研究者詳細 - 横山　智

論文 - 横山　智

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Tracing of fire-induced soil phosphorus transformations using phosphate oxygen isotope ratio 査読有り国際誌 Open Access

Takuya ISHIDA, Isao HIROTA, Satoshi YOKOYAMA

European Journal of Soil Science 75 巻 ( 5 ) 頁： e13591 2024年10月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The British Society of Soil Science

This study demonstrates that phosphate oxygen isotope (δ18OPO4) analysis effectively detects and monitors fire-induced transformation in soil phosphorus (P). Fires increase bioavailable P, potentially limiting primary production in terrestrial ecosystems. However, understanding the effects of fire on soil P dynamics in the field remains challenging due to the interaction between fire spread and soil properties with high spatial heterogeneity. Soil burning experiments were conducted using a surface soil sample collected in central Japan. The soil was burned in an electric furnace from 50 to 550°C for 3 h, and P concentrations and δ18OPO4 values were determined. The results revealed that high temperatures (>350°C) depleted the soil of organic P (Po) and increased labile and stable inorganic P (Pi) concentrations while significantly decreasing δ18OPO4 values. By contrast, low temperatures (150°C) increased labile Pi and Po concentrations without isotopic shift, indicating that low-intensity fires could increase bioavailable P while conserving soil organic matter. These findings indicate that δ18OPO4 analysis can provide insight into the relationship between P transformations and fire intensity and track subsequent changes in P dynamics over time. Our research highlights the potential of δ18OPO4 in predicting and managing postfire ecological and agricultural impacts.

DOI： 10.1111/ejss.13591

Open Access

Web of Science

Scopus

その他リンク： https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ejss.13591

Package tour distribution channels of major Japanese, Chinese, and South Korean travel agents 査読有り国際誌

Zhina NANGONG, Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism 2023年12月

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Routledge

This study examines how overseas package tours are designed in China, South Korea, and Japan. It also examines how these tours are arranged between the three countries. The results of in-depth interviews and participant observation showed that the method of creating tours was almost the same across those three countries. However, there were differences in the method of operating tours. In terms of tours from China, Chinese wholesalers prefer other travel agencies as land operators instead of their own foreign subsidiaries; for Japan, they prefer to utilize their foreign subsidiaries; and for South Korea, the wholesaler considers both their subsidiaries and land operators for operating package tours. The concept of “operating power” explains the unique operation of these travel companies. The study concludes that the distribution channels of various package tours are strategically created by wholesalers according to the combination of markets and destinations. It contributes theoretical implications to the study of tourism distribution channels by focusing on regions that have not been included in previous studies. Additionally, it proposes a framework for the process of creating package tours and constructs a concept to explain the diverse ways in which package tours are operated. In terms of practical implications for travel agents, the study provides insights into various tourism distribution channels across different situations.

DOI： 10.1080/1528008X.2023.2294922

Web of Science

Scopus

ラオス中部の焼畑農耕民における生活活動の時間配分と空間分布査読有り

蒋　宏偉、佐藤廉也、横山　智、西本　太

E-journal GEO 18 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 324 - 338 2023年8月

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：日本地理学会

焼畑・漁労・狩猟・採集を生業としているラオス中部の少数民族マンコン集落において，雨季・乾季に分け，成人住民を中心とする生活時間配分調査を行い，主に（1）想起法によって収集した経時的な活動内容の記録，（2）GPSロガーによる生活活動空間情報の記録，および（3）身体活動に費やすエネルギーの加速度計による記録，の3つのデータを収集した．データの分析結果は，労働時間配分における成人男女の分業および男女活動範囲とその相違といった生活活動の時空間パターンを明らかにした．さらに，開発が急ピッチで進んでいるラオス中部地域に生活している焼畑農耕民の各種の生業間の時間配分のつり合いから対象地域の土地利用と生業の変化の解明に重要な手掛かりを提供した．

DOI： 10.4157/ejgeo.18.324

特集「ラオス小規模社会集団の人口変動と生業変化」によせて

横山　智

E-journal GEO 18 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 258 - 263 2023年8月

ラオス中部天水田農村における人口増加と世代による生業の変化査読有り

高橋眞一、横山　智、西本　太、丹羽孝仁

E-journal GEO 18 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 264 - 278 2023年8月

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：日本地理学会

ラオス中部に位置する天水田稲作農村において，年率2%を超える長期の人口増加と村びとの生業の対応との関連を世代別に明らかにした．1920年代後半に開村した村の第1世代から第4世代まで，生業の要である水田取得が人口増加とともに開田から，相続，そして購入へと変化した．人口増加による土地の余力がなくなってきた第3世代から他の農村への移動が増加した．さらに人口増加が続いた第4世代になってタイへの出稼ぎ専業層の出現によって，人口増加による水田の不足は軽減された．この村における人口増加への対応は，農業生産性の向上，都市への移動ではなく，ラオス中部の水田拡大を背景とした農村間人口移動の加速とタイ出稼ぎの増加であった．そして近年の家族計画普及による人口増加の終焉は，この地域の農村の生業の方向を変えていくであろう．

DOI： 10.4157/ejgeo.18.264

ラオス北部農村における農村間人口移動: ルアンパバーン県HB村における転出入に着目して査読有り

丹羽孝仁、西本　太、高橋眞一、横山　智

E-journal GEO 18 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 279 - 290 2023年8月

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：日本地理学会

本研究は，ルアンパバーン県HB村の事例分析によって，ラオスの農村地域における人口動態の特徴を農村間人口移動の側面から明らかにした．その結果，農村における人口の変化には，次の3点の農村間人口移動が影響を及ぼしていることが分かった．①移住促進政策や結婚移動などの農村間移動を背景とする社会増減と移動後の自然増減の双方が大きく影響している．②農村間移動において移住先での生計の可能性を最大化できるように，新たな農地の獲得可能性や，従前の居住地にある農地へのアクセシビリティ，血縁・地縁のネットワークの有無が検討されている．③農村間移動が活発な背景には，移動前後で農業を主体とする生業に大きな変化がなく，生計を維持できる可能性が高いことがあげられる．ただし，利用可能な低地水田は限られており，米を十分に獲得することが難しい場合には，出稼ぎによる現金獲得が目指されている．

DOI： 10.4157/ejgeo.18.279

ラオス北部における遠隔地農村の人口動態と水田所有査読有り

横山　智、高橋眞一、丹羽孝仁、西本　太

E-journal GEO 18 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 291 - 308 2023年8月

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：日本地理学会

本研究は，ラオス北部の盆地に位置するラオ族が設立した2村において，人口動態と水田所有の変化を3世代にわたって明らかにした．1970年代以降，政府の政策により高地から低地への移住が進められたが，研究対象地域では新しく水田を造成する土地は限られていた．したがって，高地から移住してきた住民であるクム族の多くは，水田を得ることができず，高地に住んでいた時と同様に自給自足的な焼畑農業を継続していた．1970年代以降の水田所有の変化を追跡したところ，水田を入手する一般的な方法は，離村した住民から水田を購入することであり，多くの住民は，その機会を待ちながら，水田の購入資金を準備するために都市へ出稼ぎに行くことが常態化するようになった．このような低地の盆地農村における高地からの移住者は，水田の少ない盆地にとどまるか，都市に移住するかの選択を迫られており，また高地と都市との移住の中継点として盆地農村が機能している

