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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Nature Communications  

Prostate cancer harboring BRCA1/2 mutations are often exceptionally sensitive to PARP inhibitors. However, genomic alterations in other DNA damage response genes have not been consistently predictive of clinical response to PARP inhibition. Here, we perform genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens in BRCA1/2-proficient prostate cancer cells and identify previously unknown genes whose loss has a profound impact on PARP inhibitor response. Specifically, MMS22L deletion, frequently observed (up to 14%) in prostate cancer, renders cells hypersensitive to PARP inhibitors by disrupting RAD51 loading required for homologous recombination repair, although this response is TP53-dependent. Unexpectedly, loss of CHEK2 confers resistance rather than sensitivity to PARP inhibition through increased expression of BRCA2, a target of CHEK2-TP53-E2F7-mediated transcriptional repression. Combined PARP and ATR inhibition overcomes PARP inhibitor resistance caused by CHEK2 loss. Our findings may inform the use of PARP inhibitors beyond BRCA1/2-deficient tumors and support reevaluation of current biomarkers for PARP inhibition in prostate cancer.

DOI： 10.1038/s41467-023-35880-y

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出版者・発行元：Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy  

Cancer genomic medicine or cancer immunotherapy has led to a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. When the first treatment does not work, patients may be able to have second-line therapy or additional rounds of treatment after that, however, most advanced cancers eventually acquire resistance to those treatments. To stop this perpetual cycle, a deeper understanding of cancer evolutionary trajectories during the acquisition of therapeutic resistance is needed. We and others have recently provided evidence that non-genetic drug resistance is due to dormant persister cells, yet little is known about how persister cancer cells promote tumor relapse. To study the non-genetic evolution of cancer cells, a single-cell analysis will enable us to trace the phenotypic plasticity of cancer cells. As persister cancer cells are considered to act as a reservoir for drug-resistant mutants, we may be able to overcome cancer relapse or metastasis if we can better understand their evolutionary trajectories.

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Cell Reports  

Hematopoiesis was considered a hierarchical stepwise process but was revised to a continuous process following single-cell RNA sequencing. However, the uncertainty or fluctuation of single-cell transcriptome dynamics during differentiation was not considered, and the dendritic cell (DC) pathway in the lymphoid context remains unclear. Here, we identify human B-plasmacytoid DC (pDC) bifurcation as large fluctuating transcriptome dynamics in the putative B/NK progenitor region by dry and wet methods. By converting splicing kinetics into diffusion dynamics in a deep generative model, our original computational methodology reveals strong fluctuation at B/pDC bifurcation in IL-7Rα+ regions, and LFA-1 fluctuates positively in the pDC direction at the bifurcation. These expectancies are validated by the presence of B/pDC progenitors in the IL-7Rα+ fraction and preferential expression of LFA-1 in pDC-biased progenitors with a niche-like culture system. We provide a model of fluctuation-based differentiation, which reconciles continuous and discrete models and is applicable to other developmental systems.

DOI： 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111260

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer  

Background Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) induces durable clinical responses in patients with various types of cancer. However, its limited clinical efficacy requires the development of better approaches. In addition to immune checkpoint molecules, tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs) play crucial roles in the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment. While phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition as a Treg-targeted treatment has been implicated in animal models, its effects on human Tregs and on the potential impairment of effector T cells are required to be clarified for successful cancer immunotherapy. Methods The impact of a selective-PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 with or without anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody on Tregs and CD8 + T cells were examined with in vivo animal models and in vitro experiments with antigen specific and non-specific fashions using peripheral blood from healthy individuals and cancer patients. Phenotypes and functions of Tregs and effector T cells were examined with comprehensive gene and protein expression assays. Results Improved antitumor effects by the PI3K inhibitor in combination with ICB, particularly PD-1 blockade, were observed in mice and humans. Although administration of the PI3K inhibitor at higher doses impaired activation of CD8 + T cells as well as Tregs, the optimization (doses and timing) of this combination treatment selectively decreased intratumoral Tregs, resulting in increased tumor antigen-specific CD8 + T cells in the treated mice. Moreover, on the administration of the PI3K inhibitor with the optimal dose for selectively deleting Tregs, PI3K signaling was inhibited not only in Tregs but also in activated CD8 + T cells, leading to the enhanced generation of tumor antigen-specific memory CD8 + T cells which contributed to durable antitumor immunity. These opposing outcomes between Tregs and CD8 + T cells were attributed to the high degree of dependence on T cell signaling in the former but not in the latter. Conclusions PI3K inhibitor in the combination with ICB with the optimized protocol fine-tuned T cell activation signaling for antitumor immunity via decreasing Tregs and optimizing memory CD8 + T cell responses, illustrating a promising combination therapy.

