Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.86.0_3am-021-ph

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Background: The comorbidity of depression and anxiety is associated with an increased risk of prolonged adverse mental health status. However, little is currently known about their genetic and environmental influences that help to explain both the comorbidity and distinctiveness. Using longitudinal twin data, the present study investigated both the overlapping and distinct relationships between depression and anxiety viewed from the perspective of Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST): two personality traits of the Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Systems (BIS and BAS).Methods: A total of 422 twin pairs (298 monozygotic and 124 dizygotic pairs) participated by completing a personality questionnaire at wave 1, and mood symptoms questionnaires at wave 2. The waves were on average 2.23 years apart.Results: Multivariate Cholesky decomposition indicated that the genetic variance of the personality traits (BIS and BAS) explained all of the genetic variance in depressive and anxiety symptoms. Additionally, genetic factors related to the BIS positively explained depressive and anxiety symptoms, whereas genetic factors related to the BAS negatively explained only depressive symptoms. Limitations: Limitations include shorter time interval and the reliance on self-reported data.Conclusions: The present study provided evidence explaining the overlap and differentiation of depressive and anxiety symptoms by using data on personality traits in a longitudinal, genetically-informative design. The findings suggested the personality traits from Gray's RST model played an important role in the prediction, and clarified the description, of both depressive and anxiety symptoms.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.004

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE RESEARCH  

Using a genetically informative design (about 2000 twin pairs), we investigated the phenotypic and genetic and environmental architecture of a broad construct of conscientiousness (including conscientiousness per se, effortful control, self-control, and grit). These four different measures were substantially correlated; the coefficients ranged from 0.74 (0.72-0.76) to 0.79 (0.76-0.80). Univariate genetic analyses revealed that individual differences in conscientiousness measures were moderately attributable to additive genetic factors, to an extent ranging from 62 (58-65) to 64% (61-67%); we obtained no evidence that shared environmental influences were observed. Multivariate genetic analyses showed that for the four measures used to assess conscientiousness, genetic correlations were stronger than the corresponding non-shared environmental correlations, and that a latent common factor accounted for over 84% of the genetic variance. Our findings suggest that individual differences in the four measures of conscientiousness are not distinguishable at both the phenotypic and behavioural genetic levels, and that the overlap was substantially attributable to genetic factors.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-82781-5

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS  

Background The phenotypic and aetiological architecture of depression symptomatology has been mostly studied in Western samples. In this study, we conducted a genetically informed factor analysis to elucidate both the phenotypic and aetiological architectures of self-reported depression among a Japanese adult twin sample. Methods Depressive symptoms assessed by Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale were self-rated by 425 twin pairs (301 monozygotic and 124 dizygotic twin pairs) in a community sample in Japan. Results An exploratory factor analysis extracted three symptom domains representing cognitive, affective and somatic symptomatology. A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that a bi-factor solution fitted better than the alternative solutions, implying that depression may be defined as a combination of a single general construct and three factors specific to each of the three symptom domains. A multivariate genetic analysis with the bi-factor solution showed that the general factor was substantially heritable (47%), and that only the affective symptom domain was significantly heritable (29%) among the three specific factors, their remaining variance being explained by non-shared environmental influences. Conclusions Depression symptomatology appears to be adequately captured by a substantially heritable general factor. The heritability of this factor (47%) in a Japanese adult sample is in line with commonly reported heritability estimates for depression. The three specific factors - cognitive, affective and somatic - are mostly explained by non-shared environmental factors, which include measurement error. The extent to which these specific factors are uniquely associated with correlates of depression when the general factor is accounted for should be investigated in future studies.

DOI： 10.1017/S0033291719001326

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PSYCHOLOGIA SOC  

This study examined whether religiosity moderates the genetic and environmental etiology of the Big Five personality traits (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness). Data from a nationwide sample of 549 twin pairs collected through the MacArthur Foundation National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States were analyzed. Analyses of a gene-environment interaction model revealed that religiosity moderated the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on Agreeableness and Conscientiousness; for those who were religious, environmental influences on Agreeableness and genetic influences on Conscientiousness were greater. Religiosity exhibited weak main effects on both traits, with higher religiosity contributing to higher levels of both traits. These results suggested that religiosity serves as a psychological immune system that restricts individuals' levels of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness within a religiously appropriate range, insulating them from internal and external forces. Implications for personality theory and molecular genetic research on personality and psychopathology are discussed.

DOI： 10.2117/psysoc.2020-B006

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS  

The Keio Twin Research Center (KoTReC) was established in 2009 at Keio University to combine two longitudinal cohort projects - the Keio Twin Study (KTS) for adolescence and adulthood and the Tokyo Twin Cohort Project (ToTCoP) for infancy and childhood. KoTReC also conducted a two-time panel study of self-control and psychopathology in twin adolescence in 2012 and 2013 and three independent anonymous cross-sectional twin surveys (ToTcross) before 2012 - the ToTCross, the Junior and Senior High School Survey and the High School Survey. This article introduces the recent research designs of KoTReC and its publications.

