Faculty Profiles - NAKANISHI Kazuki

Papers - NAKANISHI Kazuki

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Facile Synthesis of Macroporous Cross-Linked Methacrylate Gels by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Reviewed

Kazuyoshi Kanamori, Joji Hasegawa, Kazuki Nakanishi, Tefichi Hanada

MACROMOLECULES Vol. 41 ( 19 ) page： 7186 - 7193 2008.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC

Macroporous cross-linked organic polymer monoliths with well-defined bicontinuous structure have been synthesized from 1,3-glycerol dimethacrylate (GDMA) in a solvent utilizing atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). With the addition of an adequate polymeric agent, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), spinodal decomposition was induced in the course of polymerization of GDMA. A homogeneous gelation by ATRP solidified the temporal biphasic morphology of spinodal decomposition, resulting in well-defined macroporous gels after drying. Macroporous dried gels obtained in this way comprise interconnected skeletons and macropores, which is characteristic for spinodal decomposition. Macropore size and volume were controlled simply by altering the starting composition. The mechanism of spinodal decomposition is deduced that the separation takes place between polymerizing GDMA and PEO, but FTIR and thermal analyses suggested the amount of PEO that is distributed in GDMA-rich phase cannot be neglected. Free radical polymerization, which is generally utilized for synthesis of porous polymeric gels, usually leads to heterogeneous cross-linking forming local microgels and hinders the occurrence of spinodal decomposition in a cross-linking system over extended length scales. On the other hand, living polymerization allowed homogeneous cross-linking; hence, isotropic spinodal decomposition was induced in the copresence of PEO. The facile synthesis method presented here will lead to more precise control of pore properties of cross-linked organic polymer gels.

DOI： 10.1021/ma800563p

Scattering-based hole burning through volume speckles in a random medium with tunable diffusion constant Reviewed

Murai Shunsuke, Fujita Koji, Hirao Takayuki, Nakanishi Kazuki, Hirao Kazuyuki, Tanaka Katsuhisa

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS Vol. 93 ( 15 ) 2008.10

Preparation and properties of radiofrequency sputtered X-ray amorphous films in the system SiO2-ZrO2 Reviewed

Akira Sawa, Kazuki Nakanishi, Teiichi Hanada

THIN SOLID FILMS Vol. 516 ( 15 ) page： 4665 - 4672 2008.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA

Amorphous films in the system SiO2-ZrO2 were prepared by radiofrequency sputtering method and their density, refractive index, elastic constants, and thermal expansion coefficient were measured. All of the physical properties had a similar compositional dependence; that is, they increased, but not proportionally, with increasing ZrO2 content. The coordination states of cations in these amorphous films were estimated by the compositional dependence of volume and molar refractivity. The coordination state of silicon ions in the amorphous films did not change, but the coordination number of zirconium ions changed from 8 to 6, depending on ZrO2 content. These results indicate that, in amorphous films in the system SiO2-ZrO2, the change of the coordination state of zirconium ions in the amorphous films has an important effect on the properties. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tsf.2007.08.012

Preparation of monolithic silica columns for high-performance liquid chromatography Reviewed

Oscar Nunez, Kazuki Nakanishi, Nobuo Tanaka

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A Vol. 1191 ( 1-2 ) page： 231 - 252 2008.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Preparation methods of monolithic silica columns for HPLC including the surface modification were reviewed. Chemical modification methods recently reported to obtain stationary phases for reversed-phase (RP), chiral, ion-exchange, and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) separations were discussed. Recent results related to preparation methods of monolithic silica were also covered. The characteristics and properties of silica monoliths and some applications of monolithic silica columns for different analytical and bioanalytical fields will be commented. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.029

Alkoxy-derived multiscale porous TiO2 gels probed by ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering Reviewed

Junko Konishi, Koji Fujita, Kazuki Nakanishi, Shotaro Nishitsuji, Mikihito Takenaka, Kiyotaka Miura, Kazuyuki Hirao

JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol. 46 ( 1 ) page： 63 - 69 2008.4

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：SPRINGER

Titania (TiO2) monoliths with well-defined bicontinuous macropores and gel skeletons were prepared through the alkoxy-derived sol-gel process accompanied by spinodal decomposition, and the structural evolution during evaporation drying and heat treatment was probed by a combination of ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering. X-ray scattering profiles of wet and dried gels revealed that microporous structures related to the existence of primary particles are present in the gel skeletons at the wet stage and are preserved during drying. Additionally, it is found that the primary particles swollen in the wet condition are dried to compact aggregates to produce the smooth surface of gel skeletons. Upon heating at 400 degrees C, the particle-particle correlation associated with regularity of mesostructures is enhanced. From nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, the average pore size is less than 1 nm in the dried gel and increases to 3.1 nm by the heat treatment. Homogeneous growth of primary particles due to interparticle-polycondensation reaction is responsible for the increased size and uniform distribution of mesopores in the heat-treated gel.

