre- and post-operative iNPH groups were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Next, correlation analyses between pre- and post-operation changes in the mean ALPS index and clinical characteristics were conducted. Results: The mean ALPS index of the post-operative iNPH group was significantly higher than that of the pre-operative iNPH group (p = 0.021). In responder subjects, the mean ALPS index of the post-operative iNPH group was significantly higher than that of the pre-operative iNPH group (p = 0.046). On the other hand, in the non-responder subjects, the mean ALPS index of the post-operative iNPH group was not significantly different compared to the pre-operative iNPH group (p = 0.285). The mean ALPS index change was not significantly correlated with changes in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score (r = -0.218, p = 0.574), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) score (r = 0.185, p = 0.634), Trail Making Test A (TMTA) score (r = 0.250, p = 0.516), and Evans' index (r = 0.109, p = 0.780). In responder subjects, the mean ALPS index change was significantly correlated with Evans' index in pre-operative patients with iNPH (r = 0.841, p = 0.036). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the improved water diffusivity along perivascular space in patients with iNPH after LPS surgery. This could be indicative of glymphatic function recovery following LPS surgery.

DOI： 10.3389/fneur.2022.843883

Reproducibility of diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) for evaluating interstitial fluid diffusivity and glymphatic function: CHanges in Alps index on Multiple conditiON acquIsition eXperiment (CHAMONIX) study. Reviewed Open Access

中枢神経原発の成人T細胞白血病・リンパ腫の1例 Reviewed

長井尚哉, 川井恒, 田岡俊昭, 伊藤信嗣, 長縄慎二, 加賀谷裕介, 寺倉精太郎, 横井聡, 勝野雅央, 河野奨, 下山芳江

Japanese Journal of Radiology Vol. 40 ( Suppl. ) page： 25 - 25 2022.2

Toshiaki Taoka, Rintaro Ito, Rei Nakamichi, Koji Kamagata, Mayuko Sakai, Hisashi Kawai, Toshiki Nakane, Takashi Abe, Kazushige Ichikawa, Junko Kikuta, Shigeki Aoki, Shinji Naganawa

Japanese journal of radiology Vol. 40 ( 2 ) page： 147 - 158 2022.2

Authorship：Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

PURPOSE: The diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) method was developed to evaluate the brain's glymphatic function or interstitial fluid dynamics. This study aimed to evaluate the reproducibility of the DTI-ALPS method and the effect of modifications in the imaging method and data evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Image acquisition was performed for this test-retest study using a fixed imaging sequence and modified imaging methods which included the placement of region of interest (ROI), imaging plane, head position, averaging, number of motion-proving gradients, echo time (TE), and a different scanner. The ALPS-index values were evaluated for the change of conditions listed above. RESULTS: This test-retest study by a fixed imaging sequence showed very high reproducibility (intraclass coefficient = 0.828) for the ALPS-index value. The bilateral ROI placement showed higher reproducibility. The number of averaging and the difference of the scanner did not influence the ALPS-index values. However, modification of the imaging plane and head position impaired reproducibility, and the number of motion-proving gradients affected the ALPS-index value. The ALPS-index values from 12-axis DTI and 3-axis diffusion-weighted image (DWI) showed good correlation (r = 0.86). Also, a shorter TE resulted in a larger value of the ALPS-index. CONCLUSION: ALPS index was robust under the fixed imaging method even when different scanners were used. ALPS index was influenced by the imaging plane, the number of motion-proving gradient axes, and TE in the imaging sequence. These factors should be uniformed in the planning ALPS method studies. The possibility to develop a 3-axis DWI-ALPS method using three axes of the motion-proving gradient was also suggested.

DOI： 10.1007/s11604-021-01187-5

＜Editors' Choice＞ Evaluation of system-related magnetic resonance imaging geometric distortion in radiation therapy treatment planning: two approaches and effectiveness of three-dimensional distortion correction. Open Access

Yutaka Kato, Kuniyasu Okudaira, Takeshi Kamomae, Motoki Kumagai, Youta Nagai, Toshiaki Taoka, Yoshiyuki Itoh, Shinji Naganawa

Nagoya journal of medical science Vol. 84 ( 1 ) page： 29 - 41 2022.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