DOI： 10.1017/thg.2019.109

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.83.0_3c-004

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

This study used a behavioral genetic approach to examine the genetic and environmental etiology of stability and changes in self-esteem in relation to personality. Multiple genetic analyses were conducted on a longitudinal dataset of self-esteem and Big Five personality scores among young adult Japanese twins over the course of a decade. There were 1221 individuals'for whom data were available on both self-esteem and the Big Five personality test at Time 1 and 365 at Time 2. The mean interval between the two times was 9.95 years. Genetic effects on self-esteem were robust, and the same genes were responsible for the stability of self-esteem in individuals over time. Nearly half of the variance in self-esteem was explained by a new genetic factor arising during the decade, suggesting that genetic innovation of self-esteem occurred in early adult life. The genetic and environmental covariance structure between personality and self-esteem in individuals was constant over a decade, providing evidence that the stability of self-esteem was largely attributable to personality. However, genetics for self-esteem independent of personality still contributed to stability over time, differentiating

DOI： 10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.013

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

The objective of this article is to measure the causal effect of education on earnings using a large dataset of twins compiled in Japan with wide-ranging socioeconomic information. Recent research conducted in China showed that, contrary to the case in Western countries, ability bias is large in estimating the return to education. It is argued that the low rate of return in China is in part due to the competitive and exam-oriented education system, which is similar to the system in Japan. The empirical results in our study show that the estimated rate of return to education using the sample of identical twins in Japan is 9.3 percent even after omitted ability bias and measurement errors in self-reported schooling were corrected. Our findings suggest that the conventional OLS estimate is not significantly contaminated by potential biases in Japan.

DOI： 10.1111/asej.12113

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The present study examined: (1) gender and age differences of mean gender identity disorder (GID) trait scores in Japanese twins; (2) the validity of the prenatal hormone transfer theory, which predicts that, in dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, twins with an opposite-gender co-twin more frequently exhibit GID traits than twins with a same-gender co-twin; and (3) the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on GID traits as a function of age and gender. Data from 1450 male twin pairs, 1882 female twin pairs, and 1022 DZ male-female pairs ranging from 3 to 26 years of age were analyzed. To quantify individual variances in GID traits, each participant completed four questionnaire items based on criteria for GID from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Our most important findings were: (1) Japanese females exhibited GID traits more frequently than males and Japanese children exhibited GID traits less frequently than adolescents and adults (among females, the prevalence was 1.6 % in children, 10 % in adolescents, and 12 % in adults; among males, the prevalence was 0.5, 2, and 3 %, respectively); (2) the data did not support the prenatal hormone transfer theory for GID traits; and (3) a large part of the variance for GID traits in children was accounted for by familial factors; however, the magnitude was found to be greater in children than in adolescents or adults, particularly among females. This study suggests that although the prevalence is likely to increase, familial effects are likely to decrease as individuals age.

DOI： 10.1007/s10508-016-0821-4

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

This study developed Multi-Dimensional Active Learner Scale and examined its reliability and validity. Forty five items were developed in reference to the aims of KlKAN Education in Kyushu University. A questionnaire survey was completed by 353 undergraduate students. Results of exploratory factor analyses on the 45 items suggested six-factor solution, and 20 items were selected to achieve both ease of administration and reasonable reliability. The resultant scale consisted of six subscales: inquisitiveness, collaborative learning skills, striving to achievement, critical thinking, logical thinking, and perspective on university life. Confirmatory factor analysis on 20 items showed adequate fit. The overall scale and six subscales showed reasonable internal consistency (Cronbach's a = .86 for the overall scale, a = .62-.78 for the subscales). Correlations with self-directed learning, experience on group learning, and Big Five personality items suggested construct validity of the scale.

DOI： 10.15017/1650904

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FRONTIERS MEDIA SA  

Why does decision making differ among individuals? People sometimes make seemingly inconsistent decisions with lower expected (monetary) utility even when objective information of probabilities and reward are provided. It is noteworthy, however, that a certain proportion of people do not provide anomalous responses, choosing the alternatives with higher expected utility, thus appearing to be more "rational." We investigated the genetic and environmental influences on these types of individual differences in decision making using a classical Allais problem task. Participants were 1,199 Japanese adult twins aged 20-47. Univariate genetic analysis revealed that approximately a third of the Allais problem response variance was explained by genetic factors and the rest by environmental factors unique to individuals and measurement error. The environmental factor shared between families did not contribute to the variance. Subsequent multivariate genetic analysis clarified that decision making using the expected utility theory was associated with general intelligence and that the association was largely mediated by the same genetic factor. We approach the mechanism underlying two types of "rational" decision making from the perspective of genetic correlations with cognitive abilities.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01712