DOI： 10.1007/s10971-008-1694-3

Crystalline ZrO2 monoliths with well-defined macropores and mesostructured skeletons prepared by combining the alkoxy-derived sol-gel process accompanied by phase separation and the solvothermal process Reviewed

Junko Konishi, Koji Fujita, Satoshi Oiwa, Kazuki Nakanishi, Kazuyuki Hirao

CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS Vol. 20 ( 6 ) page： 2165 - 2173 2008.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC

We have successfully prepared multiscale porous crystalline zirconia (ZrO2) monoliths by combining alkoxy-derived sol-gel process accompanied by phase-separation and the solvothermal process. The gelation can be controlled by the addition of N-methylformamide to the starting solution, while the phase separation is induced by the incorporation of poly(ethylene oxide). Amorphous ZrO2 monolithic gels with well-defined bicontinuous macropores and microstructured skeletons are obtained when the transient. structure of polymerization-induced phase separation is fixed by the gelation. The size of the macropores is controlled in the range of 300 nm to 2 mu m by adjusting the amount of poly(ethylene oxide). The solvent exchange of the mother liquor in the as-gelled wet specimens with absolute ethanol, followed by the solvothermal treatment at temperatures above 210 degrees C, brings about the formation of mesopores and stabilizes tetragonal ZrO2 nanocrystals without disturbing the macroporous morphology. The resultant macro-mesoporous crystalline ZrO2 gels possess the surface area over 200 m(2) g(-1).

DOI： 10.1021/cm703351d

Cr3+-doped macroporous Al2O3 monoliths prepared by the metal-salt-derived sol-gel method Reviewed

Fujita Koji, Tokudome Yasuaki, Nakanishi Kazuki, Miura Kiyotaka, Hirao Kazuyuki

JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS Vol. 354 ( 2-9 ) page： 659 - 664 2008.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

Cr3+-doped alumina (Al2O3) monoliths with well-defined macropores have been synthesized from the aqueous and ethanolic solution of aluminum and chromium salts in the presence of propylene oxide (PO) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) using the sol-gel method accompanied by phase separation. The addition of PEO to the starting solution induces the phase separation, whereas the introduction of PO controls the gelation. The bicontinuous macroporous structures are obtained by inducing the phase separation parallel to the gelation, and the pore size can be controlled by adjusting the composition of starting solutions. The dried gel and that heat-treated at 700 °C are amorphous. As the heat-treatment temperature is increased over 700 °C, nanocrystalline γ-Al2O3 is precipitated at 800 °C, a mixture of θ- and α-Al2O3 phases appears at 1100 °C, and a single of α-Al2O3 is obtained at 1200 °C, while keeping the bicontinuous macroporous structure. Cr3+-doped α-Al2O3 monoliths with well-defined macropores exhibit photoluminescence as observed for ruby, indicating that Cr3+ ions are homogenously dispersed into the skeletons of bicontinuous network and substitute uniformly for the Al3+ sites. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.06.091

Cr3+-doped macroporous Al2O3 monoliths prepared by the metal-salt-derived sol-gel method Reviewed

Koji Fujita, Yasuaki Tokudome, Kazuki Nakanishi, Kiyotaka Miura, Kazuyuki Hirao

JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS Vol. 354 ( 2-9 ) page： 659 - 664 2008.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Cr3+-doped alumina (Al2O3) monoliths with well-defined macropores have been synthesized from the aqueous and ethanolic solution of aluminum and chromium salts in the presence of propylene oxide (PO) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) using the sol-gel method accompanied by phase separation. The addition of PEO to the starting solution induces the phase separation, whereas the introduction of PO controls the gelation. The bicontinuous macroporous structures are obtained by inducing the phase separation parallel to the gelation, and the pore size can be controlled by adjusting the composition of starting solutions. The dried gel and that heat-treated at 700 degrees C are amorphous. As the heat-treatment temperature is increased over 700 degrees C, nanocrystalline gamma-Al2O3 is precipitated at 800 degrees C, a mixture of theta- and (alpha-Al2O3 phases appears at 1100 degrees C, and a single of alpha-Al2O3 is obtained at 1200 degrees C, while keeping the bicontinuous macroporous structure. Cr3+-doped alpha-Al2O3 monoliths with well-defined macropores exhibit photoluminescence as observed for ruby, indicating that Cr3+ ions are homogenously dispersed into the skeletons of bicontinuous network and substitute uniformly for the Al3+ sites. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jnonerysol.2007.06.091

