Award type：Award from Japanese society, conference, symposium, etc.  Country：Japan

Country：Lao People's Democratic Republic

Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Association of Japanese Geographers  

This study investigated changes in population dynamics and paddy holdings over three generations in two villages established by the Lao people in a basin in northern Laos. In the study area, government policy has promoted migration from highlands since the 1970s. However, there was limited land for new paddy reclamation in the basin, and therefore many residents who migrated from highlands, mainly Khmu people, had limited opportunities to engage in wet-rice cultivation in the basin villages where they resided and ultimately continued the subsistence swidden agriculture they had practiced in the highlands. The common method of acquiring new paddies in basin villages, where it is difficult to develop new paddies, is to purchase paddies from residents who have moved away from the villages. Many residents waited for such opportunities and worked in urban areas to make money to purchase paddies. Migrants from highlands in these basin villages are faced with the choice of staying in the basin, where paddy fields are scarce, or migrating to urban areas. We found that the basin villages functioned as intermediate points for migration between highlands and urban areas.

DOI： 10.4157/ejgeo.18.279

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Association of Japanese Geographers  

This study investigated changes in population dynamics and paddy holdings over three generations in two villages established by the Lao people in a basin in northern Laos. In the study area, government policy has promoted migration from highlands since the 1970s. However, there was limited land for new paddy reclamation in the basin, and therefore many residents who migrated from highlands, mainly Khmu people, had limited opportunities to engage in wet-rice cultivation in the basin villages where they resided and ultimately continued the subsistence swidden agriculture they had practiced in the highlands. The common method of acquiring new paddies in basin villages, where it is difficult to develop new paddies, is to purchase paddies from residents who have moved away from the villages. Many residents waited for such opportunities and worked in urban areas to make money to purchase paddies. Migrants from highlands in these basin villages are faced with the choice of staying in the basin, where paddy fields are scarce, or migrating to urban areas. We found that the basin villages functioned as intermediate points for migration between highlands and urban areas.

DOI： 10.4157/ejgeo.18.291

Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Association of Japanese Geographers  

We conducted research on the seasonal diet and food-acquisition strategies of households in a village inhabited by an ethnic minority group (Mankon) in Xepon district, central Laos, who maintain a subsistence economy by engaging in swidden agriculture, fishery, animal feeding, hunting, and gathering. We adopted the food diary method in which we collected data on everyday side dish menus as well as data concerning who acquired the main ingredients of those menus. The results suggested that the production–expenditure balance in household food acquisition changed from minus to plus during the period when children were in their teens, and the contribution of children to household food acquisition was important.

DOI： 10.4157/ejgeo.18.309

Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Association on Geographical Space  

DOI： 10.24586/jags.14.1_1

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Association of Japanese Geographers  

A key problem faced by Japanese agriculture is the decline in the number of fulltime farmers due to the aging population, which combined with the absence of farm successors is leading to abandoned and under-used farmland. Under these conditions, we analyze the shifts in labor force allocation within households, between households, and between different communities, in order to secure the continuity of farming activities. Recent agricultural policies aim to increase the active participation in farming of women and of returning farmers, people who left their hometown to engage in non-agricultural work but return to or take up farming after retirement. The study examines strategies to maintain the continuous use of farmland despite the declining numbers of farmers by analyzing the Tachi settlement, whose residents commute for work to the nearby urban areas of Kanazawa and Komatsu cities in Ishikawa prefecture. The study analyzed the occupations of household members in this settlement and evaluated how the residents’ employment choices have influenced the continuous use of farmland in the area. Many studies in agricultural geography in Japan on systems of farmland use and community farming have focused on households centered on a male head-of-household. Our study is original in its focus on the occupations of all individuals in each household to assess the allocation of farming labor in rural households and other mechanisms to maintain their farmland, such as consigning work to other farmers, or renting out their farmland. Over the past decades, with the decline in the number of successors willing to inherit the farms, the number of farms taken over by the next generation has decreased in Tachi, and those responsible for the farmland have had to request help from outside their settlement. However, the study reports some recent positive trends (a family moving back to the settlement and taking up farming, including leasing previously abandoned land). Consequently, farmland use is being localized again within the settlement. Our case study, Tachi, can be considered a representative case study, as it encapsulates many of the recent trends in development of marginal rural communities Japan (rapid socio-demographic decline and its impact on the continuity of farmland use and management practices, especially in terms of labor allocation, but also regarding the mechanisms of renting out/lending farmland). The limited local scale allows for the detailed survey of the entire community as well as an in-depth analysis of data. Findings of this study might prove useful in the elaboration of rural/farming policies with the potential of wider implementation in similar areas in Japan but also (at the broader scale) in Asia.

DOI： 10.4157/geogrevjapanb.93.15

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japan Society of Tropical Ecology  

Livelihood diversification involves the well-characterized strategies of smallholder farmers to combine risk aversion under a market economy. Since livelihood diversification studies have focused on diversifying income sources to include non-farm and off-farm income, the benefit of adding subsistence-oriented farming to the livelihood portfolio has been underestimated. This form of livelihood diversification is broadly observable in Southeast Asia, and could be another risk aversion strategy to cope with unpredictable market conditions. This study examined the role of swidden farming in livelihood diversification through the analysis of individuals’ labor allocation in livelihood portfolio, annual working hours, and seasonal changes in working hours in a village in northern Laos. Information was obtained through direct interviews with 133 individuals. Interviews were conducted in 2017 and gathered information on demographic features, economic activities, and monthly working hours for individual in 2016. The results indicated: 1) Individual’s livelihood portfolio was determined by the assets that the ethnic group and each household held to a large extent; 2) Livelihood diversification took place at the individual level rather than at household level, through an increase in annual working hours, as well as monthly working hours during the peak period of labor demand; and 3) Labor demand for swidden farming was moderate, so villagers can incorporate it into their livelihood portfolio. The study highlighted that flexibility would be another facet of livelihood diversification. Swidden farming was likely to play a pivotal role in its flexibility, but it was not important as an income source.

DOI： 10.3759/tropics.MS19-08

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Australian Rangeland Society  

Lao smallholders are experiencing livestock grazing land constraints due to resettlement, increasing cattle numbers and commercial cash crop plantations. In this paper we describe changes in cattle grazing systems in an upland village in northern Laos, including the role of forage crops and their effects on cattle productivity. We interviewed 92 Hmong and Khmu households about their migration history, cattle grazing practices, cattle productivity and other livelihood activities. In addition, we measured the heart girths of 231 cattle. We found that the traditional free-range cattle grazing has diverged into three distinct systems incorporating fields fenced to different degrees. Although none of the three systems increased cattle body size, the forage pasture and swidden-farming system successfully increased the grazing capacity compared with other systems. Thus, this method appeared to be the most suitable for Hmong smallholders to manage crop and cattle production in the context of land constraints. Efforts should be made to examine how the newly implemented systems could attenuate villager livelihood and pre-emptively address the problems associated with degrading fallow land.