We propose two methods to evaluate system-related distortion in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in radiation therapy treatment planning (RTP) and demonstrate the importance of three-dimensional (3D) distortion correction (DC) by quantitatively measuring the distortion magnitude. First, a small pin phantom was scanned at multiple positions using an external laser guide for accurate phantom placement and combined into one image encompassing a large area. Direct plane images were used for evaluating in-plane distortion and multiplanar reconstruction images for through-plane distortion with no DC, two-dimensional (2D) DC, and 3D DC. Second, a large grid sheet was scanned as the direct plane of the phantom placement. The distortion magnitude was determined by measuring the displacement between the MRI and reference coordinates. The measured distortions were compared between in- and through-plane when applying DC and between the two methods. The small pin phantom method can be used to evaluate a wide range of distortions, whereas data from the entire plane can be obtained with a single scan using the grid sheet without a laser guide. The mean distortion magnitudes differed between the methods. Furthermore, the 3D DC reduced in- and through-plane distortions. In conclusion, the small pin phantom method can be used to evaluate a wide range of distortions by creating a combined image, whereas the grid sheet method is simpler, accurate, repeatable, and does not require a special-order phantom or laser guide. As 3D DC reduces both in- and through-plane distortions, it can be used to improve RTP quality.

DOI： 10.18999/nagjms.84.1.29

Features from MRI texture analysis associated with survival outcomes in triple-negative breast cancer patients. Reviewed

Labyrinthitis With Endolymphatic Hydrops Revealed by Imaging Analysis in a Case With Severe Postoperative Complications Following Stapes Surgery. Reviewed International journal Open Access

Masumi Kobayashi, Tadao Yoshida, Yasue Uchida, Satofumi Sugimoto, Shinji Naganawa, Michihiko Sone

Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology Vol. 43 ( 1 ) page： E134 - E136 2022.1

Saki Kamiya, Hiroko Satake, Yoko Hayashi, Satoko Ishigaki, Rintaro Ito, Mariko Kawamura, Toshiaki Taoka, Shingo Iwano, Shinji Naganawa

Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) Vol. 29 ( 1 ) page： 164 - 173 2022.1

Authorship：Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the associations between intratumoral or peritumoral textural features derived from pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. METHODS: Forty-three patients with TNBC who underwent preoperative MRI between February 2008 and March 2014 were included. We performed two-dimensional texture analysis on the intratumoral or peritumoral region of interest (ROI) on axial of T2-weighted image (T2WI), dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI and DCE-MRI subtraction images. We also analyzed histopathological data. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate associations with survival outcomes. RESULTS: Twelve of the 43 patients (27.9%) had recurrence disease, at a median of 32.5 months follow-up (1.4-61.5 months). In univariate analysis, nine texture features in T2WI and DCE-MRI subtraction images were significantly associated with RFS. In multivariate analysis, intratumoral difference entropy in DCE-MRI subtraction images in the initial phase (hazard ratio 11.71; 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.41, 97.00]; p value 0.023) and, peritumoral difference variance in DCE-MRI subtraction images in the delayed phase (hazard ratio 9.60; 95% CI [1.98, 46.51]; p value 0.005), were both independently associated with RFS. Moreover, multivariate analysis revealed the presence of lymphovascular invasion as independently associated with RFS (hazard ratio 8.13; 95% CI [2.16, 30.30]; p value 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: At pretreatment MRI, an intratumoral and peritumoral quantitative approach using texture analysis has the potential to serve as a prognostic marker in patients with TNBC.

DOI： 10.1007/s12282-021-01294-1

Radiomics in breast MRI: current progress toward clinical application in the era of artificial intelligence. Reviewed International journal

Hiroko Satake, Satoko Ishigaki, Rintaro Ito, Shinji Naganawa

La Radiologia medica Vol. 127 ( 1 ) page： 39 - 56 2022.1

Authorship：Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive imaging modality for breast cancer diagnosis and is widely used clinically. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI is the basis for breast MRI, but ultrafast images, T2-weighted images, and diffusion-weighted images are also taken to improve the characteristics of the lesion. Such multiparametric MRI with numerous morphological and functional data poses new challenges to radiologists, and thus, new tools for reliable, reproducible, and high-volume quantitative assessments are warranted. In this context, radiomics, which is an emerging field of research involving the conversion of digital medical images into mineable data for clinical decision-making and outcome prediction, has been gaining ground in oncology. Recent development in artificial intelligence has promoted radiomics studies in various fields including breast cancer treatment and numerous studies have been conducted. However, radiomics has shown a translational gap in clinical practice, and many issues remain to be solved. In this review, we will outline the steps of radiomics workflow and investigate clinical application of radiomics focusing on breast MRI based on published literature, as well as current discussion about limitations and challenges in radiomics.