DOI： 10.4157/ejgeo.18.291

ラオス中部における焼畑民の食料獲得戦略─食事日誌の副食材料データ分析から─ 査読有り

佐藤廉也、蒋　宏偉、西本　太、横山　智

E-journal GEO 18 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 309 - 323 2023年8月

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：日本地理学会

焼畑・漁撈・家畜飼養・狩猟・採集を生業とし，自給的な食生活を維持しているラオス中部のマイノリティ（マンコン）の村において，一年を通じた食生活を把握するとともに，世帯の食料獲得戦略を考察した．データは食事日誌法によって収集し，毎食ごとの主菜・副菜メニューとともに，それらの副食の食材を誰がどこで獲得したのかを記録し，世帯の構成に注意を払いつつ分析した．結果として，子どもが10歳代の時期に世帯の生活収支（生産量から消費量を差し引いた値）もプラスに転じることが推測され，子どもの成長に応じた家計への貢献が重要な役割を果たしていることが示唆された．

DOI： 10.4157/ejgeo.18.309

食文化の商品化とその真正性－フランス・リヨンのブションを事例に－査読有り

村上繭子, 横山　智

地理空間 14 巻 ( 1 ) 頁： 1 - 17 2021年6月

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：地理空間学会

フランス・リヨンでは1990年代以降，「美食都市」として食文化をアピールし，外国人観光客を集める政策を推進した。そして，伝統食を提供するレストランである「ブション」での食事がリヨンの食文化とみなされるようになった。しかし，伝統食を提供せずにブションを名乗る観光客向けのレストランが増加したため，伝統的な食事を提供するブションに対して，ブション協会がラベルを与えて「真正なリヨンのブション」を認定する動きが見られた。リヨンの食文化の真正性は，ブションのラベル作成によって構築され，そのラベルを得たブションのアイデンティティの確立と差異化を図る手段として機能した。しかし，トリップアドバイザーの口コミを用いた量的および質的な統計分析では，ラベルによる真正性は，ブション利用客の店への評価に影響を与えておらず，ブションの利用客に対してラベルの意味が正しく理解されていないことが明らかになった。

DOI： 10.24586/jags.14.1_1

Transition of farmland use in a Japanese mountainside settlement: An analysis of the residents' career histories 査読有り国際共著

Gen SHOJI, Kunimitsu YOSHIDA, Satoshi YOKOYAMA, Eric C. THOMPSON

Geographical Review of Japan Series B 93 巻 ( 1 ) 頁： 15 - 26 2020年11月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The Association of Japanese Geographers

A key problem faced by Japanese agriculture is the decline in the number of fulltime farmers due to the aging population, which combined with the absence of farm successors is leading to abandoned and under-used farmland. Under these conditions, we analyze the shifts in labor force allocation within households, between households, and between different communities, in order to secure the continuity of farming activities. Recent agricultural policies aim to increase the active participation in farming of women and of returning farmers, people who left their hometown to engage in non-agricultural work but return to or take up farming after retirement. The study examines strategies to maintain the continuous use of farmland despite the declining numbers of farmers by analyzing the Tachi settlement, whose residents commute for work to the nearby urban areas of Kanazawa and Komatsu cities in Ishikawa prefecture. The study analyzed the occupations of household members in this settlement and evaluated how the residents’ employment choices have influenced the continuous use of farmland in the area. Many studies in agricultural geography in Japan on systems of farmland use and community farming have focused on households centered on a male head-of-household. Our study is original in its focus on the occupations of all individuals in each household to assess the allocation of farming labor in rural households and other mechanisms to maintain their farmland, such as consigning work to other farmers, or renting out their farmland. Over the past decades, with the decline in the number of successors willing to inherit the farms, the number of farms taken over by the next generation has decreased in Tachi, and those responsible for the farmland have had to request help from outside their settlement. However, the study reports some recent positive trends (a family moving back to the settlement and taking up farming, including leasing previously abandoned land). Consequently, farmland use is being localized again within the settlement. Our case study, Tachi, can be considered a representative case study, as it encapsulates many of the recent trends in development of marginal rural communities Japan (rapid socio-demographic decline and its impact on the continuity of farmland use and management practices, especially in terms of labor allocation, but also regarding the mechanisms of renting out/lending farmland). The limited local scale allows for the detailed survey of the entire community as well as an in-depth analysis of data. Findings of this study might prove useful in the elaboration of rural/farming policies with the potential of wider implementation in similar areas in Japan but also (at the broader scale) in Asia.

DOI： 10.4157/geogrevjapanb.93.15

Smallholder's labor allocation for livelihood diversification: A case study in an upland village in northern Laos 査読有り国際共著

Khamphou PHOUYYAVONG, Shinsuke TOMITA, Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Tropics 29 巻 ( 1 ) 頁： 9 - 24 2020年6月

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The Japan Society of Tropical Ecology

Livelihood diversification involves the well-characterized strategies of smallholder farmers to combine risk aversion under a market economy. Since livelihood diversification studies have focused on diversifying income sources to include non-farm and off-farm income, the benefit of adding subsistence-oriented farming to the livelihood portfolio has been underestimated. This form of livelihood diversification is broadly observable in Southeast Asia, and could be another risk aversion strategy to cope with unpredictable market conditions. This study examined the role of swidden farming in livelihood diversification through the analysis of individuals’ labor allocation in livelihood portfolio, annual working hours, and seasonal changes in working hours in a village in northern Laos. Information was obtained through direct interviews with 133 individuals. Interviews were conducted in 2017 and gathered information on demographic features, economic activities, and monthly working hours for individual in 2016. The results indicated: 1) Individual’s livelihood portfolio was determined by the assets that the ethnic group and each household held to a large extent; 2) Livelihood diversification took place at the individual level rather than at household level, through an increase in annual working hours, as well as monthly working hours during the peak period of labor demand; and 3) Labor demand for swidden farming was moderate, so villagers can incorporate it into their livelihood portfolio. The study highlighted that flexibility would be another facet of livelihood diversification. Swidden farming was likely to play a pivotal role in its flexibility, but it was not important as an income source.

DOI： 10.3759/tropics.MS19-08

Impact of forage introduction on cattle grazing practices and crop-livestock systems: A case study in an upland village in northern Laos 査読有り国際共著国際誌

Khamphou PHOUYYAVONG, Shinsuke TOMITA, Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Rangeland Journal 41 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 323 - 334 2019年8月

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The Australian Rangeland Society

Lao smallholders are experiencing livestock grazing land constraints due to resettlement, increasing cattle numbers and commercial cash crop plantations. In this paper we describe changes in cattle grazing systems in an upland village in northern Laos, including the role of forage crops and their effects on cattle productivity. We interviewed 92 Hmong and Khmu households about their migration history, cattle grazing practices, cattle productivity and other livelihood activities. In addition, we measured the heart girths of 231 cattle. We found that the traditional free-range cattle grazing has diverged into three distinct systems incorporating fields fenced to different degrees. Although none of the three systems increased cattle body size, the forage pasture and swidden-farming system successfully increased the grazing capacity compared with other systems. Thus, this method appeared to be the most suitable for Hmong smallholders to manage crop and cattle production in the context of land constraints. Efforts should be made to examine how the newly implemented systems could attenuate villager livelihood and pre-emptively address the problems associated with degrading fallow land.