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Little is known about why people differ in their levels of academic motivation. This study explored the etiology of individual differences in enjoyment and self-perceived ability for several school subjects in nearly 13,000 twins aged 9-16 from 6 countries. The results showed a striking consistency across ages, school subjects, and cultures. Contrary to common belief, enjoyment of learning and children's perceptions of their competence were no less heritable than cognitive ability. Genetic factors explained approximately 40% of the variance and all of the observed twins' similarity in academic motivation. Shared environmental factors, such as home or classroom, did not contribute to the twin's similarity in academic motivation. Environmental influences stemmed entirely from individual specific experiences. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.006

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Prosociality is one of the most distinctive features of human beings but there are individual differences in cooperative behavior. Employing the twin method, we examined the heritability of cooperativeness and its outcomes on public goods games using a strategy method. In two experiments (Study 1 and Study 2), twin participants were asked to indicate (1) how much they would contribute to a group when they did not know how much the other group members were contributing, and (2) how much they would contribute if they knew the contributions of others. Overall, the heritability estimates were relatively small for each type of decision, but heritability was greater when participants knew that the others had made larger contributions. Using registered decisions in Study 2, we conducted seven Monte Carlo simulations to examine genetic and environmental influences on the expected game payoffs. For the simulated one-shot game, the heritability estimates were small, comparable to those of game decisions. For the simulated iterated games, we found that the genetic influences first decreased, then increased as the numbers of iterations grew. The implication for the evolution of individual differences in prosociality is discussed.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00373

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PSYCHOLOGIA SOC  

This study examined how the personality traits of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation contribute to the development of anxiety and depression. We used two-wave short-term longitudinal data from 319 students. Data collections were two months apart. Personality traits were assessed using Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory: Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Systems (BIS and BAS). After confirming simple correlations, hierarchical regressions were conducted to test how residual changes or unique variances in psychopathology were predicted by the personality traits. Findings revealed that high BIS sensitivity predicted both anxiety and depression, while low BAS sensitivity predicted only depression. These results suggest that hyperactive BIS functions as a predictor for general distress, and that hypoactive BAS functions as a unique predictor for depression.

DOI： 10.2117/psysoc.2015.15

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

DOI： 10.15017/1495422

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：国立大学入学者選抜研究連絡協議会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC  

A cultural behavior genetic approach was introduced as a prospective means to describe psychological differences between cultures. We compared genetic and environmental influences on remembered parenting for samples of twins from Japan and Sweden. Data were collected from 720 pairs of young adult Japanese twins and 824 pairs of adult Swedish twins using the Parental Bonding Instrument. In both samples, a very similar phenotypic factor structure was developed for maternal and paternal parenting. However, the genetic and environmental contributions were different. Parenting in Japan showed more genetic influences, whereas parenting in Sweden showed more shared environmental influences. Moreover, covariation among the six dimensions of parenting (i.e., maternal and paternal Warmth, Protectiveness, and Authoritarianism) was due to genetic correlations in Japan and to shared environmental correlations in Sweden. These results are consistent with the cultural psychology argument that parenting practices are child centered in Japan but parent centered in the West.

DOI： 10.1177/1948550612460058

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS  

The Keio Twin Research Center has conducted two longitudinal twin cohort projects and has collected three independent and anonymous twin data sets for studies of phenotypes related to psychological, socioeconomic, and mental health factors. The Keio Twin Study has examined adolescent and adult cohorts, with a total of over 2,400 pairs of twins and their parents. DNA samples are available for approximately 600 of these twin pairs. The Tokyo Twin Cohort Project has followed a total of 1,600 twin pairs from infancy to early childhood. The large-scale cross-sectional twin study (CROSS) has collected data from over 4,000 twin pairs, from 3 to 26 years of age, and from two high school twin cohorts containing a total of 1,000 pairs of twins. These data sets of anonymous twin studies have mainly targeted academic performance, attitude, and social environment. The present article introduces the research designs and major findings of our center, such as genetic structures of cognitive abilities, personality traits, and academic performances, developmental effects of genes and environment on attitude, socio-cognitive ability and parenting, genes x environment interaction on attitude and conduct problem, and statistical methodological challenges and so on. We discuss the challenges in conducting twin research in Japan.