DOI： 10.1071/RJ18102

Scopus

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier  

Bacillus species such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens are widely used to produce fermented foods from soybeans and locust beans in Asian and West African countries, respectively. Genomic information for B. subtilis strains isolated from Asian Bacillus-fermented foods (BFFs) has been gathered, and the chemical components of fermented products were defined with metabolomic approaches, facilitating the development of new starter strains and the evaluation of health claims. On the other hand, although advanced studies have been performed for some commercially produced BFFs, home-manufactured products still remain to be characterized in rural areas. In West Africa, the microbial flora of BFFs was examined in detail, leading to the isolation of candidates of the starter that produced bacteriocin against Bacillus cereus contaminating the products. These studies may provide a choice of Bacillus strains in food application and increase opportunities for further usage of Bacillus in foods.

DOI： 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.09.001

Scopus

PubMed

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japan Society of Tropical Ecology  

Twenty years of long-term maize monoculture that began in the 1990s have resulted in the heavily maize-dependent economy of the northwestern mountainous region of Vietnam, especially in Yen Chau, the core production area. Before 2014, maize accounted for over 70% of the agricultural area. The continuous decrease in maize production value has strongly affected the Tai Dam community in Yen Chau and led to the replacement of various livelihood activities. This contributed to a major shrinkage of the maize area by 28.2% by the end of 2017. This study aims to investigate the determinants of the rapid development of different livelihood trends in Lac Ken, Suoi Bun, and Luong Me villages. A detailed social and statistical investigation was conducted of 198 households in 2016 and 220 households in 2017. The findings of this study indicate that small differences in cultivated land areas and infrastructure facilities have fostered the formation of and changes in livelihood structures. The areal withdrawal of maize occurred concurrently with the increasing trend of fruit tree and sugarcane cultivation. Never-before-seen migrant work unexpectedly became a promising livelihood activity for local farmers. Differences in internal and external forces are believed to be the driving factors behind the new forms of livelihood activities.

DOI： 10.3759/tropics.MS18-09

Web of Science

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Association of Japanese Geographers  

Maize is the most important cash crop in Vietnam’s northern mountainous region. It is credited with eradicating hunger and alleviating poverty. However, the continuous decreasing trend in the global maize price since 2013 has resulted in various socioeconomic problems. Yen Chau district follows a cultivation regime of annually changing maize varieties. This goes against the objectives of national test procedures for new seed. This study aimed to establish whether the annually changing seed cultivation regime is the consequence of the fierce competition between seed enterprises. We found that the maize trading structure is centered on a three-level trader network that plays a crucial role in connecting stakeholders. Strong social relationships along with weak credit/production commitments between farmers and traders have facilitated maize production throughout the region. Seed and supply enterprises target traders to promote their products and are the most important information channel for farmers. This study’s findings suggest that seed selection in Yen Chau has no scientific basis but is the result of market factors.

DOI： 10.4157/geogrevjapanb.91.40

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：岩波書店  

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Humanus Societatem Natura  

Many Japanese think Natto (fermented soybeans) is a traditional Japanese food. Natto is undeniably the traditional Japanese food, but it is not a unique Japanese food. In "The Lucidophyllous Forest Culture (Syoyo-jyurin Bunka)" proposed in the end the 1960s, it was shown that fermented soybean foods such as Miso and Natto are produced inlucidophyllous forest zone extending into Southeast Asia and the Himalayas. Moreover, in the hypothesis of "Natto Triangle (Natto no Dai-sankakukei)" presented by Sasuke NAKAO in the 1970s, Natto was thought to have originated in Yunnan Province, China. Academic research to explore the origin of Natto, however, has not been completely implemented since then. In this paper, we would like to introduce an Natto culture in Southeast Asia and the Himalayas which is little known to Japanese, and approach the origin of Natto from a new perspective.

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Association of Japanese Geographers  

Climate events pose major challenges to food production and the livelihoods of rural inhabitants in northern Laos, where upland rice using swidden production is an important crop. The onset of the rainy season in this area is one such climate event, and it has occurred earlier and with less regularity in recent years. Not all households are able to cope with these changes. This study examines the ability of local farmers to cope with rice insufficiency. This investigation also clarifies household strategies in dealing with the climate event. We randomly interviewed 63 of 95 household heads, and performed a paired sample t test to examine the significance of differences in three household groups between the 2010 normal climate and the 2011 climate event. The groups were categorized according to rice self-sufficiency in 2011: groups I are households with rice self-sufficiency, group II are those facing a rice shortage of up to 3 months, and group III are those with insufficient rice for over 3 months. We also conducted a one-way ANOVA to examine the significance of differences in livelihood strategies among the three groups. We found that the household labor force was the most important factor in enhancing the villagers’ ability to deal with the climate event and that the level of impact of that event shaped their coping strategies. Households with substantial labor force had more options for coping strategies than those with smaller ones. The villagers faced different levels of impact and adopted different coping strategies accordingly. Non-timber forest product collection was the principle livelihood strategy in response to non-climate factors such as education, access to health services, provision of equipment and clothing, and overcoming the impact of the climate event. Households heavily affected by the early rainy season onset tended to engage in intensive activities such as off-farm activity and outside work, rather than their major livelihood activities in the village (upland crop and livestock production).

DOI： 10.4157/geogrevjapanb.87.131

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Chinese Academy of Sciences  

This study examines the effects of a climate event on livelihood assets of households in upland northern Laos, when the early onset of the rainy season as a result of climate change led to a failure to burn swidden systems. A Sustainable Livelihoods Framework is applied to estimate rural livelihood assets associated with differences in climate conditions, such as the 2010 normal climate and the 2011 climate event, and to compare household strategies in each climate condition. The findings indicate that natural capital had the highest index value in the 2010 normal climate, whereas human capital had the highest value in the 2011 climate event. Financial capital had the lowest index in both climate conditions. Residents at the research site were better off in terms of natural capital but worse off in terms of financial capital. This indicates that the government and other rural development agencies should not only manage natural resources; income-generation activities are also needed. We conclude that natural resources, as well as non-timber forest product (NTFP) gathering and off-farm activity, were the most important strategies for the entire research site under the normal climate condition. NTFP gathering and outside work are important in meeting subsistence needs and augmenting income levels in households when the rainy season begins early as a result of climate change. Outside employment was an additional strategy in households to achieve their livelihood goals, including food security and household income generation, under conditions of economic change and climate events.