DOI： 10.1071/RJ18102

Scopus

Trends in the application of <i>bacillus</i> in fermented foods 査読有り国際誌

Keitarou KIMURA, Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Current opinion in biotechnology 56 巻頁： 36 - 42 2019年4月

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Elsevier

Bacillus species such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens are widely used to produce fermented foods from soybeans and locust beans in Asian and West African countries, respectively. Genomic information for B. subtilis strains isolated from Asian Bacillus-fermented foods (BFFs) has been gathered, and the chemical components of fermented products were defined with metabolomic approaches, facilitating the development of new starter strains and the evaluation of health claims. On the other hand, although advanced studies have been performed for some commercially produced BFFs, home-manufactured products still remain to be characterized in rural areas. In West Africa, the microbial flora of BFFs was examined in detail, leading to the isolation of candidates of the starter that produced bacteriocin against Bacillus cereus contaminating the products. These studies may provide a choice of Bacillus strains in food application and increase opportunities for further usage of Bacillus in foods.

DOI： 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.09.001

Scopus

PubMed

Driving forces for livelihood structure changes in Vietnam's northwestern mountainous region: A case study on Yen Chau district, Son La province 査読有り国際共著

NGUYEN Thi Hong Ngoc, Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Tropics 27 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 81 - 97 2019年3月

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The Japan Society of Tropical Ecology

Twenty years of long-term maize monoculture that began in the 1990s have resulted in the heavily maize-dependent economy of the northwestern mountainous region of Vietnam, especially in Yen Chau, the core production area. Before 2014, maize accounted for over 70% of the agricultural area. The continuous decrease in maize production value has strongly affected the Tai Dam community in Yen Chau and led to the replacement of various livelihood activities. This contributed to a major shrinkage of the maize area by 28.2% by the end of 2017. This study aims to investigate the determinants of the rapid development of different livelihood trends in Lac Ken, Suoi Bun, and Luong Me villages. A detailed social and statistical investigation was conducted of 198 households in 2016 and 220 households in 2017. The findings of this study indicate that small differences in cultivated land areas and infrastructure facilities have fostered the formation of and changes in livelihood structures. The areal withdrawal of maize occurred concurrently with the increasing trend of fruit tree and sugarcane cultivation. Never-before-seen migrant work unexpectedly became a promising livelihood activity for local farmers. Differences in internal and external forces are believed to be the driving factors behind the new forms of livelihood activities.

DOI： 10.3759/tropics.MS18-09

Web of Science

Influence of trading structure on maize seed selection by farmers in Vietnam: Case study on Yen Chau district, Son La province 査読有り

NGUYEN Thi Hong Ngoc, Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Geographical review of Japan series B 91 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 40 - 53 2018年12月

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The Association of Japanese Geographers

Maize is the most important cash crop in Vietnam’s northern mountainous region. It is credited with eradicating hunger and alleviating poverty. However, the continuous decreasing trend in the global maize price since 2013 has resulted in various socioeconomic problems. Yen Chau district follows a cultivation regime of annually changing maize varieties. This goes against the objectives of national test procedures for new seed. This study aimed to establish whether the annually changing seed cultivation regime is the consequence of the fierce competition between seed enterprises. We found that the maize trading structure is centered on a three-level trader network that plays a crucial role in connecting stakeholders. Strong social relationships along with weak credit/production commitments between farmers and traders have facilitated maize production throughout the region. Seed and supply enterprises target traders to promote their products and are the most important information channel for farmers. This study’s findings suggest that seed selection in Yen Chau has no scientific basis but is the result of market factors.

DOI： 10.4157/geogrevjapanb.91.40

日本納豆とアジア納豆—おかずか調味料か？招待有り

横山　智

科学 88 巻 ( 12 ) 頁： 1228 - 1234 2018年12月

東南アジアとヒマラヤの納豆とその起源査読有り

横山　智

医と食 8 巻 ( 1 ) 頁： 19 - 23 2016年2月

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：生命科学振興会

納豆を日本の伝統食だと思っている日本人は多い。納豆が日本の伝統食であることは間違いないが、日本独自の食ではない。1960 年代終わりに提唱された『照葉樹林文化論』では、味噌や納豆のようなダイズ発酵食品が東南アジアやヒマラヤなどの照葉樹林帯でつくられていることが示され、また1970年代に中尾佐助が提示した「納豆の大三角形」という仮説では、中国雲南省で納豆が発祥したと論じられた。ところが、1980 年代以降、納豆の起源を探る学術的調査は全く実施されていない。本稿では、ほとんど知られていない東南アジアとヒマラヤの納豆文化を紹介し、新たな視点から納豆の起源に迫っていきたい。

Access to livelihood assets under the influence of a climate event in upland northern Laos 査読有り国際共著

Phanxay INXAY, Isao HIROTA, Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Geographical Review of Japan Series B 87 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 131 - 145 2015年7月

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The Association of Japanese Geographers

Climate events pose major challenges to food production and the livelihoods of rural inhabitants in northern Laos, where upland rice using swidden production is an important crop. The onset of the rainy season in this area is one such climate event, and it has occurred earlier and with less regularity in recent years. Not all households are able to cope with these changes. This study examines the ability of local farmers to cope with rice insufficiency. This investigation also clarifies household strategies in dealing with the climate event. We randomly interviewed 63 of 95 household heads, and performed a paired sample t test to examine the significance of differences in three household groups between the 2010 normal climate and the 2011 climate event. The groups were categorized according to rice self-sufficiency in 2011: groups I are households with rice self-sufficiency, group II are those facing a rice shortage of up to 3 months, and group III are those with insufficient rice for over 3 months. We also conducted a one-way ANOVA to examine the significance of differences in livelihood strategies among the three groups. We found that the household labor force was the most important factor in enhancing the villagers’ ability to deal with the climate event and that the level of impact of that event shaped their coping strategies. Households with substantial labor force had more options for coping strategies than those with smaller ones. The villagers faced different levels of impact and adopted different coping strategies accordingly. Non-timber forest product collection was the principle livelihood strategy in response to non-climate factors such as education, access to health services, provision of equipment and clothing, and overcoming the impact of the climate event. Households heavily affected by the early rainy season onset tended to engage in intensive activities such as off-farm activity and outside work, rather than their major livelihood activities in the village (upland crop and livestock production).

DOI： 10.4157/geogrevjapanb.87.131

Livelihood factors and household strategies for an unexpected climate event in upland northern Laos 査読有り国際共著国際誌

Phanxay INXAY, Satoshi YOKOYAMA, Isao HIROTA

Journal of Mountain Science 12 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 483 - 500 2015年

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The Chinese Academy of Sciences

This study examines the effects of a climate event on livelihood assets of households in upland northern Laos, when the early onset of the rainy season as a result of climate change led to a failure to burn swidden systems. A Sustainable Livelihoods Framework is applied to estimate rural livelihood assets associated with differences in climate conditions, such as the 2010 normal climate and the 2011 climate event, and to compare household strategies in each climate condition. The findings indicate that natural capital had the highest index value in the 2010 normal climate, whereas human capital had the highest value in the 2011 climate event. Financial capital had the lowest index in both climate conditions. Residents at the research site were better off in terms of natural capital but worse off in terms of financial capital. This indicates that the government and other rural development agencies should not only manage natural resources; income-generation activities are also needed. We conclude that natural resources, as well as non-timber forest product (NTFP) gathering and off-farm activity, were the most important strategies for the entire research site under the normal climate condition. NTFP gathering and outside work are important in meeting subsistence needs and augmenting income levels in households when the rainy season begins early as a result of climate change. Outside employment was an additional strategy in households to achieve their livelihood goals, including food security and household income generation, under conditions of economic change and climate events.