DOI： 10.1017/thg.2012.131

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Developmental Science  

This twin study examined the bidirectional relationship between maternal parenting behaviors and children's peer problems that were not confounded by genetic and family environmental factors. Mothers of 259 monozygotic twin pairs reported parenting behaviors and peer problems when twins were 42 and 48 months. Path analyses on monozygotic twin difference scores revealed that authoritative parenting (the presence of consistent discipline and lack of harsh parenting) and peer problems simultaneously influenced each other. Authoritative parenting reduced peer problems, and peer problems increased authoritative parenting. Neither consistent discipline nor harsh parenting alone was associated with peer problems. These results suggest that maternal authoritative parenting works protectively in regard to children's peer problems, and peer problems can evoke such effective parenting. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

DOI： 10.1111/desc.12021

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This study investigated the association between negative parenting (NP) and conduct problems (CP) in 6-year-old twins, taking into account the severity of hyperactivity/inattention problems (HIAP). Analyses of the data from 1,677 pairs of twins and their parents revealed that the shared environmental covariance between NP and CP was moderated by the level of HIAP but not by CP or NP, where the shared environmental covariance was larger in children with higher levels of HIAP than in children with lower levels of HIAP. The genetic covariance between NP and CP was not moderated by the level of HIAP, whereas it was larger in the group with lower levels of CP and NP than in the group with higher levels. These results suggest that severe HIAP strengthens shared environmental associations between NP and CP and that interventions focusing on the shared environmental component of NP would be effective for parents and children with severe HIAP.

DOI： 10.1007/s10802-011-9559-6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

Although growth in head circumference (HC) during infancy is known to predict later childhood outcomes, the mechanisms underlying this association with later sociocognitive abilities remain undetermined. Thus, using a sample of 241 pairs of normally developing Japanese twins, this study investigated the underpinnings of the association between HC growth (difference between HC at birth and at 10 months) and sociocognitive abilities at 19 months as measured by 10 items from the M-CHAT. Phenotypic correlations between HC at birth and sociocognitive abilities and between HC growth and sociocognitive abilities were marginal and not significant. However, multivariate genetic analyses using Cholesky decomposition revealed that genetic influences on HC growth and those on sociocognitive abilities were negatively associated. On the other hand, shared and nonshared environmental influences on HC growth were positively associated with influences on sociocognitive abilities. Genetic and environmental influences on HC at birth were not significantly associated with influences on sociocognitive abilities. These results help to clarify the role of brain growth during infancy in the subsequent development of sociocognitive abilities and highlight the importance of examining the different roles of genetic and environmental influences in studies of these areas.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01097.x

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Personality Psychology  

Direction of causation between the Gray's Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), depression, and anxiety was investigated. Data of 424 twin pairs were subjected to direction of causation modeling, which is a method for inferring causal relationship from cross-sectional family data. Four causal models were examined: (1) BIS influences depression/anxiety, (2) depression/anxiety influences BIS, (3) they have mutual causal relationship, and (4) correlations between them are caused by a third variable, such as latent genetic and environmental factors. Results indicated that Model 1, which assumes BIS to have a causal influence, well fitted both depression and anxiety. When influences from BIS were considered, direction of causation modeling revealed that depression and anxiety have positive causal influences on each other. These results support the view that BIS is a diathesis for psychopathology. Results also suggest that interventions aimed at either depression or anxiety may improve the other mood state.

DOI： 10.2132/personality.20.110

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC  

The authors examined data (N = 34,108) on the differential reliability and validity of facet scales from the NEO Inventories. They evaluated the extent to which (a) psychometric properties of facet scales are generalizable across ages, cultures, and methods of measurement, and, (b) validity criteria are associated with different forms of reliability. Composite estimates of facet scale stability, heritability, and cross-observer validity were broadly generalizable. Two estimates of retest reliability were independent predictors of the three validity criteria; none of three estimates of internal consistency was. Available evidence suggests the same pattern of results for other personality inventories. Internal consistency of scales can be useful as a check on data quality but appears to be of limited utility for evaluating the potential validity of developed scales, and it should not be used as a substitute for retest reliability. Further research on the nature and determinants of retest reliability is needed.

DOI： 10.1177/1088868310366253

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC  

In the literature on achievement goals, performance-approach goals (striving to do better than others) and performance-avoidance goals (striving to avoid doing worse than others) tend to exhibit a moderate to high correlation, raising questions about whether the 2 goals represent distinct constructs. In the current article, we sought to examine the separability of these 2 goals using a broad factor-analytic approach that attended to issues that have been overlooked or underexamined in prior research. Five studies provided strong evidence for the separation of these 2 goal constructs: Separation was observed not only with exploratory factor analysis across different age groups and countries (Studies 1a and 1b) but also with change analysis (Study 2), ipsative factor analysis (Study 3), within-person analysis (Study 4), and behavioral genetics analysis (Study 5). We conclude by discussing the implications of the present research for the achievement goal literature, as well as the psychological literature in general.

