Faculty Profiles - SHIMIZU Hirohiko

Papers - SHIMIZU Hirohiko

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A novel nuclear emulsion detector for measurement of quantum states of ultracold neutrons in the Earth's gravitational field Open Access

Muto N., Abele H., Ariga T., Bosina J., Hino M., Hirota K., Ichikawa G., Jenke T., Kawahara H., Kawasaki S., Kitaguchi M., Micko J., Mishima K., Naganawa N., Nakamura M., Roccia S., Sato O., Sedmik R.I.P., Seki Y., Shimizu H.M., Tada S., Umemoto A.

Journal of Instrumentation Vol. 17 ( 7 ) 2022.7

Publisher：Journal of Instrumentation

Hypothetical short-range interactions could be detected by measuring the wavefunctions of gravitationally bound ultracold neutrons (UCNs) on a mirror in the Earth's gravitational field. Searches for them with higher sensitivity require detectors with higher spatial resolution. We developed and have been improving an UCN detector with a high spatial resolution, which consists of a Si substrate, a thin converter layer including 10B4C, and a layer of fine-grained nuclear emulsion. Its resolution was estimated to be less than 100 nm by fitting tracks of either 7Li nuclei or α-particles, which were created when neutrons interacted with the 10B4C layer. For actual measurements of the spatial distributions, the following two improvements were made. The first improvement was to establish a method to align microscopic images with high accuracy within a wide region of 65 mm × 0.2 mm. We created reference marks of 1 μm and 5 μm diameter with an interval of 50 μm and 500 μm, respectively, on the Si substrate by electron beam lithography and realized a position accuracy of less than 30 nm. The second improvement was to build a holder for the detector that could maintain the atmospheric pressure around the nuclear emulsion to utilize it under a vacuum during exposure to UCNs. The intrinsic resolution of the improved detector was estimated to be better than 0.56(8) μm by evaluating the blur of a transmission image of a gadolinium grating taken by cold neutrons. The evaluation included the precision of the gadolinium grating. A test exposure was conducted to obtain the spatial distribution of UCNs in the quantized states on a mirror in the Earth's gravitational field. The distribution was obtained, fitted with the theoretical curve, and turned out to be reasonable for UCNs in quantized states when we considered a blurring of 6.9 μm. The blurring was well explained as a result of neutron refraction due to the large surface roughness on the upstream side of the Si substrate. By using a double-side-polished Si substrate, a resolution of less than 0.56 μm is expected to be achieved for UCNs.

DOI： 10.1088/1748-0221/17/07/P07014

Neutron displacement noise-free interferometer for gravitational-wave detection Open Access

Nishizawa A., Iwaguchi S., Chen Y., Morimoto T., Ishikawa T., Wu B., Watanabe I., Kawasaki Y., Shimizu R., Shimizu H., Kitaguchi M., Michimura Y., Kawamura S.

Physical Review D Vol. 105 ( 12 ) 2022.6

Publisher：Physical Review D

An interferometer design that cancels all displacement noises of its test masses and maintains a gravitational-wave (GW) signal by combining multiple detector signals is called a displacement noise-free interferometer (DFI). The idea has been considered previously for a laser interferometer. However, a limitation of a laser DFI is that its sensitive frequency band is too high for astrophysical GW sources, ∼105 Hz even for a kilometer-sized interferometer. To circumvent this limitation, in this paper, we propose a neutron DFI, in which neutrons are used instead of light. Since neutrons have velocities much lower than the speed of light, the sensitive frequency band of a neutron DFI can be lowered down to ∼10-1 Hz. Therefore, a neutron DFI can be utilized for detecting GWs that are inaccessible by an ordinary laser interferometer on the ground.

DOI： 10.1103/PhysRevD.105.124017

Improvement of systematic uncertainties for the neutron lifetime experiment at J-PARC Open Access

Mogi T., Hasegawa T., Hirota K., Ichikawa G., Ieki S., Ino T., Iwashita Y., Kajiwara S., Kato Y., Kitaguchi M., Kitahara R., Koga J., Makise S., Matsuzaki S., Mishima K., Morikawa K., Nagakura N., Okabe H., Otono H., Seki Y., Sekiba D., Shima T., Shimizu H.E., Shimizu H.M., Sugisawa Y., Sumi N., Sumino H., Tanabe T., Tomita T., Uehara H., Yamada T., Yamashita S., Yano K., Yoshioka T.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 380 2022.5

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

The neutron lifetime is one of the important parameters for particle physics and astrophysics. There is a 4.6σ (9.5 s) discrepancy between the results of the two typical methods. To solve this discrepancy, a new neutron lifetime experiment with a different method is in progress at J-PARC, and this experiment published the first result in 2020 of 898 ± 10(stat.) + 15/−18(syst.) s. We have performed improvements to reduce systematic uncertainties towards 1 s accuracy. The methods to measure the amount of 3He injected and in the working gas have been upgraded, and a new model for the space charge effect in the Monte Carlo simulation has been implemented.

