研究者詳細 - 大平　英樹

論文 - 大平　英樹

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サイコパシーにおける意思決定の計算論的特性

大庭丈幸, 片平健太郎, 大平英樹

日本心理学会大会発表論文集 81 巻 ( 0 ) 頁： 1D-004 - 1D-004 2017年9月

「時間が経てばもとどおり」ではない―ストレス後の時間経過が意思決定に与える影響―

山川香織, 大平英樹

日本心理学会大会発表論文集 81 巻 ( 0 ) 頁： L-014 - L-014 2017年9月

Selective Fair Behavior as a Function of Psychopathic Traits in a Subclinical Population 査読有り

Osumi Takahiro, Ohira Hideki

FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY 8 巻 ( SEP ) 頁： 1604 2017年9月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Frontiers in Psychology

Psychopathy is a group of personality traits that are associated with violations of social norms. Previous studies have suggested that people with psychopathic traits in subclinical populations do not necessarily display antisocial, self-defeating behaviors, and instead may strategically show adaptive behaviors in response to cues during reciprocal social interactions. Therefore, in the present study, we examined whether the association between psychopathic traits and unfair behavior can be moderated by a potential for punishment and social distance (anonymity), which are known to facilitate fair behavior. We focused on two psychopathic traits: primary and secondary psychopathy. Primary psychopathy is characterized by callousness, shallow affect, manipulation, and superficial charm. In contrast, secondary psychopathy is associated with impulsivity and lack of long-term goals, and is related to hostile behavior. A total of 348 undergraduate students determined the amounts of money that they would offer to strangers or friends at their university in hypothetical scenarios of the ultimatum game (UG) and the dictator game (DG). While gender affected decisions in the hypothetical scenarios of the DG, it did not interact with psychopathic traits. The score for primary psychopathy on the Levenson self-report psychopathy scale predicted unfair monetary offers to strangers in the DG, where participants could not be punished. However, compared with their offers in the DG, individuals with higher scores for primary psychopathy made larger offers in the UG, where low offers could trigger punishment from the recipient. Moreover, primary psychopathy did not decrease the amounts of offers in either game when the participant considered the recipient to be a friend. On the other hand, secondary psychopathy was not associated with differences in behavioral fairness depending on a potential for punishment or social distance. Based on these findings, we discuss strategic social skills as a function of primary psychopathy.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01604

Web of Science

Scopus

A simple computational algorithm of model-based choice preference.

Toyama A, Katahira K, Ohira H

Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience 17 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 764 - 783 2017年8月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience

A broadly used computational framework posits that two learning systems operate in parallel during the learning of choice preferences—namely, the model-free and model-based reinforcement-learning systems. In this study, we examined another possibility, through which model-free learning is the basic system and model-based information is its modulator. Accordingly, we proposed several modified versions of a temporal-difference learning model to explain the choice-learning process. Using the two-stage decision task developed by Daw, Gershman, Seymour, Dayan, and Dolan (2011), we compared their original computational model, which assumes a parallel learning process, and our proposed models, which assume a sequential learning process. Choice data from 23 participants showed a better fit with the proposed models. More specifically, the proposed eligibility adjustment model, which assumes that the environmental model can weight the degree of the eligibility trace, can explain choices better under both model-free and model-based controls and has a simpler computational algorithm than the original model. In addition, the forgetting learning model and its variation, which assume changes in the values of unchosen actions, substantially improved the fits to the data. Overall, we show that a hybrid computational model best fits the data. The parameters used in this model succeed in capturing individual tendencies with respect to both model use in learning and exploration behavior. This computational model provides novel insights into learning with interacting model-free and model-based components.

DOI： 10.3758/s13415-017-0511-2

Web of Science

Scopus

PubMed

High emotional arousal enables subliminal detection of concealed information 査読有り

Osugi, A, Ohira H

Psychology 8 巻頁： 1482-1500 2017年8月

内受容感覚に基づく行動の制御査読有り

大平　英樹

BRAIN and NERVE ６９巻 ( ４ ) 頁： 383-395 2017年4月

内受容感覚に基づく行動の制御査読有り

大平英樹

BRAIN and NERVE 69 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 383-395 2017年4月

Regulation of behavior based on interoception

Ohira H.

Brain and Nerve 69 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 383 - 395 2017年4月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Brain and Nerve

It is well known that the insular cortex (Brodmann areas 13,14, 15, and 16) located deep inside the Sylvian fissure is associated with mental functions such as perception, language, cognition, affect, and movement. In particular, the insular cortex has been linked to interoception, which is the representation of bodily physiological states that is used to regulate bodily states and mental functions. Recently, a common principle to explain such functions of the insular cortex has been proposed. The principle posits that the anterior insula generates predictions of future bodily states, computes the error by comparing the prediction with the actual sensory signals, and integrates the body with the mind by minimizing the prediction error. This article describes the functions of the insular cortex, and discusses the possibility that an error-minimizing function can affect decision-making to regulate behaviors.