DOI： 10.1037/a0021948

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

It has been reported that the ability to solve syllogisms is highly g-loaded. In the present study, using a self-administered shortened version of a syllogism-solving test, the BAROCO Short, we examined whether robust findings generated by previous research regarding IQ scores were also applicable to BAROCO Short scores. Five syllogism-solving problems were included in a questionnaire as part of a postal survey conducted by the Keio Twin Research Center. Data were collected from 487 pairs of twins (1021 individuals) who were Japanese junior high or high school students (ages 13-18) and from 536 mothers and 431 fathers. Four findings related to IQ were replicated: 1) The mean level increased gradually during adolescence, stayed unchanged from the 30s to the early 50s, and subsequently declined after the late 50s. 2) The scores for both children and parents were predicted by the socioeconomic status of the family. 3) The genetic effect increased, although the shared environmental effect decreased during progression from adolescence to adulthood. 4) Children's scores were genetically correlated with school achievement. These findings further substantiate the close association between syllogistic reasoning ability and g. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.intell.2011.01.002

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Social Psychology  

Factors contributing to individual differences of empathy were examined using behavioral genetics methodology. Data related to individual levels of empathy and parental warmth received during childhood were collected from approximately 450 pairs of twins (ages 14-33). A bivariate model analysis clarified that shared family environmental factors did not contribute to the formation of empathy. No common shared environmental factors were detected between empathy and parental warmth, either. The positive correlation between the two variables was mediated principally by genetics. The result does not support socialization theory, which holds that warm parenting nurtures children's empathy. However, the subsequent gene-environment interaction model analysis revealed that shared family environmental factors significantly affected the formation of empathy for those with high or very low parental warmth. The results imply that individuals with a strong or very weak attachment to their parents were more influenced by the shared family environment.

DOI： 10.14966/jssp.KJ00007141808

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：HOGREFE & HUBER PUBLISHERS  

The present research examined the relationship between heritability and response time for the Big Five personality facets in three samples of adults and adolescents. We predicted that the larger the heritability of a facet the faster is the response to the items of that facet. In support of our predictions, the results showed that heritability and response time were indeed negatively correlated. The effect size of the relationship was small but systematic and statistically significant across all samples. The findings underline the generality of personality heritability and highlight the link between heritability and behavioral indicators. The potential usefulness of both heritability estimates and response time in research on personality is discussed.

DOI： 10.1027/1614-0001/a000029

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

This study investigated the possible effects of genetic and environmental gender differences in effect on individual differences by using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) with twins. A sex/gender-limitation analysis, a behavior genetics methodology was used to the following: (a) effects of gender-specific genes, (b) gender differences in quantitative genetic effects, (c) effects of gender-specific shared environment, (d) gender differences of quantitative shared environment, and (e) gender differences of quantitative nonshared environment. Participants were adolescent and adult twins, including 111 identical male pairs, 241 identical female pairs, 36 fraternal male pairs, 65 fraternal female pairs, and 58 opposite-gender pairs. The results indicated that although masculinity and femininity were explained by genetic factors to some extent, there were no significant gender differences in the genetic factors. Moreover, because our data did not support a model which explained gender differences in the effects of specific common environment factors, no evidence was found to support the prenatal hormonal hypothesis or the existence of parenting which encouraged children's gender role personality.

DOI： 10.4992/jjpsy.80.330

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J. M. Digman (1997) proposed that the Big Five personality traits showed a higher-order structure with 2 factors he labeled alpha and beta. These factors have been alternatively interpreted as heritable components of personality or as artifacts of evaluative bias. Using structural equation modeling, the authors reanalyzed data from a cross-national twin study and from American cross-observer studies and analyzed new multimethod data from a German twin study. In all analyses, artifact models outperformed substance models by root-mean-square error of approximation criteria, but models combining both artifact and substance were slightly better. These findings suggest that the search for the biological basis of personality traits may be more profitably focused on the 5 factors themselves and their specific facets, especially in monomethod studies.

DOI： 10.1037/0022-3514.95.2.442

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Since natural selection produces genetically homogeneous populations with regard to adaptively important traits, the relatively high genetic variance associated with human personality is an enigma. In this article, we propose that humans adaptively control the activation of domain-specific mental mechanisms in accordance with personality. This process functions to reduce fitness differences among individuals with different genetic backgrounds associated with personality. Such control would facilitate the evolution of heritable personality traits. We conducted a twin study, showing that the level of general trust (trust of strangers) is controlled not only by environmental factors but also by personality factors, thus producing reactive heritability of general trust. This result supports our hypothesis. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.07.004

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology  

     With the use of behavioral genetics methodology, in which variance of an observed trait can be decomposed into the effect of three latent variables, that is, genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental, factors contributing to the formation of authoritarian conservatism were examined. 4111 participants (1279 male twins and 1899 female twins between the ages of 12-26, as well as 83 fathers and 860 mothers of the twins) responded to the Authoritarian Conservatism Scale. The twin model analysis employing 912 pairs of identical and 630 pairs of fraternal twins accounted for 33% of the variance of authoritarian conservatism by genetics, and 67% by nonshared environment. The subsequent twin parent-offspring model analysis also produced a very similar result. Thus, it was revealed that what mediated the familial transmission of authoritarian conservatism was genetics, not cultural transmission. Theories explaining the formation of authoritarianism by parenting or social background of the family are not supported. Transmission models can be further elaborated by including genetics as a predictable variable.