DOI： 10.22323/1.380.0458

Neutron lifetime experiment with pulsed cold neutrons at J-PARC Open Access

Ichikawa G., Fuwa Y., Hasegawa T., Hino M., Hirota K., Ino T., Iwashita Y., Kitaguchi M., Koga J., Matsuzaki S., Mishima K., Mogi T., Morikawa K., Okabe H., Otono H., Seki Y., Sekiba D., Shima T., Shimizu H., Shimizu H., Sumi N., Sumino H., Yamashita S., Yano K., Yoshioka T.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 380 2022.5

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

A free neutron decays in a lifetime of about 880 s. Although the neutron lifetime is an important parameter in modern physics, there is a 4.6σ (9.5 s) discrepancy between the experimental results of two typical methods: the beam method and the storage method. We are carrying out a new experimental method to measure the neutron lifetime using a pulsed neutron beam at J-PARC MLF BL05 to determine the cause of the discrepancy, whether overlooked systematic uncertainties or new physics. A review of our experiment including the first physics result with acquired data during 2014 - 2016 and the status using new neutron optics are presented here.

DOI： 10.22323/1.380.0457

Angular distribution of γ rays from the p -wave resonance of Sn 118 Open Access

Koga J., Takada S., Endo S., Fujioka H., Hirota K., Ishizaki K., Kimura A., Kitaguchi M., Niinomi Y., Okudaira T., Sakai K., Shima T., Shimizu H.M., Tani Y., Yamamoto T., Yoshikawa H., Yoshioka T.

Physical Review C Vol. 105 ( 5 ) 2022.5

Publisher：Physical Review C

The neutron energy-dependent angular distribution of γ rays from the Sn117(n,γ) reaction was measured with germanium detectors and a pulsed neutron beam. The angular distribution was clearly observed in γ-ray emissions with an energy of 9327 keV which corresponds to the transition from a neutron resonance of Sn117+n to the ground state of Sn118. The angular distribution causes an angular-dependent asymmetric resonance shape. An asymmetry ALH was defined as (NL-NH)/(NL+NH), where NL and NH are integrated values for lower- and higher-energy regions of a neutron resonance, respectively. We found that the ALH has the angular dependence of (Acosθγ+B), where θγ is the γ-ray emission angle with respect to the incident neutron momentum, with A=0.394±0.073 and B=0.118±0.029 in the 1.33 eV p-wave resonance.

DOI： 10.1103/PhysRevC.105.054615

A study on UV emission from clouds with Mini-EUSO Open Access

Golzio A., Battisti M., Bertaina M., Bolmgren K., Cambiè G., Casolino M., Cassardo C., Cremonini R., Ferrarese S., Fuglesang C., Manfrin M., Marcelli L., Piotrowski L., Shinozaki K., Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bagheri M., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Barghini D., Bartocci S., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Belov A.A., Benmessai K., Bertone P.F., Biermann P.L., Bisconti F., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cafagna F., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Capel F., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Caruso R., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Černý K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A., Diesing R., Dinaucourt P., Djakonow A., Djemil T., Ebersoldt A., Ebisuzaki T., Eliasson L., Eser J., Fenu F., Fernández-González S., Filippatos G., Finch W.I., Fornaro C., Fouka M., Franceschi A., Franchini S., Fujii T., Fukushima M., Galeotti P., García-Ortega E., Gardiol D., Garipov G.K., Gascón E., Gazda E., Genci J.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

Mini-EUSO is the first mission of the JEM-EUSO program located on the International Space Station. One of the main goals of the mission is to provide valuable scientific data in view of future large missions devoted to study Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) from space by exploiting the fluorescence emission generated by Extensive Air Showers (EAS) developing in the atmosphere. A space mission like Mini-EUSO experiences continuous changes in atmospheric conditions, including the cloud presence. The influence of clouds on space-based observation is, therefore, an important topic to investigate as it might alter the instantaneous exposure for EAS detection or deteriorate the quality of the EAS images with consequences on the reconstructed EAS parameters. For this purpose, JEM-EUSO is planning to have an IR camera and a lidar as part of its Atmospheric Monitoring System. At the same time, it would be extremely beneficial if the UV camera itself would be able to detect the presence of clouds, at least in some specific conditions. For this reason, we analyze a few case studies by comparing the pixel count rates from Mini-EUSO during orbits with the cloud cover (as cloud fraction). This quantity is retrieved from the Global Forecast System (GFS) model at different height levels over the Mini-EUSO trajectory. The results of this analysis are reported.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0208

UCIRC2: EUSO-SPB2’s Infrared Cloud Monitor Open Access

Diesing R., Bukowski A., Friedlander N., Miller A., Meyer S., Olinto A.V., Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Ahriche A., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bacholle S., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Barghini D., Bartocci S., Battisti M., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Belov A., Benmessai K., Bertaina M., Bertone P., Biermann P.L., Bisconti F., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cafagna F., Cambié G., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Capel F., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Caruso R., Casolino M., Cassardo C., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Cerny K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Cremonini R., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A., Djakonow A., Djemil T., Ebersoldt A., Ebisuzaki T., Engel R., Eliasson L., Eser J., Fenu F., Fernández-González S., Ferrarese S., Fillapatos G., Fornaro C., Fouka M., Franceschi A., Franchini S., Fuglesang C., Fujii T., Fukushima M., Galeotti P., García-Ortega E., Gardiol D., Garipov G., Gascón E., Genci J., Golzio A.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