DOI： 10.1007/s11547-021-01423-y

Reserve and maintenance in the aging brain: A longitudinal study of healthy older adults. Reviewed International journal Open Access

Epifanio Bagarinao, Hirohisa Watanabe, Satoshi Maesawa, Kazuya Kawabata, Kazuhiro Hara, Reiko Ohdake, Aya Ogura, Daisuke Mori, Noritaka Yoneyama, Kazunori Imai, Takamasa Yokoi, Toshiyasu Kato, Shuji Koyama, Masahisa Katsuno, Toshihiko Wakabayashi, Masafumi Kuzuya, Minoru Hoshiyama, Haruo Isoda, Shinji Naganawa, Norio Ozaki, Gen Sobue

eNeuro Vol. 9 ( 1 ) page： 0455-21 - 0455-21 2022.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

The aging brain undergoes structural changes even in very healthy individuals. Quantifying these changes could help disentangle pathological changes from those associated with the normal human aging process. Using longitudinal MRI data from 227 carefully selected healthy human cohort with age ranging from 50 to 80 years old at baseline scan, we quantified age-related volumetric changes in the brain of healthy human older adults. Longitudinally, the rates of tissue loss in total gray matter (GM) and white matter were 2,497.5 mm3 per year and 2,579.8 mm3 per year, respectively. Across the whole brain, the rates of GM decline varied with regions in the frontal and parietal lobes having faster rates of decline, whereas some regions in the occipital and temporal lobes appeared relatively preserved. In contrast, cross sectional changes were mainly observed in the temporal-occipital regions. Similar longitudinal atrophic changes were also observed in subcortical regions including thalamus, hippocampus, putamen, and caudate, whereas the pallidum showed an increasing volume with age. Overall, regions maturing late in development (frontal, parietal) are more vulnerable to longitudinal decline, whereas those that fully mature in the early stage (temporal, occipital) are mainly affected by cross sectional changes in healthy older cohort. This may suggest that, for a successful healthy aging, the former needs to be maximally developed at an earlier age to compensate for the longitudinal decline later in life and the latter to remain relatively preserved even in old age, consistent with both concepts of reserve and brain maintenance.Significance StatementAging is associated with gray matter (GM) decline, yet some individuals tend to remain cognitively healthy even in advanced age. What differentiates the brains of "healthy agers" from those individuals who are prone to faster cognitive decline still remains unclear. Using longitudinal MRI data from a carefully selected cohort, we examined the brain aging characteristics of healthy agers. Our findings showed that, even in this population, frontal-parietal regions have faster longitudinal rate of GM decline, whereas some temporal-occipital regions appeared relatively preserved. These findings may suggest that, for a successful healthy aging, frontal-parietal regions need to be maximally developed to compensate for the longitudinal decline later in life and the temporal-occipital regions to remain relatively preserved even in old age.

DOI： 10.1523/ENEURO.0455-21.2022

An Investigation of Water Diffusivity Changes along the Perivascular Space in Elderly Subjects with Hypertension Reviewed Open Access

J. Kikuta, K. Kamagata, K. Takabayashi, T. Taoka, H. Yokota, C. Andica, A. Wada, Y. Someya, Y. Tamura, R. Kawamori, H. Watada, S. Naganawa, S. Aoki

American Journal of Neuroradiology Vol. 43 ( 1 ) page： 48 - 55 2022.1

The Glymphatic System: A Review of the Challenges in Visualizing its Structure and Function with MR Imaging. Reviewed Open Access

Shinji Naganawa, Toshiaki Taoka

Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Vol. 21 ( 1 ) page： 182 - 194 2022

Authorship：Lead author,　Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

The central nervous system (CNS) was previously thought to be the only organ system lacking lymphatic vessels to remove waste products from the interstitial space. Recently, based on the results from animal experiments, the glymphatic system was hypothesized. In this hypothesis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enters the periarterial spaces, enters the interstitial space of the brain parenchyma via aquaporin-4 (AQP4) channels in the astrocyte end feet, and then exits through the perivenous space, thereby clearing waste products. From the perivenous space, the interstitial fluid drains into the subarachnoid space and meningeal lymphatics of the parasagittal dura. It has been reported that the glymphatic system is particularly active during sleep. Impairment of glymphatic system function might be a cause of various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, glaucoma, and others. Meningeal lymphatics regulate immunity in the CNS. Many researchers have attempted to visualize the function and structure of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics in vivo using MR imaging. In this review, we aim to summarize these in vivo MR imaging studies and discuss the significance, current limitations, and future directions. We also discuss the significance of the perivenous cyst formation along the superior sagittal sinus, which is recently discovered in the downstream of the glymphatic system.

