Award type：Award from international society, conference, symposium, etc. 

Award type：Award from international society, conference, symposium, etc.  Country：United States

Award type：Award from international society, conference, symposium, etc.  Country：United States

Award type：Award from international society, conference, symposium, etc.  Country：United States

Award type：Award from international society, conference, symposium, etc.  Country：United States

Country：Japan

DOI： 10.1163/15685373-12340156

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Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Psychological Research  

This study aimed to examine psychosocial factors related to working long hours, which causes depression, anxiety, and so forth, including karoshi [work to death]. In particular, the issue of working very long hours and its impacts on employees is seen as an urgent issue in Japan, and by clarifying the factors associated with this phenomenon, we aim to contribute to efforts to identify appropriate mitigation measures. We proposed a model of factors related to long work hours from multiple perspectives, and tested it in six countries: China, Finland, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Data were collected via a web-based questionnaire survey. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that organizational level variables were related to work hours in all six countries, but individual level variables were related to work hours only in the United States. In addition, only in Japan did the maintenance dimension of leadership affect the extension of working hours. Organization level factors, rather than job or individual level factors, should be considered when establishing measures to prevent employees from working excessively long hours.

DOI： 10.1111/jpr.12338

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Scopus

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Walter de Gruyter {GmbH}  

DOI： 10.1515/omgc-2022-0002

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer  

Two studies investigated the relationship between frequency of performing prosocial acts and subjective well-being. Adult participants from three countries (Japan, Romania, and the US) responded to online questionnaires measuring focal variables. In Study 1, a short scale measuring kindness was devised, and its validity for cross-cultural research was probed. Results revealed that engagement in prosocial behavior was positively associated with empathic concern and subjective well-being. Study 2 showed that the needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy mediate the relationship between frequency of performing acts of kindness and subjective well-being. The results contribute to the cross-cultural literature suggesting that engagement in prosocial behavior enhances the well-being of the benefactor.

DOI： 10.1007/s12144-019-00391-x

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Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. This study examined cultural influences on relational qualities through intrapersonal and interpersonal emotional competence (EC) for friendship networks (same-sex best friend and opposite-sex best friend), romantic partner, and family members (sibling, mother, and father). Much of the literature on cross-cultural comparison of emotions has been conducted in Western cultures, and a few cross-cultural comparisons have been made between Western cultures and Japan. Relatively little work has been done outside of these countries. This study aimed to compare the significance of EC on interpersonal relationships between Japan, and a Southeast Asian culture, namely, Myanmar, as an exploratory effort outside of the individualism-collectivism continuum, hence focusing on two collectivistic, and Asian cultures. We recruited 721 university students from one East Asian country (Japan) and one Southeast Asian country (Myanmar). We found cultural differences of EC and relational qualities for each target (same-sex best friend, opposite-sex best friend, romantic partner, sibling, mother, and father). Moreover, both interpersonal and intrapersonal EC mediated the impact of culture on positive relational qualities for family members. Intrapersonal EC mediated this effect for same-sex best friend and romantic partner, whereas interpersonal EC did so for opposite-sex best friend. Additionally, interpersonal EC mediated the effect between culture and negative relational qualities for father. Our findings suggest that EC mediates the effect of culture on relational qualities, and that there are cultural differences regarding this effect.

DOI： 10.1007/s12144-018-0002-9

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Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature Emotional competence (EC) refers to individual differences in the identification, comprehension, expression, regulation, and use of one’s own emotions and others’ emotions, (Brasseur et al. in Plos One, 8(5), e62635, 2013) and is known to be culturally construed. Cross-cultural studies involving Asians typically sample one or two cultures as representatives of a collectivistic culture, but we opine to differ, in that these cultures have their distinct character, especially with regard to EC. We investigated the measurement invariance of Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC) with samples collected from four Asian countries, representing three distinct regions of the continent: Myanmar (N = 400), Japan (N = 400), China (N = 436), and Bangladesh (N = 400). We found that the PEC was a robust measure of both intrapersonal and interpersonal EC across these countries. Myanmar showed the highest global EC, followed by Bangladesh, China, and Japan, and significant effects of culture were found in all intrapersonal and interpersonal EC factors. Gender main effect was found in one intrapersonal EC (regulation of own emotions) and four interpersonal EC (identification of, listening to, regulation of, and utilization of others’ emotions), while gender-culture interaction effects were confirmed in two intrapersonal EC (comprehension and expression of own emotions). While cross-cultural studies typically bundle these cultures into one, that of Eastern, we found much variability within them, and they should be deemed independent of one another, especially in terms of EC. The findings enhance our understanding of EC across cultures, in particular with respect to the basis of which interpersonal behavior might differ across these four cultures.