The second generation of the Extreme Universe Space Observatory on a Super Pressure Balloon (EUSO-SPB2) is a balloon instrument for the detection of ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) with energies above 1 EeV and very high energy neutrinos with energies above 10 PeV. EUSOSPB2 consists of two telescopes: a fluorescence telescope pointed downward for the detection of UHECRs and a Cherenkov telescope pointed towards the limb for the detection of tau lepton-induced showers produced by up-going tau neutrinos and background signals below the limb. Clouds inside the field of view of these telescopes reduce EUSO-SPB2’s geometric aperture, in particular that of the fluorescence telescope. For this reason, cloud coverage and cloud-top altitude within the field of view of the fluorescence telescope must be monitored throughout data-taking. The University of Chicago Infrared Camera (UCIRC2) will monitor these clouds using two infrared cameras with response centered at wavelengths 10 and 12 microns. By capturing images at wavelengths spanning the cloud thermal emission peak, UCIRC2 will measure cloud color-temperatures and thus cloud-top altitudes. In this contribution, we provide an overview of UCIRC2, including an update on its construction and a discussion of the techniques used to calibrate the instrument.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0214

Towards observations of nuclearites in Mini-EUSO Open Access

Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bagheri M., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Barghini D., Bartocci S., Battisti M., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Belov A.A., Benmessai K., Bertaina M., Bertone P.F., Biermann P.L., Bisconti F., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bolmgren K., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cafagna F., Cambié G., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Capel F., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Caruso R., Casolino M., Cassardo C., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Černý K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Cremonini R., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A., Diesing R., Dinaucourt P., Djakonow A., Djemil T., Ebersoldt A., Ebisuzaki T., Eser J., Fenu F., Fernández-González S., Ferrarese S., Filippatos G., Finch W.I., Fornaro C., Fouka M., Franceschi A., Franchini S., Fuglesang C., Fujii T., Fukushima M., Galeotti P., García-Ortega E., Gardiol D., Garipov G.K., Gascón E., Gazda E., Genci J., Golzio A., González Alvarado C., Gorodetzky P., Green A., Guarino F., Guépin C., Guzmán A.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

Mini-EUSO is a small orbital telescope with a field of view of 44◦ × 44◦, observing the night-time Earth mostly in 320-420 nm band. Its time resolution spanning from microseconds (triggered) to milliseconds (untriggered) and more than 300 × 300 km of the ground covered, already allowed it to register thousands of meteors. Such detections make the telescope a suitable tool in the search for hypothetical heavy compact objects, which would leave trails of light in the atmosphere due to their high density and speed. The most prominent example are the nuclearites – hypothetical lumps of strange quark matter that could be stabler and denser than the nuclear matter. In this paper, we show potential limits on the flux of nuclearites after collecting 42 hours of observations data.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0503

The Mini-EUSO telescope on board the International Space Station: Launch and first results Open Access

Casolino M., Barghini D., Battisti M., Belov A., Bertaina M., Bisconti F., Blaksley C., Bolmgren K., Cafagna F., Cambiè G., Capel F., Ebisuzaki T., Fenu F., Franceschi A., Fuglesang C., Golzio A., Gorodetzki P., Kajino F., Kasuga H., Klimov P., Kungel V., Manfrin M., Marcelli L., Marszał W., Miyamoto H., Mignone M., Napolitano T., Osteria G., Parizot E., Picozza P., Piotrowski L.W., Plebaniak Z., Prévôt G., Reali E., Ricci M., Sakaki N., Shinozaki K., Szabelski J., Takizawa Y., Wada S., Wiencke L., Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bagheri M., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Bartocci S., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Benmessai K., Bertone P.F., Biermann P.L., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Caruso R., Cassardo C., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Černý K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Cremonini R., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A., Diesing R., Dinaucourt P.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

Mini-EUSO is a telescope launched on board the International Space Station in 2019 and currently located in the Russian section of the station. Main scientific objectives of the mission are the search for nuclearites and Strange Quark Matter, the study of atmospheric phenomena such as Transient Luminous Events, meteors and meteoroids, the observation of sea bioluminescence and of artificial satellites and man-made space debris. It is also capable of observing Extensive Air Showers generated by Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays with an energy above 1021 eV and detect artificial showers generated with lasers from the ground. Mini-EUSO can map the night-time Earth in the UV range (290 - 430 nm), with a spatial resolution of about 6.3 km and a temporal resolution of 2.5 μs, observing our planet through a nadir-facing UV-transparent window in the Russian Zvezda module. The instrument, launched on 2019/08/22 from the Baikonur cosmodrome, is based on an optical system employing two Fresnel lenses and a focal surface composed of 36 Multi-Anode Photomultiplier tubes, 64 channels each, for a total of 2304 channels with single photon counting sensitivity and an overall field of view of 44◦. Mini-EUSO also contains two ancillary cameras to complement measurements in the near infrared and visible ranges. In this paper we describe the detector and present the various phenomena observed in the first year of operation.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0334