DOI： 10.1007/s11629-013-2879-y

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japan Society of Tropical Ecology  

This paper reviewed some of the major study results published mainly in Japanese on swidden agriculture which was once practiced in Japan. In this review, a focus was placed on the natural environment in which swidden agriculture was practiced, cropping systems, crop cultivation in swidden fields, the transition of swidden agriculture at the end of the disappearing stage, and the utilization of millet cultivated in swidden agriculture. Swidden agriculture of temperate Japan featured cultivation primarily of millet, and was characterized by highly sophisticated and complex cropping systems according to the natural environment, which varied from one region to another. In the 1970s, however, swidden agriculture which had been continuously practiced as a primary means of subsistence in mountainous areas of Japan ceased to exist. Accordingly, the review will primarily focus on studies from the 1950s to 1970s, the post-war period in which a large number of research findings were produced from the perspectives of the humanities and natural sciences. The methodologies and perspectives adopted in the studies on Japanese swidden agriculture are definitely applicable to currently conducted studies of swidden agriculture in tropical regions.

DOI： 10.3759/tropics.22.131

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier  

The rate of urbanization in Laos has increased significantly since the country began its transition to a market economy in 1986. Although urbanization in developing countries has been examined extensively in the literature, very few researchers have focused on Laos. Our main aim here was to examine the effectiveness of utilizing the master plan as a management tool to regulate urban growth in Vientiane, the capital city of Laos. We used a mixed-methods approach to address the research objective. First, we examined the population changes since 1985. Next, land-use and land-cover changes were detected by analyzing the satellite images from three different time periods. Then, we analyzed the city's recently approved master plan to determine whether it can regulate urban growth. Finally, to investigate the socio-economic and institutional issues and better understand the reasons for rapid land-use and land-cover changes, we interviewed several key figures from the departments related to urban management and a number of residents living in the peri-urban area. Between 1995 and 2011, the urban population in the study area increased from 337,000 to 780,000. In the same time period, the built-up area increased from approximately 154 km2 to more than 206 km2. The total area of the forests decreased from approximately 2354 km2 to approximately 1353 km2. The results indicate that there is an urgent need for improvements in the regulatory and management aspects and that the master plan should be revised to provide a more realistic account of the existing situation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.07.014

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：山川出版社  

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Association of Japanese Geographers  

This article reviewes the research trends in Nature and Society Studies authored by Japanese geographers, which have appeared in academic journals in the geography field in Japan from the 1980s onwards; these are organized into three categories, “land-use and subsistence activities,” “biological resources and subsistence activities” and “the environment and resources.” In two of the categories of “land-use and subsistence activities” and “biological resources and subsistence activities,” there has been substantial research conducted which deals with cases in developing countries. Yet, research on domestic activities in Japan where significant economic development has already been achieved remains scarce. The reason for this seems to be that research dealing with domestic agriculture, forestry, livestock and fishery conducted from the geographical perspective has not emphasized the subsistence aspect of these activities but rather these were considered as a part of industries. Accordingly, the majority of research in these areas is conducted from the perspective of economic geography. In regards to the research on “the environment and resources,” it became evident that Nature and Society Studies has not yet determined what type of approach should be taken to analyze the environment/resource use and environmental perception. The Nature and Society Study Group represents a new field in Japanese geography but its significance for research on human–nature interactions has gradually come to be recognized in the community of Japanese geographers through various activities including symposiums. Preparing for and coping with natural hazards, the environment and development, sustainable resource use, environmental change and survival are all the targets of Nature and Society Studies, and research in these areas is expected to develop in the future.

DOI： 10.4157/geogrevjapanb.86.62

Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Association on Geographical Space  

The purpose of this study is to review the previous studies of brewing/distilling and drinking of traditional alcoholic beverages with a focus on Asia which is widely using molds of the genus Aspergillus for alcohol brewing. Traditional alcoholic beverages of Asia can be roughly divided into Sake type（Japanese refined alcohol）, Doburoku type（unrefined alcohol） and distilled alcohol type. As a result, in terms of brewing and distilling, research trends varied from type to type. Whereas molds of the genus Aspergillus and these regional differences are actively discussed in Doburoku type, many studies on factors of brewery location and movements of seasonal brewing workers are accumulated in Sake type. Regarding distilled alcohol type, formation of the main distilling area and the geographical indication from the industrial geographical point of view are major research topics. The studies of Sake type and distilled alcohol type are mainly conducted in Japan as a research area. As for the study of drinking behavior, there was no systematic framework. The authors, therefore, classified the purpose of drinking into three categories: ritual, hospitality and daily life. In East Asia, some studies refer that the origin of drinking traditional alcohol beverage was closely related to agricultural rite which have communication with the gods. An another role of drinking is to give hospitality to guests. In any cases, Asian regions had norms that people drink traditional alcohol beverage together in groups, and solitary drinker cases were seldom to find. However, people can get alcohol anywhere and anytime, and expand opportunities to drink alone. Accordingly, problematic behavior is increased by the modernization. At present drinking norms are greatly changing. Through the discussion so far, this study presented the three research perspectives to grasp traditional alcoholic beverages in Asia: firstly, the elucidation of the regionality which has not been established research methods; secondly, re-thinking cultural significance of traditional alcoholic beverages in the region, thirdly, adopting a multilateral research approach from a geographical comprehensive point of view for elucidating the regionality of traditional alcoholic beverages.

DOI： 10.24586/jags.6.1_1

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Unit for Himalayan Studies, Kyoto University  

Swidden agriculture tends to be viewed as outdated in comparison to intensive modern agriculture. From the viewpoint of ecology, however, swidden agriculture represents a sustainable and cyclical farming method that makes use of natural processes and is, by no means, outdated. However, as swidden agriculture has come under increasing regulation around the world, the area of land under swidden cultivation has declined dramatically, and the practice faces possible extinction. In this study, through a case study of northern Laos where swidden agriculture is still widely practiced, I re-examined the value of swidden agriculture in terms of people, nature, and livelihood, focusing on the cyclical use of natural resources in continuous swidden agriculture and subsistence strategies employed by swidden farmers. As a result, it was found that swidden agriculture involves an everchanging mix of space that includes swidden fields and fallow forests at various stages of succession; as such, it is not possible to consider each space separately. Swidden agriculture is best characterized by "continuity, " not "classification." Swidden land can be considered an "agricultural field" for food production in the first year after slashing and burning; however, over the long fallow period that follows, it returns to being a biologically diverse "forest" after repeated cycles of invasion and succession of vegetation. Furthermore, if we consider swidden agriculture from the standpoint of livelihood activities, it can be seen that the same land, after being employed for food production, is used for stubble grazing of cattle, and further utilized as a source of plants and insects, and even for hunting. Thus, swidden agriculture is characterized by "continuity" not only in terms of ecology but also livelihood. Reconsidering swidden agriculture from the standpoint of "continuity, " brings to light benefits of the practice that have not conventionally been recognized.