22aYE-7 Effect of the gel structure on the acoustic property of liquid ^4He in silica gel

Ohmori K., Tanaka T., Abe S., Tsujii H., Suzuki H., Matsumoto K., Nakanishi K., Kanamori K.

Meeting Abstracts of the Physical Society of Japan Vol. 63 ( 0 ) 2008

Hierarchically porous oxides, hybrids and polymers via sol-gel accompanied by phase separation Reviewed

Kazuki Nakanishi

ORGANIC/INORGANIC HYBRID MATERIALS - 2007 Vol. 1007 page： 51 - 62 2008

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings) Publisher：MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY

In various crosslinking systems containing metal oxides, organo-siloxane polymers and pure hydrocarbons, monolithic materials with hierarchical well-defined macropores and controlled mesopores have been synthesized. Synthetic progress in alkoxy-derived macroporous silica lead to the preparation of long-range ordered mesoporous skeletons in well-defined. macroporous framework. Alkylene-bridged silicon alkoxides can also be prepared into similarly hierarchical porous structures with broadened variations in framework morphology. Macro-mesoporous alkoxy-derived pure titania and zirconia have been prepared using hydrochloric acid - mediated processes. Compared with those prepared from colloidal dispersions, alkoxy-derived macroporous titania exhibited much higher mechanical strength. Titania monolith is a promising candidate as a separation medium to discriminate phosphorylated compounds in a liquid chromatography mode. Pure alumina macroporous monolith has been first synthesized from aluminum salt using propylene glycol as a proton scavenger to thrust the solution pH from acidic into neutral conditions. Alumina-based complex oxides such as garnets and spinels can also be prepared in pure phases. Polymerization and phase separation in organic crosslinker system was also controlled to obtain well-defined co-continuous macro-frameworks instead of those composed of aggregated particles. These examples demonstrate the versatility of using phase-separation in gelling systems to obtain well-defined macroporous structures.

Phase separation in alkoxy-derived silica system containing polyacrylamide Reviewed

Kousuke Kawamoto, Kazuki Nakanishi, Teiichi Hanada

ORGANIC/INORGANIC HYBRID MATERIALS - 2007 Vol. 1007 page： 63 - 68 2008

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings) Publisher：MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY

By inducing phase separation parallel to the sol-gel transition of alkoxy-derived silica systems, gels having both macroporous and mesoporous structures can be obtained. Using poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) as a phase-separation inducer, macro/mesoporous silica gels were synthesized. After solvent exchange by water, the size distribution of mesopores of wet gels was evaluated by thermoporometry using a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Alternatively, gels were evaporation-dried after solvent exchange by ethanol or water/ethanol, followed by heat-treatment to completely remove volatile and organic components. Characterization of the dried or heat-treated samples was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and by nitrogen adsorption measurements. Experimental results showed that the interaction between PAAm and silica is not so strong as the case of polymers having poly(oxyethylene) chains. The contribution of the secondary phase separation within the crosslinking silica-rich phase was suggested to be responsible for the mesopore formation in the PAAm-silica system.

Phase separation in Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> sol-gel system incorporated with high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) Reviewed

Y. Tokudome, K. Nakanishi, K. Fujita, K. Miura, K. Hirao

Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Vol. 1007 page： 69 - 74 2008

Phase separation in Al2O3 sol-gel system incorporated with high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) Reviewed

Yasuaki Tokudome, Kazuki Nakanishi, Koji Fujita, Kiyotaka Miura, Kazuyuki Hirao

ORGANIC/INORGANIC HYBRID MATERIALS - 2007 Vol. 1007 page： 69 - 74 2008

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings) Publisher：MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY

Pure alumina monoliths with well-defined macropores and mesostructured skeleton have been synthesized via a spontaneous route from the aqueous and ethanolic solution of aluminum salts in the presence of propylene oxide and high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO). The addition of propylene oxide to the starting solution controls the gelation, while the addition of PEO induces the phase separation. Appropriate choice of the starting composition, with which the phase separation and gelation concur, produces large-dimension (10mmx10mmx10mm), bicontinuous macroporous Al2O3 monoliths. The mean size of the continuously connected pores is controlled in the micrometer range, depending on the PEO concentration and polarity of the solution. On the other hand, micropores and mesopores, originated from the interstices among primary particles, exhibit median pore size of about 2.6 mn and the BET surface area as high as 396 m(2)/g after dried temperature at 40 degrees C.