The Fluorescence Telescope on board EUSO-SPB2 for the detection of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays Open Access

Osteria G., Adams J., Battisti M., Belov A., Bertaina M., Bisconti F., Cafagna F., Campana D., Caruso R., Casolino M., Christi M., Ebisuzaki T., Eser J., Fenu F., Filippatos G., Fornaro C., Guarino F., Klimov P., Kungel V., Mackovjak S., Mese M., Miller M., Miyamoto H., Olinto A., Onel Y., Parizot E., Pech M., Perfetto F., Piotrowski L., Prevot G., Reardon P., Ricci M., Sarazin F., Scotti V., Shinozaki K., Shovanec P., Szabelski J., Takizawa Y., Valore L., Wiencke L., Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bagheri M., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Barghini D., Bartocci S., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Benmessai K., Bertone P.F., Biermann P.L., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bolmgren K., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cambié G., Capdevielle J.N., Capel F., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Cassardo C., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Černý K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Cremonini R., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

The Fluorescence Telescope is one of the two telescopes on board the Extreme Universe Space Observatory on a Super Pressure Balloon II (EUSO-SPB2). EUSO-SPB2 is an ultra-long-duration balloon mission that aims at the detection of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) via the fluorescence technique (using a Fluorescence Telescope) and of Ultra High Energy (UHE) neutrinos via Cherenkov emission (using a Cherenkov Telescope). The mission is planned to fly in 2023 and is a precursor of the Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA). The Fluorescence Telescope is a second generation instrument preceded by the telescopes flown on the EUSO-Balloon and EUSO-SPB1 missions. It features Schmidt optics and has a 1-meter diameter aperture. The focal surface of the telescope is equipped with a 6912-pixel Multi Anode Photo Multipliers (MAPMT) camera covering a 37.4 x 11.4 degree Field of Regard. Such a big Field of Regard, together with a flight target duration of up to 100 days, would allow, for the first time from suborbital altitudes, detection of UHECR fluorescence tracks. This contribution will provide an overview of the instrument including the current status of the telescope development.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0206

Study of the calibration method using the stars measured by the EUSO-TA telescope Open Access

Plebaniak Z., Przybylak M., Barghini D., Bertaina M., Bisconti F., Casolino M., Gardiol D., Lipiec R., Piotrowski L.W., Shinozaki K., Szabelski J., Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Ahriche A., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bacholle S., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Yashin I.V., Bartocci S., Battisti M., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Belov A., Benmessai K., Yonetoku D., Bertone P., Biermann P.L., Yoshida S., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cafagna F., Cambie G., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Capel F., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Caruso R., Yano H., Cassardo C., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Cerny K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Cremonini R., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A., Diesing R., Djakonow A., Djemil T., Ebersoldt A., Ebisuzaki T., Engel R., Eliasson L., Eser J., Fenu F., Fernández-González S., Ferrarese S., Fillapatos G., Fornaro C., Fouka M., Franceschi A., Franchini S., Fuglesang C., Fujii T., Fukushima M., Galeotti P., García-Ortega E.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

EUSO-TA is a ground-based experiment, placed at Black Rock Mesa of the Telescope Array site as a part of the JEM-EUSO (Joint Experiment Missions for the Extreme Universe Space Observatory) program. The UV fluorescence imaging telescope with a field of view of about 10.6◦ x 10.6◦ consisting of 2304 pixels (36 Multi-Anode Photomultipliers, 64 pixels each) works with 2.5-microsecond time resolution. An experimental setup with two Fresnel lenses allows for measurements of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays in parallel with the TA experiment as well as the other sources like flashes of lightning, artificial signals from UV calibration lasers, meteors and stars. Stars increase counts on pixels while crossing the field of view as the point-like sources. In this work, we discuss the method for calibration of EUSO fluorescence detectors based on signals from stars registered by the EUSO-TA experiment during several campaigns. As the star position is known, the analysis of signals gives an opportunity to determine the pointing accuracy of the detector. This can be applied to space-borne or balloon-borne EUSO missions. We describe in details the method of the analysis which provides information about detector parameters like the shape of the point spread function and is the way to perform absolute calibration of EUSO cameras.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0240