DOI： 10.11218/ojjams.23.2_105

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Although there is a great deal of interest in the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS) - two temperaments formulated by Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory-few studies have examined the genetic and environmental etiology underlying their continuity and change. Using a two-wave longitudinal data set of twins from late adolescence to early adulthood, this study examined (1) whether genetic influences contribute to change as well as continuity of the two temperaments and (2) whether the magnitude of genetic influences on the BIS and BAS differs across the two measurement points. The questionnaire was administered to 448 twin pairs at two waves, with an interval of approximately 2-3 years. Univariate genetic analyses revealed that genetic factors accounted for around one-third of the phenotypic variance in the BIS and BAS traits at both waves. Longitudinal bivariate analyses revealed that (1) genetic influences contribute only to continuity, whereas environmental influences contribute to both continuity and change in the two traits, and (2) the degree of genetic influences does not differ. across time. These results suggest that in this age period, temporal stability of individual differences in the BIS and BAS owes more to genetic than to environmental factors. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.030

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Personality Psychology  

The present study investigated the temperament model of Behavioral Inhibition/Activation Systems (BIS/BAS) conceptualized in Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory with a Japanese sample. In Study 1, a Japanese version of BIS/BAS scales was developed and administered to 446 university students. Results showed that the BIS/BAS scales had sufficient internal consistency and validity. Study 2 examined the relationship between the BIS/BAS scales and biological foundations of individual differences, using the twin method. Twins recruited for Keio Twin Project completed a questionnaire. Results ...

DOI： 10.2132/personality.15.276

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本パーソナリティ心理学会  

This article introduced methodology of human behavior genetics and twin study, especially multivariate genetic analysis, which was then applied to examine association between temperament and problem behaviors among children aged four to six years old. A questionnaire was mailed to 142 mothers of twins to obtain mother ratings of children's Effortful Control (EC), externalizing problems (EP), and internalizing problems (IP). Analysis of phenotypic correlations revealed that EP and IP had a positive correlation that was moderate (<i>r</i>=.55), and EC had a negative correlation with both EP (<i>r</i>=−.42) and IP (<i>r</i>=−.18). Multivariate genetic analysis revealed that the genetic influence that decreased EC also worked to increase both EP and IP, suggesting low EC may be a common genetic diathesis of EP and IP. Phenotypic correlation between EP and IP was explained by genetic (22.8%), shared environmental (53.4%), and non-shared environmental influence (23.8%). However, relatively low genetic contribution to the phenotypic correlation may be explained in terms of two counteracting influences: genetic influence on EC, which makes the correlation positive, and genetic influence unrelated to EC, which makes the correlation negative.

DOI： 10.2132/personality.15.103

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

There is empirical evidence that underlying the Big Five personality factors are two higher-order factors which have come to be known as "alpha" (a) and "beta" (beta). The alpha factor is defined by the agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability domains; whereas beta is delineated by extraversion and intellect. It has been argued that a and beta are important constructs because they bridge the gap between psychometric studies of personality and theories of personality development. However, it is unclear if alpha and beta are constructs that can be reliably reproduced across a diverse range of independent samples. In a sample of 1209 MZ and 701 DZ twin pairs from Canada, Germany, and Japan who completed the NEO-PI-R, factorial analyses of the five NEO-PI-R domains extracted two factors resembling alpha and beta. Subsequent multivariate genetic analyses revealed that this factor structure was a clear reflection of the organizing effects of multiple genetic influences, providing evidence for alpha and beta as stable heuristic devices that can be used to integrate personality measurement and developmental theory. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.033

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC  

This study examined whether universality of the 5-factor model (FFM) of personality operationalized by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory is due to genetic influences that are invariant across diverse nations. Factor analyses were conducted on matrices of phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations estimated in a sample of 1,209 monozygotic and 701 dizygotic twin pairs from Canada, Germany, and Japan. Five genetic and environmental factors were extracted for each sample. High congruence coefficients were observed when phenotypic, genetic, and environmental factors were compared in each sample as well as when each factor was compared across samples. These results suggest that the FFM has a solid biological basis and may represent a common heritage of the human species.

DOI： 10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.987

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Personality Psychology  

This study developed Japanese version of Effortful Control (EC) scale for adults, and examined its reliability and validity. In Study 1, a questionnaire survey of 209 college and vocational school students showed sufficient internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the scale. Its correlational validity was also shown in terms of the relationships with novelty seeking, harm avoidance, Five-Factor personality dimensions, depressive mood, and state anxiety. Study 2 was conducted to show that the EC scale measured not only self-concept but also actual executive attention function. Fo...