DOI： 10.1007/s11629-013-2879-y

A review of studies on swidden agriculture in Japan: cropping system and disappearing process 査読有り

Satoshi YOKOYAMA, Isao HIROTA, Sota TANAKA, Yukino OCHIAI, Eiji NAWATA, Yasuyuki KONO

Tropics 22 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 131 - 155 2014年3月

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The Japan Society of Tropical Ecology

This paper reviewed some of the major study results published mainly in Japanese on swidden agriculture which was once practiced in Japan. In this review, a focus was placed on the natural environment in which swidden agriculture was practiced, cropping systems, crop cultivation in swidden fields, the transition of swidden agriculture at the end of the disappearing stage, and the utilization of millet cultivated in swidden agriculture. Swidden agriculture of temperate Japan featured cultivation primarily of millet, and was characterized by highly sophisticated and complex cropping systems according to the natural environment, which varied from one region to another. In the 1970s, however, swidden agriculture which had been continuously practiced as a primary means of subsistence in mountainous areas of Japan ceased to exist. Accordingly, the review will primarily focus on studies from the 1950s to 1970s, the post-war period in which a large number of research findings were produced from the perspectives of the humanities and natural sciences. The methodologies and perspectives adopted in the studies on Japanese swidden agriculture are definitely applicable to currently conducted studies of swidden agriculture in tropical regions.

DOI： 10.3759/tropics.22.131

ラオス：経済発展と農山村部の変化招待有り

横山　智

地理の研究（歴史と地理） 191 巻頁： 42 - 52 2014年

Can master planning control and regulate urban growth in Vientiane, Laos? 査読有り国際共著国際誌

Ayyoob SHARIFI, Yoshihiro CHIBA, Kohei OKAMOTO, Satoshi YOKOYAMA, Akito MURAYAMA

Landscape and Urban Planning 131 巻頁： 1 - 13 2014年

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Elsevier

The rate of urbanization in Laos has increased significantly since the country began its transition to a market economy in 1986. Although urbanization in developing countries has been examined extensively in the literature, very few researchers have focused on Laos. Our main aim here was to examine the effectiveness of utilizing the master plan as a management tool to regulate urban growth in Vientiane, the capital city of Laos. We used a mixed-methods approach to address the research objective. First, we examined the population changes since 1985. Next, land-use and land-cover changes were detected by analyzing the satellite images from three different time periods. Then, we analyzed the city's recently approved master plan to determine whether it can regulate urban growth. Finally, to investigate the socio-economic and institutional issues and better understand the reasons for rapid land-use and land-cover changes, we interviewed several key figures from the departments related to urban management and a number of residents living in the peri-urban area. Between 1995 and 2011, the urban population in the study area increased from 337,000 to 780,000. In the same time period, the built-up area increased from approximately 154 km2 to more than 206 km2. The total area of the forests decreased from approximately 2354 km2 to approximately 1353 km2. The results indicate that there is an urgent need for improvements in the regulatory and management aspects and that the master plan should be revised to provide a more realistic account of the existing situation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.07.014

A review of the developments in Nature and Society Studies in Japan from the 1980s onward 招待有り査読有り

Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Geographical Review of Japan Series B 86 巻 ( 1 ) 頁： 62 - 74 2013年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The Association of Japanese Geographers

This article reviewes the research trends in Nature and Society Studies authored by Japanese geographers, which have appeared in academic journals in the geography field in Japan from the 1980s onwards; these are organized into three categories, “land-use and subsistence activities,” “biological resources and subsistence activities” and “the environment and resources.” In two of the categories of “land-use and subsistence activities” and “biological resources and subsistence activities,” there has been substantial research conducted which deals with cases in developing countries. Yet, research on domestic activities in Japan where significant economic development has already been achieved remains scarce. The reason for this seems to be that research dealing with domestic agriculture, forestry, livestock and fishery conducted from the geographical perspective has not emphasized the subsistence aspect of these activities but rather these were considered as a part of industries. Accordingly, the majority of research in these areas is conducted from the perspective of economic geography. In regards to the research on “the environment and resources,” it became evident that Nature and Society Studies has not yet determined what type of approach should be taken to analyze the environment/resource use and environmental perception. The Nature and Society Study Group represents a new field in Japanese geography but its significance for research on human–nature interactions has gradually come to be recognized in the community of Japanese geographers through various activities including symposiums. Preparing for and coping with natural hazards, the environment and development, sustainable resource use, environmental change and survival are all the targets of Nature and Society Studies, and research in these areas is expected to develop in the future.

DOI： 10.4157/geogrevjapanb.86.62

アジアの伝統酒研究の展開─日本における研究を中心に─ 査読有り

臼井麻未, 横山　智

地理空間 6 巻 ( 1 ) 頁： 1 - 18 2013年

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：地理空間学会

本稿では，アジアのカビ酒圏を中心とした伝統酒の酒造と飲酒の研究をレビューした。その結果，酒造に関しては，酒類別に異なる研究傾向が見られ，さらにどぶろく系と蒸留酒系では地域による違いも論じられている。また，飲酒と文化の関係性に関しては，飲酒の目的を儀礼，もてなし，生活に分類して研究を整理したところ，地域共通の飲酒規範が存在することが明らかになったが，その規範は近代化によって大きく変化しつつある。既存研究のレビューを通して，本稿ではアジアの伝統酒をとらえるための三つの研究視点を提示した。1 点目は，研究アプローチ方法が確立されていない飲酒の地域差を解明する必要性，2 点目は，飲酒の地域性が失われつつある中で，文化的側面から地域固有の伝統酒の存在意義を再考する研究の必要性，そして3 点目は，伝統酒の地域性を解明するための地理学的な総合的視点からの多面的研究アプローチを採用する必要性である。

DOI： 10.24586/jags.6.1_1

生業としての伝統的焼畑の価値─ラオス北部山地における空間利用の連続性─ 招待有り査読有り

横山　智

ヒマラヤ学誌 14 巻頁： 242 - 254 2013年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：京都大学ヒマラヤ研究ユニット

自然の力を利用して作物栽培を持続的かつ循環的に営むことができるのが焼畑農業である. 先人たちは, 土地に合った耕作と休閑のパターンを守り, 焼畑を何世紀にもわたって存続させてきた. しかし, 遅れた農法と見なされた焼畑は, 世界各地で規制され, その面積は急速に縮小し, 消滅の危機を向かえようとしている. 本研究では, 現在でも広く焼畑が営まれている東南アジアのラオス北部を事例に, 焼畑を持続させてきた自然資源の循環的利用や焼畑を営む人びとの生業維持の戦略にフォーカスをあてることで, 焼畑の生業にとっての価値を再考することを試みた. その結果, 焼畑の特徴は「区分」ではなく「連続性」に特徴づけられることを示した. 火入れ後の1 年間は食料を生産する「畑」であるが, その後の休閑地となっている長期間は植物の侵略と遷移が繰り返され, また各種の生物が生きる「森」である. 焼畑は畑と森の両方の機能をあわせ持ち, 森林を破壊する農法と捉えるのは適切ではない. さらに, 生業の面から焼畑を捉えると, 作物栽培を行った後, 同じ場所で牛の刈跡放牧を行い, 植物や昆虫を採取し, 狩猟まで行っている. 生態学的な連続性に加えて, 生業の連続性という特徴も有する. 焼畑を「連続性」の視点から再考すれば, 従来とは異なる価値を見いだすことができるのである.

