研究者詳細 - 横山　智

論文 - 横山　智

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Can master planning control and regulate urban growth in Vientiane, Laos? 査読有り国際共著国際誌

Ayyoob SHARIFI, Yoshihiro CHIBA, Kohei OKAMOTO, Satoshi YOKOYAMA, Akito MURAYAMA

Landscape and Urban Planning 131 巻頁： 1 - 13 2014年

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Elsevier

The rate of urbanization in Laos has increased significantly since the country began its transition to a market economy in 1986. Although urbanization in developing countries has been examined extensively in the literature, very few researchers have focused on Laos. Our main aim here was to examine the effectiveness of utilizing the master plan as a management tool to regulate urban growth in Vientiane, the capital city of Laos. We used a mixed-methods approach to address the research objective. First, we examined the population changes since 1985. Next, land-use and land-cover changes were detected by analyzing the satellite images from three different time periods. Then, we analyzed the city's recently approved master plan to determine whether it can regulate urban growth. Finally, to investigate the socio-economic and institutional issues and better understand the reasons for rapid land-use and land-cover changes, we interviewed several key figures from the departments related to urban management and a number of residents living in the peri-urban area. Between 1995 and 2011, the urban population in the study area increased from 337,000 to 780,000. In the same time period, the built-up area increased from approximately 154 km2 to more than 206 km2. The total area of the forests decreased from approximately 2354 km2 to approximately 1353 km2. The results indicate that there is an urgent need for improvements in the regulatory and management aspects and that the master plan should be revised to provide a more realistic account of the existing situation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.07.014

ラオス：経済発展と農山村部の変化招待有り

横山　智

地理の研究（歴史と地理） 191 巻頁： 42 - 52 2014年

A review of the developments in Nature and Society Studies in Japan from the 1980s onward 招待有り査読有り

Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Geographical Review of Japan Series B 86 巻 ( 1 ) 頁： 62 - 74 2013年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The Association of Japanese Geographers

This article reviewes the research trends in Nature and Society Studies authored by Japanese geographers, which have appeared in academic journals in the geography field in Japan from the 1980s onwards; these are organized into three categories, “land-use and subsistence activities,” “biological resources and subsistence activities” and “the environment and resources.” In two of the categories of “land-use and subsistence activities” and “biological resources and subsistence activities,” there has been substantial research conducted which deals with cases in developing countries. Yet, research on domestic activities in Japan where significant economic development has already been achieved remains scarce. The reason for this seems to be that research dealing with domestic agriculture, forestry, livestock and fishery conducted from the geographical perspective has not emphasized the subsistence aspect of these activities but rather these were considered as a part of industries. Accordingly, the majority of research in these areas is conducted from the perspective of economic geography. In regards to the research on “the environment and resources,” it became evident that Nature and Society Studies has not yet determined what type of approach should be taken to analyze the environment/resource use and environmental perception. The Nature and Society Study Group represents a new field in Japanese geography but its significance for research on human–nature interactions has gradually come to be recognized in the community of Japanese geographers through various activities including symposiums. Preparing for and coping with natural hazards, the environment and development, sustainable resource use, environmental change and survival are all the targets of Nature and Society Studies, and research in these areas is expected to develop in the future.

DOI： 10.4157/geogrevjapanb.86.62

アジアの伝統酒研究の展開─日本における研究を中心に─ 査読有り

臼井麻未, 横山　智

地理空間 6 巻 ( 1 ) 頁： 1 - 18 2013年

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：地理空間学会

本稿では，アジアのカビ酒圏を中心とした伝統酒の酒造と飲酒の研究をレビューした。その結果，酒造に関しては，酒類別に異なる研究傾向が見られ，さらにどぶろく系と蒸留酒系では地域による違いも論じられている。また，飲酒と文化の関係性に関しては，飲酒の目的を儀礼，もてなし，生活に分類して研究を整理したところ，地域共通の飲酒規範が存在することが明らかになったが，その規範は近代化によって大きく変化しつつある。既存研究のレビューを通して，本稿ではアジアの伝統酒をとらえるための三つの研究視点を提示した。1 点目は，研究アプローチ方法が確立されていない飲酒の地域差を解明する必要性，2 点目は，飲酒の地域性が失われつつある中で，文化的側面から地域固有の伝統酒の存在意義を再考する研究の必要性，そして3 点目は，伝統酒の地域性を解明するための地理学的な総合的視点からの多面的研究アプローチを採用する必要性である。

DOI： 10.24586/jags.6.1_1

生業としての伝統的焼畑の価値─ラオス北部山地における空間利用の連続性─ 招待有り査読有り

横山　智

ヒマラヤ学誌 14 巻頁： 242 - 254 2013年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：京都大学ヒマラヤ研究ユニット