DOI： 10.2132/personality.14.30

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Personality Psychology  

DOI： 10.2132/personality.13.267

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Individual temperamental factors that contribute to the development of two perfectionism traits were studied in 428 Japanese undergraduate students using the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). The results showed that self-oriented perfectionism is associated with the temperamental characteristics of low novelty seeking, high reward dependence, and high persistence. In contrast, socially prescribed perfectionism is associated with low novelty seeking and high harm avoidance. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that these temperaments primarily predicted self-oriented perfectionism, controlling for socially prescribed perfectionism. These temperamental characteristics did not predict socially prescribed perfectionism when self-oriented perfectionism was controlled. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.paid.2004.04.003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC  

The multivariate genetic and environmental structure of Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was investigated in a sample of 617 pairs of adolescent and young adult twins from Japan. Additive genetic factors accounted for 22% to 49% of the variability on all TCI temperament scales. Although the theory predicts lower heritability for the character scales, all character subscales had a substantial genetic contribution, and nonshared environmental influences accounted for the remainder. Multivariate genetic analyses showed that several subscales used to define one dimension shared a common genetic basis with subscales defining others. Using the degree of shared genetic influence as the basis to rearrange the TCI subscales into new dimensions, it was possible to create genetically independent scales. The implications for personality measurement, theory, and molecular genetic research are discussed.

DOI： 10.1521/pedi.18.4.379.40345

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Personality Psychology  

DOI： 10.2132/personality.2003.30

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Language：Japanese

CiNii Books

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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DOI： 10.1007/s10508-016-0821-4

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DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01712

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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DOI： 10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.006

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DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00373

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Language：English  

Web of Science

This study examined how the personality traits of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation contribute to the development of anxiety and depression. We used two-wave short-term longitudinal data from 319 students. Data collections were two months apart. Personality traits were assessed using Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory: Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Systems (BIS and BAS). After conirming simple correlations, hierarchical regressions were conducted to test how residual changes or unique variances in psychopathology were predicted by the personality traits. Findings revealed that high BIS sensitivity predicted both anxiety and depression, while low BAS sensitivity predicted only depression. These results suggest that hyperactive BIS functions as a predictor for general distress, and that hypoactive BAS functions as a unique predictor for depression.

DOI： 10.2117/psysoc.2015.15

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会  

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Language：Japanese  

Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本双生児研究学会  

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DOI： 10.1177/1948550612460058

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DOI： 10.1111/desc.12021

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DOI： 10.1017/thg.2012.131

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会  

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本双生児研究学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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DOI： 10.1007/s10802-011-9559-6

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01097.x

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PubMed

J-GLOBAL

Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.2132/personality.20.110

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：Japanese  

Factors contributing to individual differences of empathy were examined using behavioral genetics methodology. Data related to individual levels of empathy and parental warmth received during childhood were collected from approximately 450 pairs of twins (ages 14-33). A bivariate model analysis clarified that shared family environmental factors did not contribute to the formation of empathy. No common shared environmental factors were detected between empathy and parental warmth, either. The positive correlation between the two variables was mediated principally by genetics. The result does not support socialization theory, which holds that warm parenting nurtures children's empathy. However, the subsequent gene-environment interaction model analysis revealed that shared family environmental factors significantly affected the formation of empathy for those with high or very low parental warmth. The results imply that individuals with a strong or very weak attachment to their parents were more influenced by the shared family environment.

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PubMed

DOI： 10.1016/j.intell.2011.01.002

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DOI： 10.1177/1088868310366253

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PubMed

J-GLOBAL

DOI： 10.1037/a0021948

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：不明  

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Language：English  

DOI： 10.1063/1.3524543

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：エヌ・ティー・エス  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本行動計量学会  

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Language：Japanese  

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DOI： 10.1027/1614-0001/a000029

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本パーソナリティ心理学会  

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Language：English  

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.48.120214

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本性科学会  

J-GLOBAL

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DOI： 10.1016/j.intell.2008.10.010

Web of Science

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009. All rights reserved. Gordon Allport (1937) has penned some of the most influential lines in the history of personality research. He defined personality as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique [sic] adjustments to this environment (p. 48) and that personality is something and personality does something (p. 48). Together, these lines neatly summarize the primary mission of personality research: (1) the characterization of enduring qualities that give rise to regularities and consistencies in behaviour and the organization of these qualities and (2) how they achieve coherent functioning to actively adapt to the social environment (Livesley & Jang, 2005). As a result, much of mainstream personality research has been directed towards determining the number of basic traits, their organization, how they can be measured reliably, and the relationship between normal personality function and personality disorder.

