Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

前稿までで指摘してきた、中期ビザンティン期の内接十字型が内包する二つの系統について、その内部の建築構成の経年的な変遷をみると、立体的な特徴は発散しているにも拘わらず平面的には収束しており、そのために異なる建築構成の教会堂を既往研究が「内接十字」として一纏めにしてきた可能性を指摘した。

DOI： 10.1002/2475-8876.12116

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

<p> In Byzantine architecture, diverged from Roman architecture and acquiring its own distinctive characteristics, the so-called ʻcross-in-squareʼ churches offer characteristic examples. This church type was distributed both within and beyond the Byzantine Empire, while the geographical architectural configuration for most studies in this field are based on the current national and even regional borders, and do not discuss the architectural characteristics of areas based on the similarity of churches constructed during Byzantine times. Moreover, while several previous studies have discussed construction methods, they have overlooked their chronological and geographical differences. In this context, this paper aims to investigate the locality of two lineages of the cross-in-square during the Middle Byzantine period (9th–12th centuries), using as many churches as possible whose three-dimensional information is available (82 churches; Fig. 2; Table 1).</p><p> </p><p> First, the churches have been categorised into 10 types based on the wall part: according to the arrangement of arches and the number of the highest arches (Fig. 4), the shape (horizontal section) of the supports (Fig. 5), the number of the bays in the churches and the methods by which the arches and supports are connected (Fig. 6). Then, the churches were categorized into 5 types based on the ceiling part: according to the way the arches were arranged and the number of the highest arches, the number of ceilings and the number of transverse arches at the western and the eastern corner bays (Fig. 7). In total, 15 categories emerged from a combination of the wall and ceiling elements, referred to as architectural configurations.</p><p> </p><p> Then Byzantine world has been divided into 17 areas based on the distribution of the churches and Byzantine administrative divisions (Themata). The prototypes of each lineage of cross-in-square churches have the largest number of the churches of each lineage and are distributed into most many areas (Aα-type: six areas; Gδ-type: eight areas). These are only categories that were constructed through the Middle Byzantine. The other categories of cross-in-square churches were distributed into one to six areas, as Table 2 shows. From the perspective of locality, there is only one architectural configuration in each of nine areas (Constantinople, Opsikion, Thraksēon, Kappadokia, Thrakē, Paristrion, Makedonia, Thessaloniki and Sicily). On the other hand, eight areas (Cyprus, Aegaios Palagos, Crete, Boulgaria, Ellas, Nikopolis, Peloponnēsos and South Italy) have three or more architectural configurations. It is notable that Ellas has six architectural configurations.</p><p> </p><p> As Figure 8 shows, each lineage is derived of Aα-type and Gδ-type; the former lineage can be identified as having arches on the supports and ceilings on the corner bays with the other bays constructed separately, while the latter lineage can be identified as originally arches penetrate the walls, and ceilings on the corner bays are under the those on the other bays, then arches are on the supports and ceilings on the corner bays and the other bays are constructed separately. The churches of the former lineage mainly are distributed in the central area of the Byzantine world, as in the capital, Constantinople, or Thessaloniki, the second largest city of the empire. The original and derivative architectural configurations are located on the different area, while the configuration of this lineage gradually distributed from the centre part of Byzantine world to its surrounding regions, or periphery. The churches of the latter lineages are mainly distributed around the periphery of the Byzantine world. In this lineage, the original and derivative configurations are often located on the same area and theconfiguration of this lineage seems to migrate from the periphery to the periphery. It is also noted that Ellas is an area in which the two lineages are mixed.</p>

DOI： 10.3130/aija.84.987

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

This paper looks at changes over time in the construction procedure of ceilings of cross-in-square churches, one of the most common architecture in the Middle Byzantine period (9th–12th centuries), focusing on the three-dimensional characteristics of all churches within Byzantine territories. The churches are classified according to the arrangement of arches, floor plan, and the number of transverse arches on each corner bay. Two principal construction procedures are evident throughout the Middle Byzantine period: procedure likes a centralised church building and procedure likes a domed basilica building. Moreover, a mixture or hybrid of these two emerged in the 12th century.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.83.551

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

The cross-in-square was one of the most common church forms in the middle Byzantine period (9th-12th centuries CE). This paper looks at how the architectural configuration of the cross-in-square developed, focusing on the threedimensional characteristics of all churches within Byzantine territories, unlike previous studies. These churches are classified according to their floor plan; horizontal shape and construction methods of supports; the arrangement of arches; and the support and arch connection methods. Two architectural groups emerge: the centralised church-like configuration, in which the arches are placed on the supports, and the two-direction configuration, where the arches penetrate inner walls.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.82.1817

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Copernicus GmbH  

Abstract. The Byzantine Empire has bequeathed to us a rich legacy of Christian churches, many of which possess historical and cultural significance. Unfortunately, the majority of these structures are currently undergoing a process of decay, having not received adequate preservation efforts. Moreover, the absence of collaboration between researchers in the various fields, each with their own focus on the study of Byzantine churches, presents a pressing need for dialogue and a collective response from these researchers. The region of Laconia, located in the south of Greece, is particularly in need of immediate attention, given the abundance of churches located therein. To address these challenges, the authors propose a novel approach involving the documentation of these churches in a digital format through the presentation of 3D models as scholarly editions that incorporate all available data sets in a multimedia format. This paper delineates several requisite specifications for 3D scholarly editions, which hold the key to solving the twin problems faced by Byzantine churches, namely, their protection and the scarcity of interdisciplinary collaboration amongst researchers. With 3D scholarly editions based on multimedia resources and adequate information management, it will be possible to facilitate collaboration and research between various fields of Byzantine studies, and beyond. Such efforts will serve to ensure that cultural heritage passed down from previous generations will be transmitted to future ones.

DOI： 10.5194/isprs-annals-X-M-1-2023-125-2023

Responsible for pages：840–855   Language：English Book type：Scholarly book

Responsible for pages：54-65   Language：Japanese

Responsible for pages：485-509   Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

Audience： General

Type：Lecture

Audience： High school students,　College students

Type：Internet