DOI： 10.1136/jitc-2020-002279

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.027

PubMed

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Nature Communications  

Myoepithelial cells play key roles in normal mammary gland development and in limiting pre-invasive to invasive breast tumor progression, yet their differentiation and perturbation in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are poorly understood. Here, we investigated myoepithelial cells in normal breast tissues of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutation carriers and in non-carrier controls, and in sporadic DCIS. We found that in the normal breast of non-carriers, myoepithelial cells frequently co-express the p63 and TCF7 transcription factors and that p63 and TCF7 show overlapping chromatin peaks associated with differentiated myoepithelium-specific genes. In contrast, in normal breast tissues of BRCA1 mutation carriers the frequency of p63+TCF7+ myoepithelial cells is significantly decreased and p63 and TCF7 chromatin peaks do not overlap. These myoepithelial perturbations in normal breast tissues of BRCA1 germline mutation carriers may play a role in their higher risk of breast cancer. The fraction of p63+TCF7+ myoepithelial cells is also significantly decreased in DCIS, which may be associated with invasive progression.

DOI： 10.1038/s41467-019-12125-5

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.05.015

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.03.003

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-3259

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008002

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.01.012

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.10.014

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1038/s41586-018-0409-3

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Clinical Investigation  

Epigenetic modifications control cancer development and clonal evolution in various cancer types. Here, we show that loss of the male-specific histone demethylase lysine-specific demethylase 5D (KDM5D) encoded on the Y chromosome epigenetically modifies histone methylation marks and alters gene expression, resulting in aggressive prostate cancer. Fluorescent in situ hybridization demonstrated that segmental or total deletion of the Y chromosome in prostate cancer cells is one of the causes of decreased KDM5D mRNA expression. The result of ChIP-sequencing analysis revealed that KDM5D preferably binds to promoter regions with coenrichment of the motifs of crucial transcription factors that regulate the cell cycle. Loss of KDM5D expression with dysregulated H3K4me3 transcriptional marks was associated with acceleration of the cell cycle and mitotic entry, leading to increased DNA-replication stress. Analysis of multiple clinical data sets reproducibly showed that loss of expression of KDM5D confers a poorer prognosis. Notably, we also found stress-induced DNA damage on the serine/threonine protein kinase ATR with loss of KDM5D. In KDM5D-deficient cells, blocking ATR activity with an ATR inhibitor enhanced DNA damage, which led to subsequent apoptosis. These data start to elucidate the biological characteristics resulting from loss of KDM5D and also provide clues for a potential novel therapeutic approach for this subset of aggressive prostate cancer.

DOI： 10.1172/JCI96769

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Cancer Research  

An increasingly recognized component of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) involves persistence of a drug-tolerant subpopulation of cancer cells that survive despite effective eradication of the majority of the cell population. Multiple groups have demonstrated that these drug-tolerant persister cells undergo transcriptional adaptation via an epigenetic state change that promotes cell survival. Because this mode of TKI drug tolerance appears to involve transcriptional addiction to specific genes and pathways, we hypothesized that systematic functional screening of EGFR TKI/transcriptional inhibitor combination therapy would yield important mechanistic insights and alternative drug escape pathways. We therefore performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 enhancer/suppressor screen in EGFR-dependent lung cancer PC9 cells treated with erlotinib þ THZ1 (CDK7/12 inhibitor) combination therapy, a combination previously shown to suppress drug-tolerant cells in this setting. As expected, suppression of multiple genes associated with transcriptional complexes (EP300, CREBBP, and MED1) enhanced erlotinib/THZ1 synergy. Unexpectedly, we uncovered nearly every component of the recently described ufmylation pathway in the synergy suppressor group. Loss of ufmylation did not affect canonical downstream EGFR signaling. Instead, absence of this pathway triggered a protective unfolded protein response associated with STING upregulation, promoting protumorigenic inflammatory signaling but also unique dependence on Bcl-xL. These data reveal that dysregulation of ufmylation and ER stress comprise a previously unrecognized TKI drug tolerance pathway that engages survival signaling, with potentially important therapeutic implications.

DOI： 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-1904

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-1636

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