DOI： 10.1007/978-0-387-76727-7_16

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本パーソナリティ心理学会  

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With the use of behavioral genetics methodology, in which variance of an observed trait can be decomposed into the effect of three latent variables, that is, genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental, factors contributing to the formation of authoritarian conservatism were examined. 4111 participants (1279 male twins and 1899 female twins between the ages of 12-26, as well as 83 fathers and 860 mothers of the twins) responded to the Authoritarian Conservatism Scale. The twin model analysis employing 912 pairs of identical and 630 pairs of fraternal twins accounted for 33% of the variance of authoritarian conservatism by genetics, and 67% by nonshared environment. The subsequent twin parentoffspring model analysis also produced a very similar result. Thus, it was revealed that what mediated the familial transmission of authoritarian conservatism was genetics, not cultural transmission. Theories explaining the formation of authoritarianism by parenting or social background of the family are not supported. Transmission models can be further elaborated by including genetics as a predictable variable.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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DOI： 10.1037/a0013545

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DOI： 10.1037/0022-3514.95.2.442

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DOI： 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.07.004

Web of Science

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology  

     With the use of behavioral genetics methodology, in which variance of an observed trait can be decomposed into the effect of three latent variables, that is, genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental, factors contributing to the formation of authoritarian conservatism were examined. 4111 participants (1279 male twins and 1899 female twins between the ages of 12-26, as well as 83 fathers and 860 mothers of the twins) responded to the Authoritarian Conservatism Scale. The twin model analysis employing 912 pairs of identical and 630 pairs of fraternal twins accounted for 33% of the variance of authoritarian conservatism by genetics, and 67% by nonshared environment. The subsequent twin parent-offspring model analysis also produced a very similar result. Thus, it was revealed that what mediated the familial transmission of authoritarian conservatism was genetics, not cultural transmission. Theories explaining the formation of authoritarianism by parenting or social background of the family are not supported. Transmission models can be further elaborated by including genetics as a predictable variable.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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DOI： 10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.030

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DOI： 10.1375/twin.10.4.564

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J-GLOBAL

Language：Japanese  

The present study investigated the temperament model of Behavioral Inhibition/Activation Systems (BIS/BAS) conceptualized in Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory with a Japanese sample. In Study 1, a Japanese version of BIS/BAS scales was developed and administered to 446 university students. Results showed that the BIS/BAS scales had sufficient internal consistency and validity. Study 2 examined the relationship between the BIS/BAS scales and biological foundations of individual differences, using the twin method. Twins recruited for Keio Twin Project completed a questionnaire. Results ...

DOI： 10.2132/personality.15.276

Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本心理学会  

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DOI： 10.1375/twin.9.6.817

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DOI： 10.1375/183242706779462480

PubMed

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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There is empirical evidence that underlying the Big Five personality factors are two higher-order factors which have come to be known as "alpha" (α) and "beta" (β). The α factor is defined by the agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability domains; whereas β is delineated by extraversion and intellect. It has been argued that α and β are important constructs because they bridge the gap between psychometric studies of personality and theories of personality development. However, it is unclear if α and β are constructs that can be reliably reproduced across a diverse range of independent samples. In a sample of 1209 MZ and 701 DZ twin pairs from Canada, Germany, and Japan who completed the NEO-PI-R, factorial analyses of the five NEO-PI-R domains extracted two factors resembling α and β. Subsequent multivariate genetic analyses revealed that this factor structure was a clear reflection of the organizing effects of multiple genetic influences, providing evidence for α and β as stable heuristic devices that can be used to integrate personality measurement and developmental theory. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.033

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本心理学会  

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Language：English  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本パーソナリティ心理学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本パーソナリティ心理学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本心理学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本パーソナリティ心理学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

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Language：English   Publisher：Guilford Publications  

The multivariate genetic and environmental structure of Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was investigated in a sample of 617 pairs of adolescent and young adult twins from Japan. Additive genetic factors accounted for 22% to 49% of the variability on all TCI temperament scales. Although the theory predicts lower heritability for the character scales, all character subscales had a substantial genetic contribution, and nonshared environmental influences accounted for the remainder. Multivariate genetic analyses showed that several subscales used to define one dimension shared a common genetic basis with subscales defining others. Using the degree of shared genetic influence as the basis to rearrange the TCI subscales into new dimensions, it was possible to create genetically independent scales. The implications for personality measurement, theory, and molecular genetic research are discussed.

DOI： 10.1521/pedi.2004.18.4.379

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本パーソナリティ心理学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本パーソナリティ心理学会  

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DOI： 10.2132/personality.2003.30

Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本パーソナリティ心理学会  

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Event date： 2023.7

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Country：United Kingdom  

Event date： 2023.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：立命館大学  

Event date： 2023.2

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Event date： 2022.9

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Event date： 2022.6

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Event date： 2021.8

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (public)  

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Event date： 2021.2

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

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Event date： 2021.1

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Event date： 2021.1

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)