DOI： 10.14989/HSM.14.242

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：日本環境共生学会  

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Center for Southeast Asian Area Studies, Kyoto University  

DOI： 10.20495/tak.51.1_168

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Laos  

In order to examine the impacts of fast-growing tree plantations on local vegetation and plant use, we conducted a vegetation survey and interviews with residents in Village P, Pak Kading District, Bolikhamxay Province in central Laos, which has an extensive secondary forest and newly established eucalyptus plantation. The vegetation survey, consisting of the sampling of one quadrat each established in the secondary forest and the plantation site, yielded 160 individuals representing 80 species and 289 individuals representing 61 species in the respective locations. Species diversity was higher in the secondary forest than in the plantation site. In terms of plant use, it was found that 0.59 species and 0.79 individuals per square meter in the secondary forest were used by local villagers; the same figures for the plantation site were 0.36 species and 0.51 individuals per square meter, respectively. The number of useful plants was higher in the secondary forest than in the plantation site. There were few common species between the two locations. Although there exist useful plants in the plantation site that could potentially benefit villagers’ livelihoods, the above results primarily reveal the relative importance of the secondary forest in Village P. This research contributes valuable baseline information to support the sustainable development of local societies and the environment.

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.)   Publisher：人文地理学会  

DOI： 10.4200/jjhg.63.2_165

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：The Asahi Breweries Foundation  

A variety of fermented soybean foods such as Natto of Japan, Tua Nao of Thailand and Kinema of Himalaya, are widely produced in the glossy-leaved forest (Shōyōjyurin) of subtropical monsoon Asia. Although there are several discussions on the origin and the diffusion of the fermented soybean foods, it is still not clear. In order to address the unsolved issues, the fermented soybean foods in Southeast Asia which has much more variety than the other regions must weigh in detail. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify both the similarities and difference of fermented soybean foods between Myanmar and Northern Thailand from the point of view of plant use for the fermentation of non-salted soybeans. In Northern Thailand and Shan State of Myanmar, households which produce dried fermented soybean on a large commercial scale did not supply any plant during the fermentation, and use plastic bag. However, small scale producers use traditional bamboo basket and put the leaf of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus or Tectona grandis. In Kachin State of Myanmar where Ficus spp. is supplied as the source of Bacillus subtilis, unground form is mostly produced and threaded much. The process of making fermented soybean is basically the same among Northern Thailand, Shan State and Kachin State; however, there was regionally difference in the use of plant to supply Bacillus subtilis. This study suggests the possibility that regional diversity of plant use for the fermentation shows the independent origin of non-salted soybean production. To validate this hypothesis, further study must be required in other important regions such as Himalaya and Southern China.

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Center for Southeast Asian Area Studies, Kyoto University  

The purpose of this study is to clarify the trade flow of agro-forest products and commodities by analyzing commercial activities and private traders in a mountainous region. This study focused on Ngoi district of Luang Phabang province in northern Laos where there is a long history of non-timber forest product (NTFP) trading in the study area.
 In the Lān Xāng Kingdom era, political coordinators called Lām collected agro-forest products from mountain people as tax, and private traders purchased NTFPs, mainly benzoin and cardamom. Then, under the communist regime in the period between 1960 and 1986, private traders were replaced by government-managed stores and the role of the Lām disappeared. After the Lao version of Perestroika or Chintanakan Mai in 1986, private agro-forest product trading was re-established in the study area and in addition, general stores and periodic markets appeared along the riverside. The re-establishment of agroforest product trading resulted from the stimulation of commodity flows due to the local general stores and periodic markets, and vice versa.
 During the Chintanakan Mai period, the NTFPs being traded in the study area were not traditional foods or medicines but rather new products being exported to foreign countries, especially China. The borders with Thailand, China, and Vietnam in northern Laos were re-opened in the early 1990s, after which Chinese traders came directly to northern Laos to purchase NTFPs. This paper shows how the stimulation of human mobility, commodity distribution, and information flow observed after Chintanakan Mai has strongly affected the livelihood of the mountain people.

DOI： 10.20495/tak.47.4_374

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：Faculty of Letters, Kumamoto University  

This paper tried to clarify residential preference of students in Faculty of Letters, Kumamoto University, by interpreting mental maps. Mental maps are frequently used as a tool for analysis of environmental perception or environmental assessment. Spatial pattern drawn in the mental maps represents commonalities and regionalites of residential preference. As a result of analysis, the tendency of residential preference varies remarkably by hometown of the respondents or students' major field of study. The mental maps, however, also showed the commonalities of residential preference. Urbanized prefectures (Tokyo and Fukuoka) and prefectures known as popular destination for tourist (Kyoto, Hokkaido and Okinawa) are prefered by most of the respondents.

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Association of Japanese Geographers  

Tourism is one of the most important sources of foreign currency for developing countries, and landlocked Laos, the least developed country in Southeast Asia, is no exception. Under the socialist regime, however, the government of Laos forbade foreigners to enter the country. The development of the tourism industry therefore, did not start until the government adapted the New Economic Mechanism for economic liberalization in 1986. To promote the tourism industry, the Laotian government needed to develop legislation regarding the entry of foreign tourists.
Since the early 1990s, the Laotian government has implemented various tourism policies, such as issuing tourist visas for international tourists, abolishing the domestic travel pass, and launching the Visit Laos Year 1999-2000 campaign. The promotion of tourism by the government resulted in an increase in foreign tourist arrivals. In addition to historically known tourist sites such as Vientiane, the capital city, and Luang Phabang, a World Heritage Site, new tourist sites in rural areas of the northern region were created by free independent travelers (described as backpackers). The most notable rural tourist site is Vang Vieng in Vientiane province.
In the 1990s, the number of backpacker arrivals in Vang Vieng rapidly increased after the completion of a bridge across the Mekong River and with the Visit Laos Year 1999-2000 campaign. The existing small commercial area has since given way to more tourism-related facilities used by backpackers rather than by the locals. Furthermore, tourism-related facilities have expanded to adjacent areas. Isolated concentrations of tourism-related facilities in central Vang Vieng can be called a “backpacker enclave, ” where many travelers, especially backpackers, come and stay. Additionally, many tourism-related facility operators come from other areas, including overseas, to establish businesses in this area, and therefore this space can be understood as a social space that is completely different from the adjacent area where local farmers live.
In Vang Vieng, not all the locals are pleased with its transformation into a tourist site, because an increase in backpackers who seldom try the local food do not contribute to the rise in sales of local agricultural products, and new social problems such as drug use and prostitution have increased. Furthermore, since the locals do not know how to cook Western-style meals and also do not speak English, tourism-related facilities in Vang Vieng offer few job opportunities for them. Although the regional formation of such backpacker enclaves has provided economic benefits to tourism operators, most farmers have received little benefit from it.
In conclusion, backpacker enclaves in rural areas of developing countries like Laos create new spatial binaries: backpacker enclave versus paddy fields, tourism operators versus farmers, and tourists versus locals. In addition, it has an adverse social influences on farmers and the economic gap between tourism operators and farmers has widened.