自然の力を利用して作物栽培を持続的かつ循環的に営むことができるのが焼畑農業である. 先人たちは, 土地に合った耕作と休閑のパターンを守り, 焼畑を何世紀にもわたって存続させてきた. しかし, 遅れた農法と見なされた焼畑は, 世界各地で規制され, その面積は急速に縮小し, 消滅の危機を向かえようとしている. 本研究では, 現在でも広く焼畑が営まれている東南アジアのラオス北部を事例に, 焼畑を持続させてきた自然資源の循環的利用や焼畑を営む人びとの生業維持の戦略にフォーカスをあてることで, 焼畑の生業にとっての価値を再考することを試みた. その結果, 焼畑の特徴は「区分」ではなく「連続性」に特徴づけられることを示した. 火入れ後の1 年間は食料を生産する「畑」であるが, その後の休閑地となっている長期間は植物の侵略と遷移が繰り返され, また各種の生物が生きる「森」である. 焼畑は畑と森の両方の機能をあわせ持ち, 森林を破壊する農法と捉えるのは適切ではない. さらに, 生業の面から焼畑を捉えると, 作物栽培を行った後, 同じ場所で牛の刈跡放牧を行い, 植物や昆虫を採取し, 狩猟まで行っている. 生態学的な連続性に加えて, 生業の連続性という特徴も有する. 焼畑を「連続性」の視点から再考すれば, 従来とは異なる価値を見いだすことができるのである.

DOI： 10.14989/HSM.14.242

ラオス北部山地部における焼畑農業の多様な機能と近年の変化国際共著

広田勲, 横山智, 岡本耕平, 竹中千里, 王智弘, 神山拓也, 金丸佳矢, INGXAY Phanxay, 白井正樹, 神慶孝, 渡辺洋一

日本環境共生学会学術大会発表論文集 16 巻頁： 222 - 227 2013年

地域研究における自然−人間相互関係の解明に関する一考察（書評論文『講座生存基盤論』）査読有り

横山　智

東南アジア研究 51 巻 ( 1 ) 頁： 168 - 172 2013年

Vegetation and plant use differences between a secondary forest and an Eucalyptus plantation site in Bolikhamxay province, Laos 査読有り国際誌

Mitsutoshi UMEMURA, Chihiro AOYAMA, Yuji TOKUMOTO, Kosei ABE, Isao HIROTA, Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Lao Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 27 巻頁： 88 - 109 2012年

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Laos

In order to examine the impacts of fast-growing tree plantations on local vegetation and plant use, we conducted a vegetation survey and interviews with residents in Village P, Pak Kading District, Bolikhamxay Province in central Laos, which has an extensive secondary forest and newly established eucalyptus plantation. The vegetation survey, consisting of the sampling of one quadrat each established in the secondary forest and the plantation site, yielded 160 individuals representing 80 species and 289 individuals representing 61 species in the respective locations. Species diversity was higher in the secondary forest than in the plantation site. In terms of plant use, it was found that 0.59 species and 0.79 individuals per square meter in the secondary forest were used by local villagers; the same figures for the plantation site were 0.36 species and 0.51 individuals per square meter, respectively. The number of useful plants was higher in the secondary forest than in the plantation site. There were few common species between the two locations. Although there exist useful plants in the plantation site that could potentially benefit villagers’ livelihoods, the above results primarily reveal the relative importance of the secondary forest in Village P. This research contributes valuable baseline information to support the sustainable development of local societies and the environment.

焼畑再考ー焼畑は環境破壊か？招待有り

横山　智

人文地理 63 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 64 - 67 2011年

ミャンマーとタイ北部における無塩発酵大豆食品の利用に関する文化地理学的研究

横山　智

食生活科学・文化及び環境に関する研究助成　研究紀要（アサヒビール学術振興財団） 24 巻頁： 123 - 133 2011年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）出版者・発行元：アサヒビール学術振興財団

A variety of fermented soybean foods such as Natto of Japan, Tua Nao of Thailand and Kinema of Himalaya, are widely produced in the glossy-leaved forest (Shōyōjyurin) of subtropical monsoon Asia. Although there are several discussions on the origin and the diffusion of the fermented soybean foods, it is still not clear. In order to address the unsolved issues, the fermented soybean foods in Southeast Asia which has much more variety than the other regions must weigh in detail. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify both the similarities and difference of fermented soybean foods between Myanmar and Northern Thailand from the point of view of plant use for the fermentation of non-salted soybeans. In Northern Thailand and Shan State of Myanmar, households which produce dried fermented soybean on a large commercial scale did not supply any plant during the fermentation, and use plastic bag. However, small scale producers use traditional bamboo basket and put the leaf of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus or Tectona grandis. In Kachin State of Myanmar where Ficus spp. is supplied as the source of Bacillus subtilis, unground form is mostly produced and threaded much. The process of making fermented soybean is basically the same among Northern Thailand, Shan State and Kachin State; however, there was regionally difference in the use of plant to supply Bacillus subtilis. This study suggests the possibility that regional diversity of plant use for the fermentation shows the independent origin of non-salted soybean production. To validate this hypothesis, further study must be required in other important regions such as Himalaya and Southern China.