Simulation studies for the Mini-EUSO detector Open Access

Miyamoto H., Fenu F., Barghini D., Battisti M., Belov A., Bertaina M., Bisconti F., Bonino R., Cambie G., Capel F., Casolino M., Churilo I., Ebisuzaki T., Fuglesang C., Golzio A., Gorodetzky P., Kajino F., Klimov P., Manfrin M., Marcelli L., Marszał W., Mignone M., Parizot E., Picozza P., Piotrowski L.W., Plebaniak Z., Prévôt G., Reali E., Ricci M., Sakaki N., Shinozaki K., Suino G., Szabelski J., Takizawa Y., Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bagheri M., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Bartocci S., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Benmessai K., Bertone P.F., Biermann P.L., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bolmgren K., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cafagna F., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Caruso R., Cassardo C., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Černý K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Cremonini R., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A., Diesing R., Dinaucourt P., Djakonow A., Djemil T., Ebersoldt A.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

Mini-EUSO is a mission of the JEM-EUSO program flying onboard the International Space Station since August 2019. Since the first data acquisition in October 2019, more than 35 sessions have been performed for a total of 52 hours of observations. The detector has been observing Earth at night-time in the UV range and detected a wide variety of transient sources all of which have been modeled through Monte Carlo simulations. Mini-EUSO is also capable of detecting meteors and potentially space debris and we performed simulations for such events to estimate their impact on future missions for cosmic ray science from space. We show here examples of the simulation work done in this framework to analyze the Mini-EUSO data. The expected response of Mini-EUSO with respect to ultra high energy cosmic ray showers has been studied. The efficiency curve of Mini-EUSO as a function of primary energy has been estimated and the energy threshold for Cosmic Rays has been placed to be above 1021 eV. We compared the morphology of several transient events detected during the mission with cosmic ray simulations and excluded that they can be due to cosmic ray showers. To validate the energy threshold of the detector, a system of ground based flashers is being used for end-to-end calibration purposes. We therefore implemented a parameterization of such flashers into the JEM-EUSO simulation framework and studied the response of the detector with respect to such sources.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0334

Science and mission status of EUSO-SPB2 Open Access

Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bagheri M., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Barghini D., Bartocci S., Battisti M., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Belov A.A., Benmessai K., Bertaina M., Bertone P.F., Biermann P.L., Bisconti F., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cafagna F., Cambié G., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Capel F., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Caruso R., Casolino M., Cassardo C., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Černý K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Cremonini R., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A., Diesing R., Dinaucourt P., Djakonow A., Djemil T., Ebersoldt A., Ebisuzaki T., Eliasson L., Eser J., Fenu F., Fernández-González S., Ferrarese S., Filippatos G., Finch W.I., Fornaro C., Fouka M., Franceschi A., Franchini S., Fuglesang C., Fujii T., Fukushima M., Galeotti P., García-Ortega E., Gardiol D., Garipov G.K., Gascón E., Gazda E., Genci J., Golzio A., González Alvarado C., Gorodetzky P., Green A., Guarino F., Guépin C., Guzmán A.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

The Extreme Universe Space Observatory on a Super Pressure Balloon II (EUSO-SPB2) is a second generation stratospheric balloon instrument for the detection of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs, E > 1 EeV) via the fluorescence technique and of Very High Energy (VHE, E > 10 PeV) neutrinos via Cherenkov emission. EUSO-SPB2 is a pathfinder mission for instruments like the proposed Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA). The purpose of such a space-based observatory is to measure UHECRs and UHE neutrinos with high statistics and uniform exposure. EUSO-SPB2 is designed with two Schmidt telescopes, each optimized for their respective observational goals. The Fluorescence Telescope looks at the nadir to measure the fluorescence emission from UHECR-induced extensive air shower (EAS), while the Cherenkov Telescope is optimized for fast signals (∼10 ns) and points near the Earth's limb. This allows for the measurement of Cherenkov light from EAS caused by Earth skimming VHE neutrinos if pointed slightly below the limb or from UHECRs if observing slightly above. The expected launch date of EUSO-SPB2 is Spring 2023 from Wanaka, NZ with target duration of up to 100 days. Such a flight would provide thousands of VHECR Cherenkov signals in addition to tens of UHECR fluorescence tracks. Neither of these kinds of events have been observed from either orbital or suborbital altitudes before, making EUSO-SPB2 crucial to move forward towards a space-based instrument. It will also enhance the understanding of potential background signals for both detection techniques. This contribution will provide a short overview of the detector and the current status of the mission as well as its scientific goals.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0404

An overview of the JEM-EUSO program and results Open Access

Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bagheri M., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Barghini D., Bartocci S., Battisti M., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Belov A.A., Benmessai K., Bertaina M., Bertone P.F., Biermann P.L., Bisconti F., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bolmgren K., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cafagna F., Cambié G., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Capel F., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Caruso R., Casolino M., Cassardo C., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Černý K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Cremonini R., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A., Diesing R., Dinaucourt P., Djakonow A., Djemil T., Ebersoldt A., Ebisuzaki T., Eser J., Fenu F., Fernández-González S., Ferrarese S., Filippatos G., Finch W.I., Fornaro C., Fouka M., Franceschi A., Franchini S., Fuglesang C., Fujii T., Fukushima M., Galeotti P., García-Ortega E., Gardiol D., Garipov G.K., Gascón E., Gazda E., Genci J., Golzio A., González Alvarado C., Gorodetzky P., Green A., Guarino F., Guépin C., Guzmán A.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