Sol-gel synthesis of macroporous YAG from ionic precursors via phase separation route Reviewed

Yasuaki Tokudome, Koji Fujita, Kazuki Nakanishi, Kazuyoshi Kanamori, Kiyotaka Miura, Kazuyuki Hirao, Teiichi Hanada

JOURNAL OF THE CERAMIC SOCIETY OF JAPAN Vol. 115 ( 1348 ) page： 925 - 928 2007.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：CERAMIC SOC JAPAN-NIPPON SERAMIKKUSU KYOKAI

Yttrium aluminum garnet, Y3Al5O12, (YAG) monoliths with well-defined macropores have been prepared from ionic precursors using the sol-gel method accompanied by phase separation. The addition of propylene oxide to the starting solution controls the gelation, while the addition of poly(ethylene oxide) induces the phase separation. Polymerization-induced phase separation and gelation concur by an appropriate selection of the starting composition, which allows the production of bicontinuous macroporous nanocomposite gels in large dimensions (similar to 10 x 10 x 10 mm(3)). During heat treatment at 800 degrees C, the monolithic nanocomposite gels crystallize into YAG without the formation of any intermediate phases or the precipitation of impurity phases, indicating higher homogeneity of cation distribution in the dried gels. The macroporous YAG network was maintained even after heat treatment at 1000 degrees C for 10 h.

DOI： 10.2109/jcersj2.115.925

Sur-face interaction of well-defined, concentrated poly,(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) brushes with proteins Reviewed

Chiaki Yoshikawa, Atsushi Goto, Yoshinobu Tsujii, Norio Ishizuka, Kazuki Nakanishi, Takeshi Fukuda

JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY Vol. 45 ( 21 ) page： 4795 - 4803 2007.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS INC

The interaction of concentrated polymer brushes with proteins was chromatographically investigated. By the use of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, a low-polydispersity poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) was densely grafted onto the inner surfaces of silica monoliths with mesopores of about 50 and 80 run in mean size. The graft density reached 0.4-0.5 chains/nm(2). The 80 nm-mesopore monolithic column with the concentrated PHEMA brush was characterized through the elution of low-polydispersity pullulans with different molecular weights, clearly showing two modes of size exclusion, that is, one by the mesopores and the other by the brush phase. The latter mode gave a sharp separation with a critical molecular weight (size-exclusion limit) of about 1000. This molecular size of pullulan was comparable to the distance between the nearest-neighbor graft points. The elution behaviors of five proteins of different sizes (bovine serum thyroglobulin, bovine serum immunoglobulin G, bovine serum albumin, horse heart myoglobin, and bovine serum aprotinin) were studied with this PHEMA-grafted column. The smallest protein, aprotinin, with a pullulan-reduced molecular weight slightly larger than the critical value of 1000, was eluted much behind the corresponding pullulan, and this indicated that it barely got into the brush layer, suffering from a strong affinity interaction within the brush. On the other hand, the other four larger proteins were eluted at the same elution volumes as the equivalent pullulans, and this meant that they were perfectly excluded from the brush layer and separated only in the sizeexclusion mode by the mesopores without an affinity interaction with the brush surface. This excellent inertness of the concentrated brush in the interaction with the large proteins should afford the system long-term stability against biofouling. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/pola.22224

Real space observation of silica monoliths in the formation process Reviewed

Haruko Saito, Kazuyoshi Kanamori, Kazuki Nakanish, Kazuyuki Hirao

JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE Vol. 30 ( 17 ) page： 2881 - 2887 2007.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH

The macropore structure evolution of a silica monolith during the formation process was observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) for two kinds of systems. The obtained LSCM images were further subjected to image analysis, and the geometrical parameters were calculated. On the basis of the parameters obtained, improved compositions for high efficiency preparation of macroporous monoliths are discussed.