DOI： 10.14989/HSM.14.242

ラオス北部山地部における焼畑農業の多様な機能と近年の変化国際共著

広田勲, 横山智, 岡本耕平, 竹中千里, 王智弘, 神山拓也, 金丸佳矢, INGXAY Phanxay, 白井正樹, 神慶孝, 渡辺洋一

日本環境共生学会学術大会発表論文集 16 巻頁： 222 - 227 2013年

地域研究における自然−人間相互関係の解明に関する一考察（書評論文『講座生存基盤論』）査読有り

横山　智

東南アジア研究 51 巻 ( 1 ) 頁： 168 - 172 2013年

Vegetation and plant use differences between a secondary forest and an Eucalyptus plantation site in Bolikhamxay province, Laos 査読有り国際誌

Mitsutoshi UMEMURA, Chihiro AOYAMA, Yuji TOKUMOTO, Kosei ABE, Isao HIROTA, Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Lao Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 27 巻頁： 88 - 109 2012年

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Laos

In order to examine the impacts of fast-growing tree plantations on local vegetation and plant use, we conducted a vegetation survey and interviews with residents in Village P, Pak Kading District, Bolikhamxay Province in central Laos, which has an extensive secondary forest and newly established eucalyptus plantation. The vegetation survey, consisting of the sampling of one quadrat each established in the secondary forest and the plantation site, yielded 160 individuals representing 80 species and 289 individuals representing 61 species in the respective locations. Species diversity was higher in the secondary forest than in the plantation site. In terms of plant use, it was found that 0.59 species and 0.79 individuals per square meter in the secondary forest were used by local villagers; the same figures for the plantation site were 0.36 species and 0.51 individuals per square meter, respectively. The number of useful plants was higher in the secondary forest than in the plantation site. There were few common species between the two locations. Although there exist useful plants in the plantation site that could potentially benefit villagers’ livelihoods, the above results primarily reveal the relative importance of the secondary forest in Village P. This research contributes valuable baseline information to support the sustainable development of local societies and the environment.

焼畑再考ー焼畑は環境破壊か？招待有り

横山　智

人文地理 63 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 64 - 67 2011年

ミャンマーとタイ北部における無塩発酵大豆食品の利用に関する文化地理学的研究

横山　智

食生活科学・文化及び環境に関する研究助成　研究紀要（アサヒビール学術振興財団） 24 巻頁： 123 - 133 2011年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）出版者・発行元：アサヒビール学術振興財団

A variety of fermented soybean foods such as Natto of Japan, Tua Nao of Thailand and Kinema of Himalaya, are widely produced in the glossy-leaved forest (Shōyōjyurin) of subtropical monsoon Asia. Although there are several discussions on the origin and the diffusion of the fermented soybean foods, it is still not clear. In order to address the unsolved issues, the fermented soybean foods in Southeast Asia which has much more variety than the other regions must weigh in detail. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify both the similarities and difference of fermented soybean foods between Myanmar and Northern Thailand from the point of view of plant use for the fermentation of non-salted soybeans. In Northern Thailand and Shan State of Myanmar, households which produce dried fermented soybean on a large commercial scale did not supply any plant during the fermentation, and use plastic bag. However, small scale producers use traditional bamboo basket and put the leaf of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus or Tectona grandis. In Kachin State of Myanmar where Ficus spp. is supplied as the source of Bacillus subtilis, unground form is mostly produced and threaded much. The process of making fermented soybean is basically the same among Northern Thailand, Shan State and Kachin State; however, there was regionally difference in the use of plant to supply Bacillus subtilis. This study suggests the possibility that regional diversity of plant use for the fermentation shows the independent origin of non-salted soybean production. To validate this hypothesis, further study must be required in other important regions such as Himalaya and Southern China.

The trading of agro-forest products and commodities in the northern mountainous region of Laos 査読有り

Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Southeast Asian Studies 47 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 374 - 402 2010年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The Center for Southeast Asian Area Studies, Kyoto University

The purpose of this study is to clarify the trade flow of agro-forest products and commodities by analyzing commercial activities and private traders in a mountainous region. This study focused on Ngoi district of Luang Phabang province in northern Laos where there is a long history of non-timber forest product (NTFP) trading in the study area.
In the Lān Xāng Kingdom era, political coordinators called Lām collected agro-forest products from mountain people as tax, and private traders purchased NTFPs, mainly benzoin and cardamom. Then, under the communist regime in the period between 1960 and 1986, private traders were replaced by government-managed stores and the role of the Lām disappeared. After the Lao version of Perestroika or Chintanakan Mai in 1986, private agro-forest product trading was re-established in the study area and in addition, general stores and periodic markets appeared along the riverside. The re-establishment of agroforest product trading resulted from the stimulation of commodity flows due to the local general stores and periodic markets, and vice versa.
During the Chintanakan Mai period, the NTFPs being traded in the study area were not traditional foods or medicines but rather new products being exported to foreign countries, especially China. The borders with Thailand, China, and Vietnam in northern Laos were re-opened in the early 1990s, after which Chinese traders came directly to northern Laos to purchase NTFPs. This paper shows how the stimulation of human mobility, commodity distribution, and information flow observed after Chintanakan Mai has strongly affected the livelihood of the mountain people.

DOI： 10.20495/tak.47.4_374

熊本大学文学部学生の居住地選好メンタルマップ

横山　智

文学部論叢（熊本大学） 100 巻頁： 51 - 67 2009年3月

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）出版者・発行元：熊本大学文学部

This paper tried to clarify residential preference of students in Faculty of Letters, Kumamoto University, by interpreting mental maps. Mental maps are frequently used as a tool for analysis of environmental perception or environmental assessment. Spatial pattern drawn in the mental maps represents commonalities and regionalites of residential preference. As a result of analysis, the tendency of residential preference varies remarkably by hometown of the respondents or students' major field of study. The mental maps, however, also showed the commonalities of residential preference. Urbanized prefectures (Tokyo and Fukuoka) and prefectures known as popular destination for tourist (Kyoto, Hokkaido and Okinawa) are prefered by most of the respondents.