The field of UHECRs (Ultra-High energy cosmic Rays) and the understanding of particle acceleration in the cosmos, as a key ingredient to the behaviour of the most powerful sources in the universe, is of outmost importance for astroparticle physics as well as for fundamental physics and will improve our general understanding of the universe. The current main goals are to identify sources of UHECRs and their composition. For this, increased statistics is required. A space-based detector for UHECR research has the advantage of a very large exposure and a uniform coverage of the celestial sphere. The aim of the JEM-EUSO program [1] is to bring the study of UHECRs to space. The principle of observation is based on the detection of UV light emitted by isotropic fluorescence of atmospheric nitrogen excited by the Extensive Air Showers (EAS) in the Earth's atmosphere and forward-beamed Cherenkov radiation reflected from the Earth's surface or dense cloud tops. In addition to the prime objective of UHECR studies, JEM-EUSO will do several secondary studies due to the instruments' unique capacity of detecting very weak UV-signals with extreme time-resolution around 1 μs: meteors, Transient Luminous Events (TLE), bioluminescence, maps of human generated UV-light, searches for Strange Quark Matter (SQM) and high-energy neutrinos, and more. The JEM-EUSO program includes several missions from ground (EUSO-TA [2]), from stratospheric balloons (EUSO-Balloon [3], EUSO-SPB1 [4], EUSO-SPB2 [5]), and from space (TUS [6], Mini-EUSO [7]) employing fluorescence detectors to demonstrate the UHECR observation from space and prepare the large size missions K-EUSO [8] and POEMMA [9]. A review of the current status of the program, the key results obtained so far by the different projects, and the perspectives for the near future are presented.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0406

Estimation of the exposure of the TUS space-based cosmic ray observatory Open Access

Fenu F., Shinozaki K., Zotov M., Bertaina M., Castellina A., Cellino A., Klimov P., Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bagheri M., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Barghini D., Bartocci S., Battisti M., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Belov A.A., Benmessai K., Bertone P.F., Biermann P.L., Bisconti F., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bolmgren K., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cafagna F., Cambié G., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Capel F., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Caruso R., Casolino M., Cassardo C., Catalano O., Černý K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Cremonini R., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A., Diesing R., Dinaucourt P., Djakonow A., Djemil T., Ebersoldt A., Ebisuzaki T., Eser J., Fenu F., Fernández-González S., Ferrarese S., Filippatos G., Finch W.I., Fornaro C., Fouka M., Franceschi A., Franchini S., Fuglesang C., Fujii T., Fukushima M., Galeotti P., García-Ortega E., Gardiol D., Garipov G.K., Gascón E., Gazda E., Genci J.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

The TUS observatory was the first orbital detector aimed at the detection of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). It was launched on April 28, 2016, from the Vostochny cosmodrome in Russia and operated until December 2017. It collected ∼ 80, 000 events with a time resolution of 0.8 μs. A fundamental parameter to be determined for cosmic ray studies is the exposure of an experiment. This parameter is important to estimate the average expected event rate as a function of energy and to calculate the absolute flux in case of event detection. Here we present results of a study aimed to calculate the exposure that TUS accumulated during its mission. The role of clouds, detector dead time, artificial sources, storms, lightning discharges, airglow and moon phases is studied in detail. An exposure estimate with its geographical distribution is presented. We report on the applied technique and on the perspectives of this study in view of the future missions of the JEM-EUSO program.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0333

Measurement of UV light emission of the nighttime Earth by Mini-EUSO for space-based UHECR observations Open Access

Shinozaki K., Bolmgren K., Barghini D., Battisti M., Belov A., Bertaina M., Bisconti F., Cambiè G., Capel F., Casolino M., Fenu F., Golzio A., Klimov P., Kungel V., Marcelli L., Miyamoto H., Piotrowski L.W., Plebaniak Z., Przybylak M., Szabelski J., Sakaki N., Takizawa Y., Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bagheri M., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Bartocci S., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Benmessai K., Bertone P.F., Biermann P.L., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cafagna F., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Caruso R., Cassardo C., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Černý K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Cremonini R., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A., Diesing R., Dinaucourt P., Djakonow A., Djemil T., Ebersoldt A., Ebisuzaki T., Eser J., Fernández-González S., Ferrarese S., Filippatos G., Finch W.I., Fornaro C., Fouka M., Franceschi A., Franchini S., Fuglesang C., Fujii T., Fukushima M.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