DOI： 10.4157/grj.80.591

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：The Asian Geographical Association  

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：Research Institute for Humanity and Nature  

People in rural regions of northern Laos depend largely upon natural resources for their livelihoods. In order to examine plant-human interactions, the authors recorded whole plants used for everyday life and constructed a practical plant use map that identified plant varieties and growing places in Mai Naatao village, a Khum village of Oudomxay province in 2004. The results of this 2004 survey indicated that the locals obtain many kinds of useful plants from different environments.
In 2005, we conducted a similar plant use survey with three Akha Nyau informants at Houay Pee village, Khoa district, Phongsaly province. Locations of plants were obtained using GPS. Overall, 123 species were recorded across 134 places in the village, and 104 plants were collected as herbarium specimens. These plants are used for food, as tools, and for medicinal and ceremonial purposes in everyday life. The locals gather the plants from a variety of locations with different ecological conditions such as swidden fields, fallowed-swidden of various ages, old secondary forest, streams and the roadside. In particular, plants found in fallowed-swidden, paths near the settlement, and in the roadside and riverside, which are often disturbed by the everyday activities of the inhabitants, are playing an important role in local livelihoods.
The findings of these surveys at Mai Naatao and Houay Pee villages are contributed to our understanding of 1) the differences between the plant use maps made by this study and the “ideal” land use map thought by outside parties, 2) the subsistence activities that combine swidden agriculture with wild plants gathering and wild animals hunting, 3) the meaning and significance of secondary forests, 4) the relationship between globalization and wild plants trading, and 5) spatial cognitions of people toward natural environment. We expect that this study can provide support for the establishment of regional eco-history from the viewpoint of plant-human interactions in northern Laos.

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：Faculty of Letters, Kumamoto University  

The Mountainous Region of Mainland Southeast Asia has been drawn attention from the scholars recently, and research results of Laos, which is used to be called “the forgotten country”, are also being accumulated gradually. Keywords such as complex multiethnic country, mountainous country, swidden agriculture and the lack of basic infrastructures are often used as the representation of Lao’s characteristics. For example, “swidden agriculture is practiced by the ethnic minorities in the mountainous area where infrastructure maintenance is insufficient” is the widely used description of socio‐economic conditions activities of the Laos. Quantitive data concerning interrelation between swidden agriculture, the ethnic minorities, infrastructure maintenance and the mountainous area is not publicized in scientific papers. The purpose of this paper is to provide data for discussing agricultural forms of Laos and information for comparing Laos to other regions in the Mountainous Region of Mainland Southeast Asia, and also to examine availability of these data by organizing quantitive data on the geographical configuration, infrastructure, ethnic characteristics and agricultural forms.

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：岩波書店  

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：福武学術文化振興財団  

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：Research Institute for Humanity and Nature  

There is a long history of forest product gathering in northern Laos. The indigenous peoples, especially the Khmu people, have actively gathered benzoin and cardamom for centuries. In the past, governmental peddlers sold commodities and purchased agro-forest products from mountain people. After the Lao version of Perestroika or Chintanakan Mai in 1986, privately managed agro-forest product trader appeared in the mountainous region. Apart from benzoin and cardamom, the forest products that are traded in this region are not traditional species for food or medicine but are new species exported to China after the 1990s. The Thailand border and the Chinese border in northern Laos, which used to be closed to ordinary people due to government policy, were re-opened in the early of 1990s. Afterwards, Chinese traders came directly to northern Laos by truck to purchase these forest products. The flow of people, goods and information seen after Chintanakan Mai has strongly influenced the livelihood of these mountain peoples.

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：The Center for Lao Studies  

The Mountainous Region of Mainland Southeast Asia has been drawn attention from the scholars recently, and research results of Laos, which is used to be called "the forgotten country", are also being accumulated gradually. Keywords such as complex multiethnic country, mountainous country, swidden agriculture and the lack of basic infrastructures are often used as the representation of Lao's characteristics. For example, "swidden agriculture is practiced by the ethnic minorities in the mountainous area where infrastructure maintenance is insufficient" is the widely used description of socio-economic conditions activities of the Laos. Quantitive data concerning interrelation between swidden agriculture, the ethnic minorities, infrastructure maintenance and the mountainous area is not publicized in scientific papers.
The purpose of this paper is to provide data for discussing agricultural forms of Laos and information for comparing Laos to other regions in the Mountainous Region of Mainland Southeast Asia, and also to examine availability of these data by organizing quantitive data on the geographical configuration, infrastructure, ethnic characteristics and agricultural forms.

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本ナショナルトラスト  

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Center for Southeast Asian Area Studies, Kyoto University  

This paper aims at clarifying the relationship between traditional forest use, ethnicity and settlement location in the mountainous area of northern Laos, by observing cash income activities, focusing particularly on non-timber forest product (NTFP) gathering.
 As ethnic Lao settlements are located along the river, many households engage in nonagricultural activities. Khmu settlements are located throughout the whole region, with agriculture as the main activity of most households. Hmong settlements are located only in mountainous areas; almost all households have both rice farming and opium poppy cultivation asmain farming activities.
 The most important activity contributing to cash income is NTFP gathering. A large quantity of NTFPs is grown as secondary vegetation after burning the forest for swidden agriculture. The most notable of these is the styrax tree (Styrax tonkinensis) which produces a balsamic resin known as benzoin. As a regeneration of styrax trees is performed in combination with swidden agriculture, this land use system of combined benzoin gathering and swidden agriculture is comparable to the concept of an agro-forestry. This type of forest use has long been practiced in the study area. However, the present study shows that this agro-forestry mode of forest use, or indigenous sustainable forest use system, is at risk of collapse, due to political regulations against forest utilization.

DOI： 10.20495/tak.42.2_132

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：Research Institute for Humanity and Nature  

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Association of Japanese Geographers  

In the expansive afforestation period after the Second World War, artificial forest was planted in Japanese mountain villages in expectation of the demand for timber in urban regions. These forests have already finished the thinning stage and have reached their final age. Due worsening circumstances of forestry management such as the timber price decline, however, mountain villages not only receive little forestry income but also worry about their continued existence. With the above-mentioned background, analysis of forestry management is important to clarify current problems in forestry and mountain villages. It is generally difficult to illustrate change in forest management and thus monitoring over the long term corresponding spatially with forest block data is needed. Analyzing the recovery of typhoon-damaged forest in the short term is one aspect of forest management, and the use of GIS data can assist in this analysis.
The purpose of this paper is to clarify the issues of forest management in typhoon-damaged forest and analyze natural, human, and economic factors involved in slope failure distribution and the recovery of typhoon-damaged forest. Yabe village, Fukuoka Prefecture, is afforested with Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and also suffered serious typhoon damage from typhoon No. 19 in 1991 and was then chosen as the study area.
Numerous slope failures were confirmed by aerial photographs taken in 1996; Slope failures overlapped 73.6 percentage with typhoon-damaged forest and resulted from the steep slope, BD brown forest soil and Japanese cedar afforestation sites. Moreover, in 86.4% of slope failures that overlap with typhoon-damaged forest the recovery from typhoon damege was abandoned. The occurrence of slope failure is related to human factors in addition to natural factors.
In the sites where forest management has ceased, absent forest holders are behind the recovery of typhoon-damaged forest. Forest management costs, for example, differential recovery cost depending on the distance from forest roads, timber price decline, and rising labor costs for forest management, are involved in the recovery status. Thus various factors are involved.
Forest resource preservation by carrying out appropriate forest management is important for mountain villages where the promotion policy focuses on natural resource utilization. Coping with the issue of forest management, especially that of absent holders, influences to the existence of mountain villages.