DOI： 10.1002/jssc.200700360

Synthesis of monolithic Al2O3 with well-defined macropores and mesostructured skeletons via the sol-gel process accompanied by phase separation Reviewed

Yasuaki Tokudome, Koji Fujita, Kazuki Nakanishi, Kiyotaka Miura, Kazuyuki Hirao

CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS Vol. 19 ( 14 ) page： 3393 - 3398 2007.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC

Alumina (Al2O3) monoliths with well-defined macropores and mesostructured skeletons have been synthesized via a spontaneous route from the aqueous and ethanolic solution of aluminum salts in the presence of propylene oxide and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The addition of propylene oxide to the starting solution controls the gelation, whereas the addition of PEO induces the phase separation. Appropriate choice of the starting composition, by which the phase separation and gelation concur, allows the production of bicontinuous macroporous Al2O3 monoliths in large dimensions (10 x 10 x 10 mm(3)). The size of macropores is controlled in the range of 400 nm to 1.8 mu m, depending on the PEO content in starting solutions. The dried gel is amorphous, whereas heating at temperatures above 800 degrees C leads to the formation of crystalline phases without spoiling the macroporous morphology; nanocrystalline gamma-Al2O3 is precipitated at 800 degrees C, alpha-Al2O3 starts to form at 1000 degrees C, and complete transformation into alpha-Alpha l(2)O(3) is achieved at 1100 degrees C for 5 h. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements revealed that the skeletons of dried gels possess the mesostructure with a median pore size of about 2.6 nm and a surface area as high as 396 m(2)/g. Heat treatment at 300 degrees C increases the pore size and surface area to 3.5 nm and 512 m(2)/g, respectively. Even after heat treatment at 800 degrees C, which results in the formation of nanocrystalline gamma-Al2O3, the surface area is 182 m(2)/g, with the pore size being 4.5 nm.

DOI： 10.1021/cm063051p

Three-dimensional observation of macroporous silica gels and the study on structural formation mechanism Reviewed

Haruko Saito, Kazuyoshi Kanamori, Kazuki Nakanishi, Kazuyuki Hirao, Yukihiro Nishikawa, Hiroshi Jinnai

COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS Vol. 300 ( 1-2 ) page： 245 - 252 2007.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Three-dimensional (3D) observation of co-continuous macropore structure was performed using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). The obtained LSCM images were reconstructed into 3D images, and further subjected to image analysis. The LSCM observation and the following image analysis provided geometrical parameters of the macropore surfaces, which cannot be obtained by classical techniques for macropore characterization, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation or mercury intrusion method. Based on the obtained structural parameters, influences of viscoelastic properties on the liquid-phase structural formation mechanism were examined. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.12.075

Simple liquid chromatography using monolithic silica rod and capillary Reviewed

Naobumi Oi, Kei Morisato, Hiroyoshi Minakuchi, Kazuki Nakanishi

BUNSEKI KAGAKU Vol. 56 ( 4 ) page： 227 - 229 2007.4

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：JAPAN SOC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Simple liquid chromatography by capillary action using a monolithic silica rod and a capillary as the separation media instead of a thin-layer plate in conventional thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was examined. Possibilities of this chromatography were demonstrated by the separation of some organic compounds. Monolithic silica rod and capillary are very handy and useful as separation media for simple open liquid chromatography.

DOI： 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.56.227

Temperature-tunable scattering strength based on the phase transition of liquid crystal infiltrated in well-defined macroporous random media Reviewed

Shunsuke Murai, Koji Fujita, Takayuki Hirao, Kazuki Nakanishi, Kazuyuki Hirao

OPTICAL MATERIALS Vol. 29 ( 8 ) page： 949 - 954 2007.4

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Temperature dependence of scattering strength for the visible light (488 nm) has been investigated for a siloxane-based macroporous monolith infiltrated with liquid crystal molecules. A macroporous gel with interconnected pores and organosiloxane skeletons is prepared via a sol-gel route by inducing the phase separation parallel to the hydrolysis and condensation of silicon alkoxide. The interconnected macropores of the dried gel are infiltrated with liquid crystal 4-cyano-4'-n-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) which undergoes the phase transition between nematic and isotropic at 35 degrees C. Temperature variation of the scattering strength for 5CB-filled gel is measured by means of coherent backscattering and total transmission, both of which exhibit a significant change in transport mean free path at around the phase transition temperature of 5CB. The results indicate that the scattering strength of 5CB-filled monolith gel can be tuned externally via temperature. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.optmat.2005.11.032

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