DOI： 10.2463/mrms.rev.2020-0122

Cross-sectional Area of the Superior Petrosal Sinus is Reduced in Patients with Significant Endolymphatic Hydrops. Reviewed Open Access

Shinji Naganawa, Rintaro Ito, Hisashi Kawai, Mariko Kawamura, Toshiaki Taoka, Tadao Yoshida, Michihiko Sone

Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Vol. 21 ( 3 ) page： 459 - 467 2022

Authorship：Lead author,　Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between the size of the venous structures related to the inner ear and the degree of endolymphatic hydrops (EH). METHODS: Thirty-four patients with a suspicion of EH underwent whole brain MR imaging including the inner ear. Images were obtained pre- and post-administration, and at 4 and 24 hours after the intravenous administration of a gadolinium-based contrast agent (IV-GBCA). The cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the internal jugular vein (IJV), superior petrosal sinus (SPS), and inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) were measured on the magnetization prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo (MPRAGE) images obtained immediately after the IV-GBCA. The grade of EH was determined on the hybrid of reversed image of positive endolymph signal and native image of positive perilymph signal (HYDROPS) images obtained at 4 hours after IV-GBCA as no, mild, and significant EH according to the previously proposed grading system for the cochlea and vestibule, respectively. The ipsilateral CSA was compared between groups with each level of EH grade. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between EH grades for the CSA of the IJV or that of the IPS in either the cochlea or the vestibule. The CSA of the SPS in the groups with significant EH was significantly smaller than that in the group with no EH, for both the cochlea (P < 0.01) and the vestibule (P < 0.05). In an ROC analysis to predict significant EH, the cut-off CSA value in the SPS was 3.905 mm2 for the cochlea (AUC: 0.8762, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7952‒0.9572) and 3.805 mm2 for the vestibule (AUC: 0.7727, 95% CI: 0.6539‒0.8916). CONCLUSION: In the ears with significant EH in the cochlea or vestibule, the CSA of the ipsilateral SPS was smaller than in the ears without EH.

DOI： 10.2463/mrms.mp.2021-0010

MR Imaging of Endolymphatic Hydrops in Five Minutes. Reviewed Open Access

Shinji Naganawa, Rintaro Ito, Hisashi Kawai, Mariko Kawamura, Toshiaki Taoka, Mayuko Sakai, Kazushige Ichikawa, Tadao Yoshida, Michihiko Sone

Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Vol. 21 ( 3 ) page： 401 - 405 2022

Authorship：Lead author,　Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

In this study, we present images acquired by a fast-imaging method for the evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops after intravenous administration of a single dose of gadolinium-based contrast agent. We utilized the hybrid of reversed image of MR cisternography and a positive perilymph signal by heavily T2- weighted 3D-fluid attenuated inversion recovery-multiplied by T2 (HYDROPS2-Mi2) method combined with deep learning reconstruction denoising. The scan time for the fast protocol was approximately 5 mins, which is far shorter than previously reported scan times. The fast acquisition provides similar image quality and less motion artifacts compared to the longer method.

DOI： 10.2463/mrms.ici.2021-0022

Effects of Head Motion on the Evaluation of Age-related Brain Network Changes Using Resting State Functional MRI. Reviewed Open Access

Sanae Kato, Epifanio Bagarinao, Haruo Isoda, Shuji Koyama, Hirohisa Watanabe, Satoshi Maesawa, Daisuke Mori, Kazuhiro Hara, Masahisa Katsuno, Minoru Hoshiyama, Shinji Naganawa, Norio Ozaki, Gen Sobue

Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Vol. 20 ( 4 ) page： 338 - 346 2021.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

PURPOSE: The estimation of functional connectivity (FC) measures using resting state functional MRI (fMRI) is often affected by head motion during functional imaging scans. Head motion is more common in the elderly than in young participants and could therefore affect the evaluation of age-related changes in brain networks. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the influence of head motion in FC estimation when evaluating age-related changes in brain networks. METHODS: This study involved 132 healthy volunteers divided into 3 groups: elderly participants with high motion (OldHM, mean age (±SD) = 69.6 (±5.31), N = 44), elderly participants with low motion (OldLM, mean age (±SD) = 68.7 (±4.59), N = 43), and young adult participants with low motion (YugLM, mean age (±SD) = 27.6 (±5.26), N = 45). Head motion was quantified using the mean of the framewise displacement of resting state fMRI data. After preprocessing all resting state fMRI datasets, several resting state networks (RSNs) were extracted using independent component analysis (ICA). In addition, several network metrics were also calculated using network analysis. These FC measures were then compared among the 3 groups. RESULTS: In ICA, the number of voxels with significant differences in RSNs was higher in YugLM vs. OldLM comparison than in YugLM vs. OldHM. In network analysis, all network metrics showed significant (P < 0.05) differences in comparisons involving low vs. high motion groups (OldHM vs. OldLM and OldHM vs. YugLM). However, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the comparison involving the low motion groups (OldLM vs. YugLM). CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that head motion during functional imaging could significantly affect the evaluation of age-related brain network changes using resting state fMRI data.

DOI： 10.2463/mrms.mp.2020-0081