途上国農村におけるバックパッカー・エンクレーブの形成－ラオス・ヴァンヴィエン地区を事例として－査読有り

横山　智

地理学評論 80 巻頁： 591 - 613 2007年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：日本地理学会

社会主義国のラオスでは1990年代以降の経済自由化に伴い, 国をあげて観光を促進した. その結果, バックパッカーを主体とする旅行者到着数は急増し, 北部にはバックパッカー向けの観光関連施設が集中する農村が現れた. その代表ともいえる農村のヴァンヴィエンでは, 中心部の既存商業地区にバックパッカー向けの観光関連施設が集中して立地するバックパッカー・エンクレーブが形成された. そこでは, 多くの他地域出身者が観光関連施設を経営している. これまで, バックパッカーのような周辺部を訪れる旅行者は, 途上国の地域経済に貢献する旅行者とされていたが, 事例としたヴァンヴィエンでは, 観光による利益享受は稲作を営む農民には及んでいなかった. 加えて, 薬物や売春などの新たな社会問題も持ち込まれた. 結果として, 途上国農村におけるバックパッカー・エンクレーブの形成は, 目に見えるような景観的変化のみならず, バックパッカーの流入と異なる出自を持つ住民の混在によって, 新たな社会・人間関係が築かれ, また経済的な格差を生み出すような社会経済的空間を創り出した.

DOI： 10.4157/grj.80.591

Forest policy and swidden agriculture in Laos 国際共著国際誌

Satoshi YOKOYAMA, Koji TANAKA, Khame PHALAKONE

Proceedings of 8th Southeast Asian Geography Association Conference 頁： CD-ROM 2006年

「有用植物村落地図」をもとに考える空間認識と植物利用－ラオス北部の事例から

落合雪野・横山　智

総合地球環境学研究所プロジェクト4-2「アジア・熱帯モンスーン地域における生態史モデルの構築」2005年度報告書頁： 95 - 107 2006年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）出版者・発行元：総合地球環境学研究所

ポンサリー県コア郡フエイペー村において総延長15.8km の 4 ルートを3 名のアカ・ニャウーのインフォーマントと歩き，有用植物インベントリーおよびGIS を利用した有用植物村落地図を作成した。その結果，134 ヶ所からインフォーマントが利用したことがある植物123 種類を採取し，104 点の腊葉標本を作製した。生態的空間と有用植物の生育位置との関係をみると，集落近傍の小道や幹線道路沿い，休閑年数の短い休閑地，河川わきに生育するの植物など，人間の活動による攪乱の程度や頻度が比較的高い場所の植物が多く利用されていた。
　その用途は，食用，薬用，物質文化，換金用など日常生活全般におよんでいた。昨年度および今年度の研究結果を総合的に考慮すると，1）有用植物村落地図と第三者が考える理想的な土地利用図との相違，2）焼畑農耕と野生動植物の利用を組み合わせた生業活動の把握，3）二次林の意味と価値の把握，4）市場のグローバル化と野生植物の商取引の関係，5）住民の自然環境に対する空間認知などを明らかにすることができ，ラオス北部における人間と植物の相互関係からみた地域生態史構築に大きく貢献する成果が期待できる。

ラオスにおける自然環境と社会経済環境の空間的相互関係

横山　智

文学部論叢（熊本大学） 85 巻頁： 139 - 155 2005年3月

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）出版者・発行元：熊本大学文学部

The Mountainous Region of Mainland Southeast Asia has been drawn attention from the scholars recently, and research results of Laos, which is used to be called “the forgotten country”, are also being accumulated gradually. Keywords such as complex multiethnic country, mountainous country, swidden agriculture and the lack of basic infrastructures are often used as the representation of Lao’s characteristics. For example, “swidden agriculture is practiced by the ethnic minorities in the mountainous area where infrastructure maintenance is insufficient” is the widely used description of socio‐economic conditions activities of the Laos. Quantitive data concerning interrelation between swidden agriculture, the ethnic minorities, infrastructure maintenance and the mountainous area is not publicized in scientific papers. The purpose of this paper is to provide data for discussing agricultural forms of Laos and information for comparing Laos to other regions in the Mountainous Region of Mainland Southeast Asia, and also to examine availability of these data by organizing quantitive data on the geographical configuration, infrastructure, ethnic characteristics and agricultural forms.

照葉樹林帯における現在の焼畑招待有り

横山　智

科学 75 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 450 - 454 2005年

ラオス北部における商品作物の普及とそれに伴う社会経済・自然環境の変容

横山　智

福武学術文化振興財団『平成16年度歴史学・地理学助成報告書』頁： 120 - 128 2005年

「有用植物村落地図」作成にむけて

横山　智・落合雪野

総合地球環境学研究所プロジェクト4-2「アジア・熱帯モンスーン地域における生態史モデルの構築」2004年度報告書頁： 187 - 198 2005年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）出版者・発行元：総合地球環境学研究所

There is a long history of forest product gathering in northern Laos. The indigenous peoples, especially the Khmu people, have actively gathered benzoin and cardamom for centuries. In the past, governmental peddlers sold commodities and purchased agro-forest products from mountain people. After the Lao version of Perestroika or Chintanakan Mai in 1986, privately managed agro-forest product trader appeared in the mountainous region. Apart from benzoin and cardamom, the forest products that are traded in this region are not traditional species for food or medicine but are new species exported to China after the 1990s. The Thailand border and the Chinese border in northern Laos, which used to be closed to ordinary people due to government policy, were re-opened in the early of 1990s. Afterwards, Chinese traders came directly to northern Laos by truck to purchase these forest products. The flow of people, goods and information seen after Chintanakan Mai has strongly influenced the livelihood of these mountain peoples.

The trade flow of agro-forest products and commodities in the northern mountainous region of Laos

Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Proceedings of First International Conference on Lao Studies 頁： CD-ROM 2005年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）出版者・発行元：The Center for Lao Studies

The Mountainous Region of Mainland Southeast Asia has been drawn attention from the scholars recently, and research results of Laos, which is used to be called "the forgotten country", are also being accumulated gradually. Keywords such as complex multiethnic country, mountainous country, swidden agriculture and the lack of basic infrastructures are often used as the representation of Lao's characteristics. For example, "swidden agriculture is practiced by the ethnic minorities in the mountainous area where infrastructure maintenance is insufficient" is the widely used description of socio-economic conditions activities of the Laos. Quantitive data concerning interrelation between swidden agriculture, the ethnic minorities, infrastructure maintenance and the mountainous area is not publicized in scientific papers.
The purpose of this paper is to provide data for discussing agricultural forms of Laos and information for comparing Laos to other regions in the Mountainous Region of Mainland Southeast Asia, and also to examine availability of these data by organizing quantitive data on the geographical configuration, infrastructure, ethnic characteristics and agricultural forms.

森林利用と森林管理の視点から見た東南アジアの焼畑招待有り

横山　智

自然と文化 76 巻頁： 8 - 21 2004年9月

Forest, ethnicity and settlement in the mountainous area of northern Laos 査読有り

Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Southeast Asian Studies 42 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 132 - 156 2004年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：The Center for Southeast Asian Area Studies, Kyoto University

This paper aims at clarifying the relationship between traditional forest use, ethnicity and settlement location in the mountainous area of northern Laos, by observing cash income activities, focusing particularly on non-timber forest product (NTFP) gathering.
As ethnic Lao settlements are located along the river, many households engage in nonagricultural activities. Khmu settlements are located throughout the whole region, with agriculture as the main activity of most households. Hmong settlements are located only in mountainous areas; almost all households have both rice farming and opium poppy cultivation asmain farming activities.
The most important activity contributing to cash income is NTFP gathering. A large quantity of NTFPs is grown as secondary vegetation after burning the forest for swidden agriculture. The most notable of these is the styrax tree (Styrax tonkinensis) which produces a balsamic resin known as benzoin. As a regeneration of styrax trees is performed in combination with swidden agriculture, this land use system of combined benzoin gathering and swidden agriculture is comparable to the concept of an agro-forestry. This type of forest use has long been practiced in the study area. However, the present study shows that this agro-forestry mode of forest use, or indigenous sustainable forest use system, is at risk of collapse, due to political regulations against forest utilization.