The trading of agro-forest products and commodities in the northern mountainous region of Laos 査読有り

Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Southeast Asian Studies 47 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 374 - 402 2010年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The Center for Southeast Asian Area Studies, Kyoto University

The purpose of this study is to clarify the trade flow of agro-forest products and commodities by analyzing commercial activities and private traders in a mountainous region. This study focused on Ngoi district of Luang Phabang province in northern Laos where there is a long history of non-timber forest product (NTFP) trading in the study area.
In the Lān Xāng Kingdom era, political coordinators called Lām collected agro-forest products from mountain people as tax, and private traders purchased NTFPs, mainly benzoin and cardamom. Then, under the communist regime in the period between 1960 and 1986, private traders were replaced by government-managed stores and the role of the Lām disappeared. After the Lao version of Perestroika or Chintanakan Mai in 1986, private agro-forest product trading was re-established in the study area and in addition, general stores and periodic markets appeared along the riverside. The re-establishment of agroforest product trading resulted from the stimulation of commodity flows due to the local general stores and periodic markets, and vice versa.
During the Chintanakan Mai period, the NTFPs being traded in the study area were not traditional foods or medicines but rather new products being exported to foreign countries, especially China. The borders with Thailand, China, and Vietnam in northern Laos were re-opened in the early 1990s, after which Chinese traders came directly to northern Laos to purchase NTFPs. This paper shows how the stimulation of human mobility, commodity distribution, and information flow observed after Chintanakan Mai has strongly affected the livelihood of the mountain people.

DOI： 10.20495/tak.47.4_374

熊本大学文学部学生の居住地選好メンタルマップ

横山　智

文学部論叢（熊本大学） 100 巻頁： 51 - 67 2009年3月

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）出版者・発行元：熊本大学文学部

This paper tried to clarify residential preference of students in Faculty of Letters, Kumamoto University, by interpreting mental maps. Mental maps are frequently used as a tool for analysis of environmental perception or environmental assessment. Spatial pattern drawn in the mental maps represents commonalities and regionalites of residential preference. As a result of analysis, the tendency of residential preference varies remarkably by hometown of the respondents or students' major field of study. The mental maps, however, also showed the commonalities of residential preference. Urbanized prefectures (Tokyo and Fukuoka) and prefectures known as popular destination for tourist (Kyoto, Hokkaido and Okinawa) are prefered by most of the respondents.

途上国農村におけるバックパッカー・エンクレーブの形成－ラオス・ヴァンヴィエン地区を事例として－査読有り

横山　智

地理学評論 80 巻頁： 591 - 613 2007年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：日本地理学会

社会主義国のラオスでは1990年代以降の経済自由化に伴い, 国をあげて観光を促進した. その結果, バックパッカーを主体とする旅行者到着数は急増し, 北部にはバックパッカー向けの観光関連施設が集中する農村が現れた. その代表ともいえる農村のヴァンヴィエンでは, 中心部の既存商業地区にバックパッカー向けの観光関連施設が集中して立地するバックパッカー・エンクレーブが形成された. そこでは, 多くの他地域出身者が観光関連施設を経営している. これまで, バックパッカーのような周辺部を訪れる旅行者は, 途上国の地域経済に貢献する旅行者とされていたが, 事例としたヴァンヴィエンでは, 観光による利益享受は稲作を営む農民には及んでいなかった. 加えて, 薬物や売春などの新たな社会問題も持ち込まれた. 結果として, 途上国農村におけるバックパッカー・エンクレーブの形成は, 目に見えるような景観的変化のみならず, バックパッカーの流入と異なる出自を持つ住民の混在によって, 新たな社会・人間関係が築かれ, また経済的な格差を生み出すような社会経済的空間を創り出した.

DOI： 10.4157/grj.80.591

Forest policy and swidden agriculture in Laos 国際共著国際誌

Satoshi YOKOYAMA, Koji TANAKA, Khame PHALAKONE

Proceedings of 8th Southeast Asian Geography Association Conference 頁： CD-ROM 2006年

「有用植物村落地図」をもとに考える空間認識と植物利用－ラオス北部の事例から

落合雪野・横山　智

総合地球環境学研究所プロジェクト4-2「アジア・熱帯モンスーン地域における生態史モデルの構築」2005年度報告書頁： 95 - 107 2006年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）出版者・発行元：総合地球環境学研究所