DOI： 10.4157/grj1984a.74.5_287

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Human Geographical Society of Japan  

This paper presents the results of a case study of a mountain village in northern Laos. The focus of the paper is on the change in its occupational structure after the introduction of nonagricultural activities.
In 1986, after 11 years of communist-based policies, the government adopted the Lao version of Perestroika or 'Chintanakan mai'. These policies appear to be having an impact even in remote, mountainous villages, as evidenced by an increase in non-agricultural activities in rural areas.
The village taken up in this study is Phonsavang, a mountain village in northern Laos that has moved its location twice in the last 25 years. With each change of location, the village has diversified its economic activities. To begin with, the village was located in the mountains and traditional activities such as swidden agriculture played a central role in its economy. However, in the mid-1970s, the village moved to Nam Beng riverside where the villagers tried to develop paddy fields and began the shipment of forest products under the influence of neig hboring villages. After the introduction of the 'Chintanakan mai' policy, in 1988, the village moved to its current location, based along the No.2 national road. Since this move, many households have introduced non-agricultural activities such as general shop management, sawmill labor and teak plantations. Despite these changes, the village is still self-sufficient in rice production.
A multivariate analysis using 'Quantification Theory Type II', a type of discriminant analysis, was carried out to describe the characteristics of households in the village. The criterion variable is the introduction of non-agricultural activities, and the predictor variables are types of rice field holdings, teak plantations and various types of agricultural capital goods. As a result of this analysis, households that introduced non-agricultural activities can be characterized as not holding any rice fields, or cultivating only paddy if they hold rice fields, and having expensive agricultural capital goods such as a thresher and a tractor. Ordinary households, on the other hand, can be characterized as specializing in rice farming using swidden methods.
After characterizing the different household structures, the study examined the economic activities of households that introduced non-agricultural activities in detail. These households have accumulated a variety of capital goods- for example, cars, threshers and tractors. Most successful households that have many capital goods achieve success through the brokerage of forest products. However, not all households have been able to accumulate capital goods by themselves. Instead, they have relied on remittances from relatives who now live in a foreign country.
This study suggests, therefore, that a diversification of the occupational structure has occurred with each village relocation. This diversification intensified after the introduction of 'Chintanakan mai' and an increase in non-agricultural activities was observed. In fact, a quarter of the households in this village had introduced non-agricultural activities by 1999. Nevertheless, the village is still producing a rice surplus as well as continuing to develop new paddy. Thus, it would seem that despite a diversification in occupational structure and the introduction of non-agricultural activities, rice farming remains a very important economic activity in rural villages.

DOI： 10.4200/jjhg1948.53.307

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Geographic Information Systems Association  

This paper presents a village map using GPS and GIS, and examines the applicability to village studies in developing countries where it is hard to obtain maps with big scale. The focus of the paper is on methods for making the village map and its analysis by GIS in the study site of Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic). Location data such as Tracks and Waypoints stored in Handy-GPS receivers can be easily transferred to PC and processed in GIS application. The relative location error measured in several Tracks at 31 points by GPS was only 16.6m on average. This study suggests, therefore, that mapping by GPS and GIS can apply to village study, and shows the spatial change of tourism facilities in the study site as example of GPS data usage.

DOI： 10.5638/thagis.9.2_1

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：Institute of Geoscience, The University of Tsukuba  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：Institute of Geoscience, The University of Tsukuba  

GIS (Geographical Information System) efficiently stores, searches, changes and analyzes map and attribute data into a computer. It also outputs maps and creates reports, making it a potentially useful tool for decision-making. With the advancements made in information technology, the downsizing of computers, price reductions in GIS software and development of spatial databases in the 1990s, GIS began to experience explosive growth.
This growth has been especially noticeable in recent years in local governments, private companies, etc., which have fully implemented GIS to handle daily operations. Given such an increase in GIS applications, many institutions of higher education are establishing special GIS courses and facilities, such as the Center for Spatial Information Science at the University of Tokyo. In geography classrooms, GIS is being acclaimed as an effective and efficient spatial analysis tool, and major universities with graduate departments have been especially keen to add GIS to the curriculum. Unfortunately, with the exception of just a few institutions, most classroom GIS instruction has been limited to non-interactive lectures.
In addition, there are many issues and problems confronting the addition of GIS courses to the curriculum. Although computer rooms designed for 20-30 students have been established in many universities, most of these facilities do not have important peripherals such as GIS digitizers and plotters. As well, it is difficult from a budgetary perspective to provide enough GIS software and digital maps for a given number of students, and it is hard to find teaching assistants who are knowledgeable about GIS applications. There is also a dearth of GIS study aides such as textbooks and manuals.
Clearly, it is much more efficient to teach GIS on a hands-on basis, rather than simply with lectures; thus, it is necessary to establish hands-on instruction using computers so that students can learn as much about GIS as possible. As the importance of hands-on instruction becomes apparent, more budget monies will likely be allotted for GIS, and more GIS-related equipment and materials may well become available. Thus, we might currently be in a transition period from lectures to hands-on instruction.
For the past several years, the authors have been teaching GIS by trial-and-error to geography majors at the University of Tsukuba. Through this process, they found that even on a limited budget with little equipment, they were able to give functionality to GIS instruction when a methodology could be established. The key to this was the liberal use of GIS educational software, free GIS applications, and geographical information on the Internet, among other resources.
Given this background, this paper will present an introduction to GIS materials that are effective in hands-on instruction and provide specific examples regarding effectiveness and methods for utilization. The second chapter, GIS Instruction for Beginners, examines the highly acclaimed GIS Tutor as an application for GIS education, and explains how Internet GIS, developed by the authors, effectively helps students learn more about this system. The third chapter, GIS Analysis Instruction, takes a look at TNTLite, a versatile, free GIS software to explain important concepts such as overlay and network analyses, as well as how to run these applications. The fourth chapter, GIS Analysis Applications for Students, introduces the functions of ILWIS, WinASEAN and IDRISI, which are considered to be particularly effective in GIS instruction.