DOI： 10.20495/tak.42.2_132

ラオス北部山岳部におけるアカの生業構造と農耕

横山　智

総合地球環境学研究所プロジェクト4-2「アジア・熱帯モンスーン地域における生態史モデルの構築」2003年度報告書頁： 166 - 174 2004年

福岡県矢部村における台風災害地の森林管理－崩壊地分布と台風災害復旧の分析から査読有り

横山　智

地理学評論 74A 巻頁： 287 - 304 2001年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：日本地理学会

1991年に甚大な台風被害を受けた福岡県矢部村に右いて,斜面崩壊地の分布と台風災害の復旧状況に関わる,自然的要因ゲ人的要因,経済的要因を分析し,台風災害地の森林管理問題を考察した.分析地区の崩壊地は台風災害地と重なり,また大半の崩壊地は災害復旧がなされていない林分であった.崩壊地の発生要因には,自然的要因のほかに,台風災害復旧を行っていない,すなわち森林管理を放棄するという人的要因も関与していた.森林管理が放棄される傾向にある森林所有属性は不在村森林所有者であり,在村森林所有者と比較して災害復旧速度が相対的に遅い.また,復旧には,経済的要因も加わり,多くの要素が相互に関与しあって,森林管理の放棄に結びっいている状況を明らかにした.森林管理は,自然資源を活かした地域振興を試みる山村の存立基盤にも大きく影響するため,不在村森林所有者の問題をはじめとする森林の維持管理対策が山村には必要不可欠である.

DOI： 10.4157/grj1984a.74.5_287

農外活動の導入に伴うラオス山村の生業構造変化－ウドムサイ県ポンサワン村を事例として査読有り

横山　智

人文地理 53 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 1 - 20 2001年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：人文地理学会

This paper presents the results of a case study of a mountain village in northern Laos. The focus of the paper is on the change in its occupational structure after the introduction of nonagricultural activities.
In 1986, after 11 years of communist-based policies, the government adopted the Lao version of Perestroika or 'Chintanakan mai'. These policies appear to be having an impact even in remote, mountainous villages, as evidenced by an increase in non-agricultural activities in rural areas.
The village taken up in this study is Phonsavang, a mountain village in northern Laos that has moved its location twice in the last 25 years. With each change of location, the village has diversified its economic activities. To begin with, the village was located in the mountains and traditional activities such as swidden agriculture played a central role in its economy. However, in the mid-1970s, the village moved to Nam Beng riverside where the villagers tried to develop paddy fields and began the shipment of forest products under the influence of neig hboring villages. After the introduction of the 'Chintanakan mai' policy, in 1988, the village moved to its current location, based along the No.2 national road. Since this move, many households have introduced non-agricultural activities such as general shop management, sawmill labor and teak plantations. Despite these changes, the village is still self-sufficient in rice production.
A multivariate analysis using 'Quantification Theory Type II', a type of discriminant analysis, was carried out to describe the characteristics of households in the village. The criterion variable is the introduction of non-agricultural activities, and the predictor variables are types of rice field holdings, teak plantations and various types of agricultural capital goods. As a result of this analysis, households that introduced non-agricultural activities can be characterized as not holding any rice fields, or cultivating only paddy if they hold rice fields, and having expensive agricultural capital goods such as a thresher and a tractor. Ordinary households, on the other hand, can be characterized as specializing in rice farming using swidden methods.
After characterizing the different household structures, the study examined the economic activities of households that introduced non-agricultural activities in detail. These households have accumulated a variety of capital goods- for example, cars, threshers and tractors. Most successful households that have many capital goods achieve success through the brokerage of forest products. However, not all households have been able to accumulate capital goods by themselves. Instead, they have relied on remittances from relatives who now live in a foreign country.
This study suggests, therefore, that a diversification of the occupational structure has occurred with each village relocation. This diversification intensified after the introduction of 'Chintanakan mai' and an increase in non-agricultural activities was observed. In fact, a quarter of the households in this village had introduced non-agricultural activities by 1999. Nevertheless, the village is still producing a rice surplus as well as continuing to develop new paddy. Thus, it would seem that despite a diversification in occupational structure and the introduction of non-agricultural activities, rice farming remains a very important economic activity in rural villages.

DOI： 10.4200/jjhg1948.53.307

ラオス農村におけるGPSとGISを用いた地図作成査読有り

横山　智

GIS－理論と応用 9 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 1 - 8 2001年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：地理情報システム学会

This paper presents a village map using GPS and GIS, and examines the applicability to village studies in developing countries where it is hard to obtain maps with big scale. The focus of the paper is on methods for making the village map and its analysis by GIS in the study site of Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic). Location data such as Tracks and Waypoints stored in Handy-GPS receivers can be easily transferred to PC and processed in GIS application. The relative location error measured in several Tracks at 31 points by GPS was only 16.6m on average. This study suggests, therefore, that mapping by GPS and GIS can apply to village study, and shows the spatial change of tourism facilities in the study site as example of GPS data usage.

DOI： 10.5638/thagis.9.2_1

Industrial linkages in the electrical machinery industry in the Hitachi industry area, Japan 国際共著

Masaki KAWASE, Kouich TANAKA. Satoshi YOKOYAMA, Zoltan ZAHORAN

Annual Report of the Institute of Geoscience, The University of Tsukuba 26 巻頁： 3 - 8 2000年12月

大学におけるGIS教育－地理学専攻学生を対象とする実習－

村山祐司, 横山　智

人文地理学研究（筑波大学） 24 巻頁： 77 - 97 2000年

担当区分：責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）出版者・発行元：筑波大学地球科学系

GIS (Geographical Information System) efficiently stores, searches, changes and analyzes map and attribute data into a computer. It also outputs maps and creates reports, making it a potentially useful tool for decision-making. With the advancements made in information technology, the downsizing of computers, price reductions in GIS software and development of spatial databases in the 1990s, GIS began to experience explosive growth.
This growth has been especially noticeable in recent years in local governments, private companies, etc., which have fully implemented GIS to handle daily operations. Given such an increase in GIS applications, many institutions of higher education are establishing special GIS courses and facilities, such as the Center for Spatial Information Science at the University of Tokyo. In geography classrooms, GIS is being acclaimed as an effective and efficient spatial analysis tool, and major universities with graduate departments have been especially keen to add GIS to the curriculum. Unfortunately, with the exception of just a few institutions, most classroom GIS instruction has been limited to non-interactive lectures.
In addition, there are many issues and problems confronting the addition of GIS courses to the curriculum. Although computer rooms designed for 20-30 students have been established in many universities, most of these facilities do not have important peripherals such as GIS digitizers and plotters. As well, it is difficult from a budgetary perspective to provide enough GIS software and digital maps for a given number of students, and it is hard to find teaching assistants who are knowledgeable about GIS applications. There is also a dearth of GIS study aides such as textbooks and manuals.
Clearly, it is much more efficient to teach GIS on a hands-on basis, rather than simply with lectures; thus, it is necessary to establish hands-on instruction using computers so that students can learn as much about GIS as possible. As the importance of hands-on instruction becomes apparent, more budget monies will likely be allotted for GIS, and more GIS-related equipment and materials may well become available. Thus, we might currently be in a transition period from lectures to hands-on instruction.
For the past several years, the authors have been teaching GIS by trial-and-error to geography majors at the University of Tsukuba. Through this process, they found that even on a limited budget with little equipment, they were able to give functionality to GIS instruction when a methodology could be established. The key to this was the liberal use of GIS educational software, free GIS applications, and geographical information on the Internet, among other resources.
Given this background, this paper will present an introduction to GIS materials that are effective in hands-on instruction and provide specific examples regarding effectiveness and methods for utilization. The second chapter, GIS Instruction for Beginners, examines the highly acclaimed GIS Tutor as an application for GIS education, and explains how Internet GIS, developed by the authors, effectively helps students learn more about this system. The third chapter, GIS Analysis Instruction, takes a look at TNTLite, a versatile, free GIS software to explain important concepts such as overlay and network analyses, as well as how to run these applications. The fourth chapter, GIS Analysis Applications for Students, introduces the functions of ILWIS, WinASEAN and IDRISI, which are considered to be particularly effective in GIS instruction.