ポンサリー県コア郡フエイペー村において総延長15.8km の 4 ルートを3 名のアカ・ニャウーのインフォーマントと歩き，有用植物インベントリーおよびGIS を利用した有用植物村落地図を作成した。その結果，134 ヶ所からインフォーマントが利用したことがある植物123 種類を採取し，104 点の腊葉標本を作製した。生態的空間と有用植物の生育位置との関係をみると，集落近傍の小道や幹線道路沿い，休閑年数の短い休閑地，河川わきに生育するの植物など，人間の活動による攪乱の程度や頻度が比較的高い場所の植物が多く利用されていた。
　その用途は，食用，薬用，物質文化，換金用など日常生活全般におよんでいた。昨年度および今年度の研究結果を総合的に考慮すると，1）有用植物村落地図と第三者が考える理想的な土地利用図との相違，2）焼畑農耕と野生動植物の利用を組み合わせた生業活動の把握，3）二次林の意味と価値の把握，4）市場のグローバル化と野生植物の商取引の関係，5）住民の自然環境に対する空間認知などを明らかにすることができ，ラオス北部における人間と植物の相互関係からみた地域生態史構築に大きく貢献する成果が期待できる。

ラオスにおける自然環境と社会経済環境の空間的相互関係

横山　智

文学部論叢（熊本大学） 85 巻頁： 139 - 155 2005年3月

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）出版者・発行元：熊本大学文学部

The Mountainous Region of Mainland Southeast Asia has been drawn attention from the scholars recently, and research results of Laos, which is used to be called “the forgotten country”, are also being accumulated gradually. Keywords such as complex multiethnic country, mountainous country, swidden agriculture and the lack of basic infrastructures are often used as the representation of Lao’s characteristics. For example, “swidden agriculture is practiced by the ethnic minorities in the mountainous area where infrastructure maintenance is insufficient” is the widely used description of socio‐economic conditions activities of the Laos. Quantitive data concerning interrelation between swidden agriculture, the ethnic minorities, infrastructure maintenance and the mountainous area is not publicized in scientific papers. The purpose of this paper is to provide data for discussing agricultural forms of Laos and information for comparing Laos to other regions in the Mountainous Region of Mainland Southeast Asia, and also to examine availability of these data by organizing quantitive data on the geographical configuration, infrastructure, ethnic characteristics and agricultural forms.

照葉樹林帯における現在の焼畑招待有り

横山　智

科学 75 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 450 - 454 2005年

「有用植物村落地図」作成にむけて

横山　智・落合雪野

総合地球環境学研究所プロジェクト4-2「アジア・熱帯モンスーン地域における生態史モデルの構築」2004年度報告書頁： 187 - 198 2005年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）出版者・発行元：総合地球環境学研究所

There is a long history of forest product gathering in northern Laos. The indigenous peoples, especially the Khmu people, have actively gathered benzoin and cardamom for centuries. In the past, governmental peddlers sold commodities and purchased agro-forest products from mountain people. After the Lao version of Perestroika or Chintanakan Mai in 1986, privately managed agro-forest product trader appeared in the mountainous region. Apart from benzoin and cardamom, the forest products that are traded in this region are not traditional species for food or medicine but are new species exported to China after the 1990s. The Thailand border and the Chinese border in northern Laos, which used to be closed to ordinary people due to government policy, were re-opened in the early of 1990s. Afterwards, Chinese traders came directly to northern Laos by truck to purchase these forest products. The flow of people, goods and information seen after Chintanakan Mai has strongly influenced the livelihood of these mountain peoples.

The trade flow of agro-forest products and commodities in the northern mountainous region of Laos

Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Proceedings of First International Conference on Lao Studies 頁： CD-ROM 2005年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）出版者・発行元：The Center for Lao Studies

The Mountainous Region of Mainland Southeast Asia has been drawn attention from the scholars recently, and research results of Laos, which is used to be called "the forgotten country", are also being accumulated gradually. Keywords such as complex multiethnic country, mountainous country, swidden agriculture and the lack of basic infrastructures are often used as the representation of Lao's characteristics. For example, "swidden agriculture is practiced by the ethnic minorities in the mountainous area where infrastructure maintenance is insufficient" is the widely used description of socio-economic conditions activities of the Laos. Quantitive data concerning interrelation between swidden agriculture, the ethnic minorities, infrastructure maintenance and the mountainous area is not publicized in scientific papers.
The purpose of this paper is to provide data for discussing agricultural forms of Laos and information for comparing Laos to other regions in the Mountainous Region of Mainland Southeast Asia, and also to examine availability of these data by organizing quantitive data on the geographical configuration, infrastructure, ethnic characteristics and agricultural forms.

ラオス北部における商品作物の普及とそれに伴う社会経済・自然環境の変容

横山　智

福武学術文化振興財団『平成16年度歴史学・地理学助成報告書』頁： 120 - 128 2005年

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