The JEM-EUSO (Joint Experiment Missions for Extreme Universe Space Observatory) program aims at the realization of the ultra-high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) observation using wide field of view fluorescence detectors in orbit. Ultra-violet (UV) light emission from the atmosphere such as airglow and anthropogenic light on the Earth’s surface are the main background for the space-based UHECR observations. The Mini-EUSO mission has been operated on the International Space Station (ISS) since 2019 which is the first space-based experiment for the program. The Mini-EUSO instrument consists of a 25 cm refractive optics and the photo-detector module with the 2304-pixel array of the multi-anode photomultiplier tubes. On the nadir-looking window of the ISS, the instrument is capable of continuously monitoring a ∼300 km × 300 km area. In the present work, we report the preliminary result of the measurement of the UV light in the nighttime Earth using the Mini-EUSO data downlinked to the ground. We mapped UV light distribution both locally and globally below the ISS obit. Simulations were also made to characterize the instrument response to diffuse background light. We discuss the impact of such light on space-based UHECR observations and the Mini-EUSO science objectives.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0385

Expected performance of the K-EUSO space-based observatory Open Access

Bianciotto M., Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bagheri M., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Barghini D., Bartocci S., Battisti M., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Belov A.A., Benmessai K., Bertaina M., Bertone P.F., Biermann P.L., Bisconti F., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bolmgren K., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cafagna F., Cambié G., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Capel F., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Caruso R., Casolino M., Cassardo C., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Černý K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Cremonini R., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A., Diesing R., Dinaucourt P., Djakonow A., Djemil T., Ebersoldt A., Ebisuzaki T., Eser J., Fenu F., Fernández-González S., Ferrarese S., Filippatos G., Finch W.I., Fornaro C., Fouka M., Franceschi A., Franchini S., Fuglesang C., Fujii T., Fukushima M., Galeotti P., García-Ortega E., Gardiol D., Garipov G.K., Gascón E., Gazda E., Genci J., Golzio A., González Alvarado C., Gorodetzky P., Green A., Guarino F., Guépin C.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

K-EUSO is a planned mission of the JEM-EUSO program for the study of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) from space, to be deployed on the International Space Station. The K-EUSO observatory consists of a UV telescope with a wide field of view, which aims at the detection of fluorescence light emitted by extensive air showers (EAS) in the atmosphere. The EAS events will be sampled with a time resolution of 1-2.5 μs to reconstruct the entire shower profile with high precision. The detector consisting of ∼ 105 independent pixels will allow a spatial resolution of ∼700 m on ground. From a 400 km altitude, K-EUSO will achieve a large and full sky exposure to sample the highest energy range of the UHECR spectrum. In this contribution, we present estimates of the performance of the observatory: an estimation of the expected exposure and triggered event rate as a function of energy and the event reconstruction performance, including resolution of arrival directions and energy of UHECRs.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0409

Expected Performance of the EUSO-SPB2 Fluorescence Telescope Open Access

Heaton C., Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bagheri M., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Barghini D., Bartocci S., Battisti M., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Belov A.A., Benmessai K., Bertaina M., Bertone P.F., Biermann P.L., Bisconti F., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bolmgren K., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cafagna F., Cambié G., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Capel F., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Caruso R., Casolino M., Cassardo C., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Černý K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Cremonini R., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A., Diesing R., Dinaucourt P., Djakonow A., Djemil T., Ebersoldt A., Ebisuzaki T., Eser J., Fenu F., Fernández-González S., Ferrarese S., Filippatos G., Finch W.I., Fornaro C., Fouka M., Franceschi A., Franchini S., Fuglesang C., Fujii T., Fukushima M., Galeotti P., García-Ortega E., Gardiol D., Garipov G.K., Gascón E., Gazda E., Genci J., Golzio A., González Alvarado C., Gorodetzky P., Green A., Guarino F., Guépin C.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

The Extreme Universe Space Observatory Super Pressure Balloon 2 (EUSO-SPB2) is under development, and will prototype instrumentation for future satellite-based missions, including the Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA). EUSO-SPB2 will consist of two telescopes. The first is a Cherenkov telescope (CT) being developed to identify and estimate the background sources for future below-the-limb very high energy (E>10 PeV) astrophysical neutrino observations, as well as above-the-limb cosmic ray induced signals (E>1 PeV). The second is a fluorescence telescope (FT) being developed for detection of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs). In preparation for the expected launch in 2023, extensive simulations tuned by preliminary laboratory measurements have been performed to understand the FT capabilities. The energy threshold has been estimated at 1018.2 eV, and results in a maximum detection rate at 1018.6 eV when taking into account the shape of the UHECR spectrum. In addition, onboard software has been developed based on the simulations as well as experience with previous EUSO missions. This includes a level 1 trigger to be run on the computationally limited flight hardware, as well as a deep learning based prioritization algorithm in order to accommodate the balloon's telemetry budget. These techniques could also be used later for future, space-based missions.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0405