ひたちなか市における機械工業の連関－日立製作所Kグループを事例として－国際共著

川瀬正樹, 横山智, 田中耕市, 佐藤慎吾, Z.ザホラン

地域調査報告（筑波大学） 22 巻頁： 39 - 68 2000年

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）出版者・発行元：筑波大学大学院地球科学研究科

The study area, Hitachinaka, is situated in lbaraki Prefecture, 100 km to the north of Tokyo. Since the foundation of Hitachi Company in 1920, this region has developed into one of the most important industrial areas in Japan.
The aim of the research was to elucidate the vertical division of the production process, analyzing the spatial distribution of the subcontractor plants through outside order flow, as well as analyzing the commuting patterns of the workers, thus observing the parent company and its subcontractors' regional influence. The investigation focused on the supplier network of Hitachi Ltd.'s K Group.
Approaching from the employees' side, an investigation was carried out for the parent company and the subcontractors respectively, throwing light on the differences in employment structure and commuting pattern.
At the parent company, the difference between the number of male and female workers is quite conspicuous, since the male employees account for 90% of the workforce. In the case of Hitachi Ltd's K Group, the manufacturing and development of electron microscopes requires special technological skills from the workers. Mainly male employees are in possession of these skills, and this is the reason why they outnumber female employees.
Commuters arrive from as far away as Chiba Prefecture, but the main commuting zone is encompassed by a 60 km radius circle. Hitachi Company maintains workers' residents in the neighboring area, which can be cited as one reason why the vast majority of the employees commute from Hitachinaka.
In the case of the affiliated company and the other subcontractors involved in parts assembly, the laborintensive process requires relatively large numbers of employees. An interesting phenomenon at the affiliated firm is that workers directed from the parent company are employed there. Generally speaking, the make-up of the workforce, both in terms of the male-female and the white collar-blue collar ratio, and the commuting pattern differs according to the type of manufacturing or process these subcontractors carry out. At the subcontractor plants, the female workforce plays a bigger role in the manufacturing process, and includes several part-time workers.
As we take a look at the parent company's division of labor, we see that the subcontractor relations can be categorized into 5 levels, depending on what stage of the manufacturing process the firms are situated. At the first level stands the parent company followed by a subsidiary at the second level. At the lower levels suppliers are situated, and in contrast to the second level company they do not possess capital investment from the parent company These firms are involved in parts assembly, different metal processing work, coating and engraving. The order flow shows a complicated pattern but as we move toward the lower level subcontractors, it gets smaller in volume.
The authors took the manufacturing process of the electron microscope as an example to observe the different supply patterns. The supply patterns can be classified into 4 types in terms of the different level companies and products involved in the flow.
The parent company's busin~ss relations were also examined, and the analysis found that the primary outside order reaches 63 firms, which can be categorized according to the supplied products, as hardware and software firms. Since the manufacturing of hardware and software requires different environments, the spatial outside order pattern differs considerably. The differences in the business cooperation between the manufacturers are presented with case studies.
Depending on the type of processed parts, the spatial distribution of the outside order shows different features. Generally speaking, 50(~o of the subcontractors are concentrated at the territory adjacent (below 20km) to the parent company. This can be attributed to the fact that longer transportation distance means a disadvantage both in terms of time and cost. The study found that assemblers tend to be in close geographical proximity with the parent company due to the large volume and mass of assembled parts, thus from the point of transportation cost, shorter shipping distance results in more economical business. Nevertheless, in purchasing of parts and in metal manufacturing, remote flrms appear on the suppliers' Iist. Shipment costs may rise, but other reasons can be given to explain this phenomenon. First, the technological ability these companies possess enables them to manufacture better quality, as well as odd shaped or sized products, which cannot be procured in the parent company's neighboring area. Second, the parent company places the outside order to several suppliers, where one company accomplishes more than one process and this way they save time and cost by not shipping the parts back and forth between the different subcontractors. Using this method, it is profitable to have business relations with firms located even at a longer distance from the customer.
From the analyzed supplier network model it is clear that the former pyramid model has remarkably restructured into a much more complicated form, where the parent company's primary outside order reaches as far as the 4th level of subcontractors.
The frontier effect also influences the development of business tles. In other words, the supplier companies try to find other customers in order to diversify their business relations and not to depend on the orders of only one customer.
The manufacturing linkage between the parent company and its subcontractors is strong, with some suppliers are still linked almost exclusively to the parent firm. Partly, this may be attributed to the fact that the Hitachi Industrial Region was developed and built around one company, Hitachi. Numerous small and medium scale enterprises launched their businesses, or moved to this area counting on the steady orders of a large manufacturer. However the changes in the business environment and the economic situation has caused some loosening in the strong keiretsu ties. Both sides, the parent company and the suppliers, are working on improving cooperation and making the business more economical, even if it means braking up long-lasting ties. On the other hand, developments In logistics have made it possible to optimize outside orders and the flow of processed parts, thus resulting in a complicated network of business connections between customers and suppliers.

福岡県矢部村と星野村における山村地域振興

横山　智

地域調査報告（筑波大学） 21 巻頁： 77[ - 87 1999年

GISを活用した台風による森林災害分析の試み査読有り

横山　智

GIS－理論と応用 7 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 11 - 18 1999年

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：地理情報システム学会

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the damaged state of forest by a typhoon and its recovery using GIS. Digital ortho-photographs, made by a GIS application were analyzed. The result shows that multiple layer operation between digital ortho-photographs and various thematic maps was effective in explaining the state of typhoon damaged forest. The recovery from typhoon-damage was also examined in relation to 50m buffer zones from forest road. The result shows that the location of forest roads had significant influence on damaged forest recovery.

DOI： 10.5638/thagis.7.2_11

都市近郊林業地域の構造変化－西川地域飯能市の事例－査読有り

横山　智

埼玉地理 22 巻頁： 1 - 8 1998年7月

常陸太田市における郊外農村の存立基盤

田林　明, 李　鎔一, 武田涼一, 横山　智, 国澤恒久, 岡本友志, 斎藤實信, 松井圭介

地域調査報告（筑波大学） 20 巻頁： 115 - 163 1998年

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