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：Graduate School of Geoscience, The University of Tsukuba  

The study area, Hitachinaka, is situated in lbaraki Prefecture, 100 km to the north of Tokyo. Since the foundation of Hitachi Company in 1920, this region has developed into one of the most important industrial areas in Japan.
The aim of the research was to elucidate the vertical division of the production process, analyzing the spatial distribution of the subcontractor plants through outside order flow, as well as analyzing the commuting patterns of the workers, thus observing the parent company and its subcontractors' regional influence. The investigation focused on the supplier network of Hitachi Ltd.'s K Group.
Approaching from the employees' side, an investigation was carried out for the parent company and the subcontractors respectively, throwing light on the differences in employment structure and commuting pattern.
At the parent company, the difference between the number of male and female workers is quite conspicuous, since the male employees account for 90% of the workforce. In the case of Hitachi Ltd's K Group, the manufacturing and development of electron microscopes requires special technological skills from the workers. Mainly male employees are in possession of these skills, and this is the reason why they outnumber female employees.
Commuters arrive from as far away as Chiba Prefecture, but the main commuting zone is encompassed by a 60 km radius circle. Hitachi Company maintains workers' residents in the neighboring area, which can be cited as one reason why the vast majority of the employees commute from Hitachinaka.
In the case of the affiliated company and the other subcontractors involved in parts assembly, the laborintensive process requires relatively large numbers of employees. An interesting phenomenon at the affiliated firm is that workers directed from the parent company are employed there. Generally speaking, the make-up of the workforce, both in terms of the male-female and the white collar-blue collar ratio, and the commuting pattern differs according to the type of manufacturing or process these subcontractors carry out. At the subcontractor plants, the female workforce plays a bigger role in the manufacturing process, and includes several part-time workers.
As we take a look at the parent company's division of labor, we see that the subcontractor relations can be categorized into 5 levels, depending on what stage of the manufacturing process the firms are situated. At the first level stands the parent company followed by a subsidiary at the second level. At the lower levels suppliers are situated, and in contrast to the second level company they do not possess capital investment from the parent company These firms are involved in parts assembly, different metal processing work, coating and engraving. The order flow shows a complicated pattern but as we move toward the lower level subcontractors, it gets smaller in volume.
The authors took the manufacturing process of the electron microscope as an example to observe the different supply patterns. The supply patterns can be classified into 4 types in terms of the different level companies and products involved in the flow.
The parent company's busin~ss relations were also examined, and the analysis found that the primary outside order reaches 63 firms, which can be categorized according to the supplied products, as hardware and software firms. Since the manufacturing of hardware and software requires different environments, the spatial outside order pattern differs considerably. The differences in the business cooperation between the manufacturers are presented with case studies.
Depending on the type of processed parts, the spatial distribution of the outside order shows different features. Generally speaking, 50(~o of the subcontractors are concentrated at the territory adjacent (below 20km) to the parent company. This can be attributed to the fact that longer transportation distance means a disadvantage both in terms of time and cost. The study found that assemblers tend to be in close geographical proximity with the parent company due to the large volume and mass of assembled parts, thus from the point of transportation cost, shorter shipping distance results in more economical business. Nevertheless, in purchasing of parts and in metal manufacturing, remote flrms appear on the suppliers' Iist. Shipment costs may rise, but other reasons can be given to explain this phenomenon. First, the technological ability these companies possess enables them to manufacture better quality, as well as odd shaped or sized products, which cannot be procured in the parent company's neighboring area. Second, the parent company places the outside order to several suppliers, where one company accomplishes more than one process and this way they save time and cost by not shipping the parts back and forth between the different subcontractors. Using this method, it is profitable to have business relations with firms located even at a longer distance from the customer.
From the analyzed supplier network model it is clear that the former pyramid model has remarkably restructured into a much more complicated form, where the parent company's primary outside order reaches as far as the 4th level of subcontractors.
The frontier effect also influences the development of business tles. In other words, the supplier companies try to find other customers in order to diversify their business relations and not to depend on the orders of only one customer.
The manufacturing linkage between the parent company and its subcontractors is strong, with some suppliers are still linked almost exclusively to the parent firm. Partly, this may be attributed to the fact that the Hitachi Industrial Region was developed and built around one company, Hitachi. Numerous small and medium scale enterprises launched their businesses, or moved to this area counting on the steady orders of a large manufacturer. However the changes in the business environment and the economic situation has caused some loosening in the strong keiretsu ties. Both sides, the parent company and the suppliers, are working on improving cooperation and making the business more economical, even if it means braking up long-lasting ties. On the other hand, developments In logistics have made it possible to optimize outside orders and the flow of processed parts, thus resulting in a complicated network of business connections between customers and suppliers.

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：筑波大学大学院地球科学研究科  

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Geographic Information Systems Association  

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the damaged state of forest by a typhoon and its recovery using GIS. Digital ortho-photographs, made by a GIS application were analyzed. The result shows that multiple layer operation between digital ortho-photographs and various thematic maps was effective in explaining the state of typhoon damaged forest. The recovery from typhoon-damage was also examined in relation to 50m buffer zones from forest road. The result shows that the location of forest roads had significant influence on damaged forest recovery.

DOI： 10.5638/thagis.7.2_11

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：埼玉地理学会  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：筑波大学大学院地球科学研究科  

Total pages：138   Responsible for pages：92-93   Language：Japanese Book type：Textbook, survey, introduction

Total pages：138   Responsible for pages：8-9   Language：Japanese Book type：Textbook, survey, introduction

Total pages：138   Language：Japanese Book type：Textbook, survey, introduction

Total pages：818   Responsible for pages：486-487   Language：Japanese Book type：Dictionary, encyclopedia

Total pages：818   Responsible for pages：92-93   Language：Japanese Book type：Dictionary, encyclopedia

Total pages：646   Responsible for pages：17-47   Language：English Book type：Scholarly book

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-031-12112-8_2

Total pages：430   Responsible for pages：306-308   Language：Japanese Book type：Dictionary, encyclopedia

Total pages：244   Language：Japanese Book type：Textbook, survey, introduction

Total pages：240   Responsible for pages：214-229   Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

Total pages：240   Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

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Total pages：63   Responsible for pages：37-44   Language：Japanese Book type：General book, introductory book for general audience

Total pages：172   Responsible for pages：41-53   Language：English Book type：Scholarly book

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-15-2113-3_4

Total pages：172   Language：English Book type：Scholarly book

The giant Asian monsoon has formed a diverse climate and natural environment. The Asian monsoon climate manifests itself in manifold ways depending not just on the latitude or altitude of an area but also on physical conditions such as topography and vegetation and even the size of its human population. Likewise, the livelihoods of people in the affected area are diverse. This book focuses on nature and agriculture, food, and climate and culture as an excellent framework for understanding the relationship between humans and the environment in complex Monsoon Asia. Through the discussions in this book, what the authors have sought to demonstrate is that the livelihoods in Monsoon Asia demonstrate unique forms in a limited environment, while the Asian monsoon climate has one of the largest movements of any natural phenomenon on a macroscopic scale. These manifest forms are diverse both on a time scale and on a spatial scale and are extremely diversified in limited regions. Such diversity is not only due just to the effects of the natural environment but also results from social and cultural forces. In this area of Monsoon Asia, traditional and religious social norms are becoming entangled with “new” economic and political norms brought in from the outside world by globalization.