Scopus

[Regulation of Behavior Based on Interoception].

Ohira H

Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo 69 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 383 - 395 2017年4月

おむつ形状の違いによる母子のおむつ交換負荷の差異ー心拍変動性と行動コーディングによる評価ー査読有り

菅文美, 丹下明子, 石川浩樹, 浦口真喜, 大平英樹

日本感性工学会論文誌 16 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 197-203 2017年3月

脳活動の同期を導くメカニズムー定藤論文へのコメントー査読有り

大平英樹

心理学評論 59 巻 ( 3 ) 頁： 283-291 2017年

Emotional Arousal at Memory Encoding Enhanced P300 in the Concealed Information Test.

Osugi A, Ohira H

Frontiers in psychology 8 巻 ( JAN ) 頁： 2334 2017年

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Frontiers in Psychology

Previous studies have reported that the concealed information test (CIT) is a reliable and powerful method for detecting information. However, the external validity of the CIT studies has not been fully proven. In particular, few studies have examined the effects of emotional arousal at memory encoding on physiological responses in the CIT. The present study investigated the influence on the CIT of the magnitude of emotional arousal at memory encoding of a mock crime, using the P300 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). In accord with the assumptions of excitation-transfer theory, we presented emotionally arousing pictures before a mock crime. Participants were randomly assigned to either a high emotional arousal group (n = 10) or a low emotional arousal group (n = 11), viewing pictures expected to arouse emotion at a high or low level, respectively. Subsequently, all participants enacted the same mock crime, in which they were instructed to stab a pillow with a sharp-edged tool (e.g., a kitchen knife or ice pick) as if harassing a mannequin lying on a bed. After the antecedent emotional experience, the P300-based CIT was conducted. Participants in the high arousal group showed significantly greater P300 amplitudes in response to a probe stimulus compared with the low arousal group. No differences were found between the groups in response to irrelevant stimuli. These results support the notion that emotional arousal influences the P300 in the CIT paradigm.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02334

Web of Science

Scopus

PubMed

Neural and Genetic Correlates of the Social Sharing of Happiness.

Matsunaga M, Kawamichi H, Umemura T, Hori R, Shibata E, Kobayashi F, Suzuki K, Ishii K, Ohtsubo Y, Noguchi Y, Ochi M, Yamasue H, Ohira H

Frontiers in neuroscience 11 巻 ( DEC ) 頁： 718 2017年

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Frontiers in Neuroscience

Happiness is regarded as one of the most fundamental human goals. Given recent reports that positive feelings are contagious (e.g., the presence of a happy person enhances others' happiness) because of the human ability to empathize (i.e., sharing emotions), empathic ability may be a key factor in increasing one's own subjective level of happiness. Based on previous studies indicating that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the serotonin 2A receptor gene [HTR2A rs6311 guanine (G) vs. adenine (A)] is associated with sensitivity to emotional stimuli and several mental disorders such as depression, we predicted that the polymorphism might be associated with the effect of sharing happiness. To elucidate the neural and genetic correlates of the effect of sharing happiness, we first performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a "happy feelings" evocation task (emotional event imagination task), during which we manipulated the valence of the imagined event (positive, neutral, or negative), as well as the presence of a friend experiencing a positive-valence event (presence or absence). We recruited young adult women for this fMRI study because empathic ability may be higher in women than in men. Participants felt happier (p < 0.01) and the mentalizing/theory-of-mind network, which spans the medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, temporal poles, and precuneus, was significantly more active (p < 0.05) in the presence condition than in the absence condition regardless of event valence. Moreover, participants with the GG (p < 0.01) and AG (p < 0.05) genotypes of HTR2A experienced happier feelings as well as greater activation of a part of the mentalizing/theory-of-mind network (p < 0.05) during empathy for happiness (neutral/presence condition) than those with the AA genotype. In a follow-up study with a vignette-based questionnaire conducted in a relatively large sample, male and female participants were presented with the same imagined events wherein their valence and the presence of a friend were manipulated. Results showed genetic differences in happiness-related empathy regardless of sex (p < 0.05). Findings suggest that HTR2A polymorphisms are associated with the effect of sharing happiness by modulating the activity of the mentalizing/theory-of-mind network.

DOI： 10.3389/fnins.2017.00718

Web of Science

Scopus

PubMed

座談会：「感情の心理学的構成主義に見るこれからの感情研究」

大平英樹, 木村健太, 白井真理子, 藤原健

エモーション・スタディーズ 3 巻 ( 1 ) 頁： 38 - 51 2017年