EUSO@TurLab project in view of Mini-EUSO and EUSO-SPB2 missions Open Access

Miyamoto H., Bertaina M., Barghini D., Battisti M., Belov A., Bisconti F., Blin-Bondil S., Bolmgren K., Cambie G., Capel F., Caruso R., Casolino M., Churilo I., Contino G., Cotto G., Ebisuzaki T., Fenu F., Fuglesang C., Golzio A., Gorodetzky P., Kajino F., Klimov P., Manfrin M., Marcelli L., Marengo M., Marszał W., Mignone M., Parizot E., Picozza P., Piotrowski L.W., Plebaniak Z., Prévôt G., Reali E., Ricci M., Sakaki N., Shinozaki K., Suino G., Szabelski J., Takizawa Y., Youssef A., Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bagheri M., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Bartocci S., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Benmessai K., Bertone P.F., Biermann P.L., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cafagna F., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Cassardo C., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Černý K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Crawford H.J.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

The TurLab facility is a laboratory, equipped with a 5 m diameter and 1 m depth rotating tank, located in the fourth basement level of the Physics Department of the University of Turin. In the past years, we have used the facility to perform experiments related to the observations of Extreme Energy Cosmic Rays (EECRs) from space using the fluorescence technique for JEM-EUSO missions with the main objective to test the response of the trigger logic. In the missions, the diffuse night brightness and artificial and natural light sources can vary significantly in time and space in the Field of View (FoV) of the telescope. Therefore, it is essential to verify the detector performance and test the trigger logic under such an environment. By means of the tank rotation, a various terrestrial surface with the different optical characteristics such as ocean, land, forest, desert and clouds, as well as artificial and natural light sources such as city lights, lightnings and meteors passing by the detector FoV one after the other is reproduced. The fact that the tank located in a very dark place enables the tests under an optically controlled environment. Using the Mini-EUSO data taken since 2019 onboard the ISS, we will report on the comparison between TurLab and ISS measurements in view of future experiments at TurLab. Moreover, in the forthcoming months we will start testing the trigger logic of the EUSO-SPB2 mission. We report also on the plans and status for this purpose.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0318

EUSO-SPB2 Telescope Optics and Testing Open Access

Kungel V., Bachman R., Brewster J., Dawes M., Desiato J., Eser J., Finch W., Huelett L., Olinto A.V., Pace J., Pech M., Reardon P., Schovanek P., Wang C., Wiencke L., Abdellaoui G., Abe S., Adams J.H., Allard D., Alonso G., Anchordoqui L., Anzalone A., Arnone E., Asano K., Attallah R., Attoui H., Ave Pernas M., Bagheri M., Baláz J., Bakiri M., Barghini D., Bartocci S., Battisti M., Bayer J., Beldjilali B., Belenguer T., Belkhalfa N., Bellotti R., Belov A.A., Benmessai K., Bertaina M., Bertone P.F., Biermann P.L., Bisconti F., Blaksley C., Blanc N., Blin-Bondil S., Bobik P., Bogomilov M., Bolmgren K., Bozzo E., Briz S., Bruno A., Caballero K.S., Cafagna F., Cambié G., Campana D., Capdevielle J.N., Capel F., Caramete A., Caramete L., Carlson P., Caruso R., Casolino M., Cassardo C., Castellina A., Catalano O., Cellino A., Černý K., Chikawa M., Chiritoi G., Christl M.J., Colalillo R., Conti L., Cotto G., Crawford H.J., Cremonini R., Creusot A., de Castro Gónzalez A., de la Taille C., del Peral L., Diaz Damian A., Diesing R., Dinaucourt P., Djakonow A., Djemil T., Ebersoldt A., Ebisuzaki T., Fenu F., Fernández-González S., Ferrarese S., Filippatos G., Fornaro C., Fouka M., Franceschi A., Franchini S., Fuglesang C., Fujii T., Fukushima M., Galeotti P.

Proceedings of Science Vol. 395 2022.3

Publisher：Proceedings of Science

The Extreme Universe Space Observatory - Super Pressure Balloon (EUSO-SPB2) mission will fly two custom telescopes that feature Schmidt optics to measure Čerenkov- and fluorescence-emission of extensive air-showers from cosmic rays at the PeV and EeV-scale, and search for τ-neutrinos. Both telescopes have 1-meter diameter apertures and UV/UV-visible sensitivity. The Čerenkov telescope uses a bifocal mirror segment alignment, to distinguish between a direct cosmic ray that hits the camera versus the Čerenkov light from outside the telescope. Telescope integration and laboratory calibration will be performed in Colorado. To estimate the point spread function and efficiency of the integrated telescopes, a test beam system that delivers a 1-meter diameter parallel beam of light is being fabricated. End-to-end tests of the fully integrated instruments will be carried out in a field campaign at dark sites in the Utah desert using cosmic rays, stars, and artificial light sources. Laser tracks have long been used to characterize the performance of fluorescence detectors in the field. For EUSO-SPB2 an improvement in the method that includes a correction for aerosol attenuation is anticipated by using a bi-dynamic Lidar configuration in which both the laser and the telescope are steerable. We plan to conduct these field tests in Fall 2021 and Spring 2022 to accommodate the scheduled launch of EUSO-SPB2 in 2023 from Wanaka, New Zealand.

DOI： 10.22323/1.395.0412

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