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2113-3

Total pages：172   Responsible for pages：69-83   Language：English Book type：Scholarly book

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-15-2113-3_6

Total pages：888   Responsible for pages：514-515   Language：Japanese Book type：Dictionary, encyclopedia

Total pages：280   Responsible for pages：229-259   Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

Total pages：832   Responsible for pages：414-415   Language：Japanese Book type：Dictionary, encyclopedia

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DOI： 10.1007/978-4-431-54956-7_4

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DOI： 10.1007/978-4-431-54956-7

Total pages：160   Responsible for pages：3-27   Language：English Book type：Scholarly book

DOI： 10.1007/978-4-431-54956-7_1

Total pages：240   Responsible for pages：43-51   Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

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Total pages：56   Language：English Book type：Report

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：全国学童保育連絡協議会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：全国学童保育連絡協議会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：全国学童保育連絡協議会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：日本地理学会  

DOI： 10.4157/ejgeo.16.130

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：全国学童保育連絡協議会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：全国学童保育連絡協議会  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：岩波書店  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：日本地理学会  

DOI： 10.4157/ejgeo.14.93

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：日本地理学会  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：日本地理学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：大修館書店  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：地理空間学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：古今書院  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：日本地理学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：京都大学東南アジア研究所  

DOI： 10.20495/tak.51.1_168

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：日本地理学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：日本地理学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：日本地理学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：人文地理学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：日本地理学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Lecture material (seminar, tutorial, course, lecture, etc.)  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：佐賀大学  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：古今書院  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：古今書院  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：日本地理学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：日本地理学会  

Language：English   Publishing type：Internal/External technical report, pre-print, etc.  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Internal/External technical report, pre-print, etc.  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：国際協力推進協会  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：古今書院  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：古今書院  

Event date： 2024.5

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：東京外国語大学アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究所   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2024.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2024.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2024.1

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (keynote)  

Venue：AP名古屋(名駅IMAIビル6階)   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.12

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Online + Hue, Vietnam   Country：Viet Nam  

Event date： 2023.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：Kimchi,Durian,Cardamom,,,   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：咲くやこの花館   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.9

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：オンライン   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.6

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：オートピア(高知)   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2023.5

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：Rome, Italy   Country：Italy  

Event date： 2023.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Meiji University   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2022.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：鶴岡市先端研究産業支援センター   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2022.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (keynote)  

Venue：東京農業大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2022.10

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Nagoya University   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2022.7

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：名古屋大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2022.6

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：名古屋大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2022.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Online   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2021.8

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Online presentation (Istanbul University)   Country：Turkey  

Event date： 2021.2

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：オンデマンド   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2021.2

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：オンライン   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2020.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：オンデマンド(YouTube)   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2020.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (public)  

Venue：オンライン   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2019.12

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：京都精華大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2019.9

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：新潟大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2019.6

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：北海道大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2019.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：専修大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2019.2

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：名古屋大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2018.12

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：東北大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2018.10

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Crowne Plaza Hotel, Vientiane Capital, Laos   Country：Lao People's Democratic Republic  

Event date： 2018.6

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (keynote)  

Venue：中部学院大学各務原キャンパス・大講義室   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2018.6

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：静岡大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2018.6

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：静岡大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2017.7

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：東京外国語大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2017.6

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：東北大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2017.6

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：東北大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2017.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：筑波大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2017.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：筑波大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2017.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：筑波大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2017.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：東京外国語大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2017.1

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：Singapore National University   Country：Singapore  

Event date： 2016.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：愛媛大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2016.8

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：China National Convention Center   Country：China  

Event date： 2016.4

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：京都大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2016.2

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：JICA本部   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2015.12

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Kyoto International Conference Center   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2015.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：大阪大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2015.8

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Lomonosov Moscow State University   Country：Russian Federation  

Event date： 2015.7

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：筑波大学東京キャンパス   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2015.6

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：JICA研究所 国際会議場   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2015.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：JICA地球広場   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2014.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：広島大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2014.6

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：Seoul National University, Korea   Country：Korea, Republic of  

Event date： 2014.5

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Kyoto University   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2014.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：東京外国語大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2014.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：国士舘大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2013.8

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Kyoto International Conference Center   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2013.7

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Nagoya University   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2013.5

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：京都大学稲森財団記念館   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2012.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：立命館大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2012.9

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：Sikkim University   Country：India  

Event date： 2012.5

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：幕張メッセ国際会議場   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2012.4

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：JICA研究所   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2011.11

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Liberator Bernardo O`Higgins Military School, Santiago, Chile   Country：Chile  

Event date： 2011.9

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：大分大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2011.5

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：幕張メッセ国際会議場   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2011.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：名古屋大学野依記念学術交流館   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2011.1

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：筑波大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2010.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：奈良教育大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2010.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：近畿大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2010.8

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：名古屋大学博物館   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2010.5

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：幕張メッセ国際会議場   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2010.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：京都大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2010.3

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute   Country：Lao People's Democratic Republic  

Event date： 2010.2

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：国立民族学博物館   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2010.1

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：名古屋大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2009.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：名古屋大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2009.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：琉球大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2009.6

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：名城大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2009.5

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：名古屋大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2009.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：熊本大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2008.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：熊本大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2008.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：筑波大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2008.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Country：Japan  

Event date： 2008.8

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Country：Tunisia  

Event date： 2008.8

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：奈良市猿沢荘   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2008.7

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：京都大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2008.7

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：総合地球環境学研究所   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2008.6

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：東京大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2008.6

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：東京大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2007.11

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：Luang Namtha Provincial Hall, Luang Namtha   Country：Lao People's Democratic Republic  

Event date： 2007.11

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：Luang Namtha Provincial Hall, Luang Namtha   Country：Lao People's Democratic Republic  

Event date： 2007.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：熊本大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2007.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：熊本大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2007.8

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：Xingping, Yunnan,   Country：China  

Event date： 2006.12

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：佐賀大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2006.11

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：Guwahati, Assam   Country：India  

Event date： 2006.7

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane   Country：Australia  

Event date： 2006.5

Language：English   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：University of Hawaii at Manoa   Country：United States  

Event date： 2006.3

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：Oudomxay   Country：Lao People's Democratic Republic  

Event date： 2005.12

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Country：Japan  

Event date： 2005.11

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Country：Japan  

Event date： 2005.6

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：Yunnan University Anthropology Museum, Kunming   Country：China  

Event date： 2005.5

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Northern Illinois University   Country：United States  

Event date： 2005.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Country：Japan  

Event date： 2004.7

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：熊本大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2004.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：東京経済大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2003.9

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：京都大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2003.8

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：熊本電波高専   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2002.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：京都大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2002.8

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：ラオス農林省林野局   Country：Lao People's Democratic Republic  

Event date： 2002.3 - 2002.4

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：日本大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 2000.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：早稲田大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 1999.4

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：愛媛大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 1999.3

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：専修大学   Country：Japan  

Event date： 1998.7

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：埼玉県立博物館   Country：Japan