DOI： 10.1007/s12144-018-9918-3

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Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study investigated the relationship between different domains of cultural adaptation among international students in Japan and the moralization of culture-specific norms. Newcomers may adapt certain norms of the host culture and ascribe moral meanings to initially nonmoral activities or objects. Building on the existing model of sociocultural adaptation, we investigated how different types of sociocultural adaptation are associated with the moralization of Japanese cultural norms. For international students in Japan, there are three aspects of sociocultural adaptation: academic, daily living, and interpersonal. Our results showed that cultural adaptation in the interpersonal domain, but not in the academic and daily living domains, predicted harsher moral judgments of behaviors that violated Japanese cultural norms. These findings suggest that international students who are well adjusted in the interpersonal domain gain an understanding of what is sanctioned in the Japanese cultural context and come to see certain behaviors as morally appropriate. We discuss several implications for further investigating the moralization of certain behaviors within the context of acculturation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.12.001

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Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.84.0_pc-039

CiNii Research

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.1917

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

© 2019, Copyright © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. We investigated the effect of culture, moral discourse, and motivation to engage in prosocial behavior on benefactors’ positive affect. Participants from three cultures (Japan, Romania, and the United States) responded to scenarios in which they could perform small acts of kindness for different targets. A stronger relationship between agentic and obligated motivation to perform acts of kindness, as well as between obligated motivation and positive affect, was observed for participants from Japan, and for individuals with higher endorsement of the Community Ethic. Agentic motivation to engage in prosocial behavior was related to benefactors’ positive affect, regardless of relationship type.

DOI： 10.1080/10508422.2019.1651651

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Scopus

CiNii Research

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：International Association for Intercultural Communication Studies  

The Cognitive Discrepancy Model of Loneliness (CDML) postulates that people experience loneliness when they perceive a difference between their desired (or expected) and actual levels of social relationships. Although the model has been widely cited, only a few empirical studies support this statement in Face-to-Face context. In the present study, we re-evaluate and expand the CDML in the digital context in two representative East Asian countries, Japan and China. The results partially support the idea of CDML that besides quantity and quality of SNS social activities, the self-defined and socially defined cognitive discrepancies are also potential predictors of feelings of satisfaction and loneliness, but the patterns may differ depending on communication purposes and cultural orientations.

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：International Association for Intercultural Communication Studies  

The imagined contact method of cognitively manipulating intergroup relations has been reported to be widely successful in improving attitude toward the outgroup. However, little has been reported on its durability. Study 1 was conducted to test the stimulus scenario, involving 282 students who were given either an imagined contact scenario or a control, featuring Chinese as the outgroup. Pre-post measures of intergroup attitude were obtained. Imagined contact group showed some improvement in attitude. In study 2, the same method was applied to non-student participants (N=134), but this time, measurements were taken before, right after, one week after and one month after administering the imagined contact approach. Results indicated that the effect of imagined contact did not dissipate after one week, and even one month, particularly for the perception of social distance, but not for other measures. We discussed the potential of imagined contact in its application as a viable means of improving intergroup attitude toward Chinese in Japan.

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.83.0_3c-012

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. We investigated changes in negative affect reactions toward interpersonal duty violation/adherence under uncertainty which we refer to as uncertainty threat. One’s feelings of duty and obligation toward the partner may induce him/her to act in accordance to the partner’s expectations, and this functions to free the relationship of uncertainty. However, if the partner fails to conform to his/her duty, we may become uncertain about the future of the relationship, and consequently, experience negative affect, including anger, contempt, and disappointment. We hypothesized that uncertainty threat leads to such negative affective arousal. Uncertainty threat motivates individuals to reduce uncertainty, and hence make them more sensitive toward the source of uncertainty, above and beyond the specific context in which it poses a threat. A series of three experiments were conducted, in which we manipulated uncertainty threat through priming and a distractor task. Participants then read a short scenario in which duty violation or adherence were described, and rated negative affect toward it. Results generally indicated significant interaction effects across the experiments. The effects of scenario manipulation on negative affect reaction were more acute under uncertainty threat than when no threat was present. The present study indicated that duty was not only beneficial for social coordination, but also vital to mask uncertainty and insecurity regarding relationships.

DOI： 10.1007/s12144-017-9660-2

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Scopus

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

© 2018, Copyright © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Drawing from research on moral judgment and affective dysfunction, we examined how trait psychopathy and alexithymia, which are characterized as empathic deficits, relate to utilitarian moral judgments in sacrificial dilemmas. As predicted, primary and secondary psychopathy traits and alexithymia were associated with reduced empathic concern. However, primary psychopathy and difficulty identifying feelings (one of three alexithymia traits), but not secondary psychopathy and other two alexithymia traits, were associated with utilitarian judgments. Moreover, hierarchical regression analysis showed that primary psychopathy, difficulty identifying feelings, and empathic concern made unique contributions to the prediction of direct harm on the victim, whereas alexithymia traits made weaker contributions. Although the lack of affective empathy is found in psychopathy and alexithymia, the process through which the two traits lead to utilitarian judgment in sacrificial dilemmas may be distinct. The present findings add to the growing literature, contributing to a fuller picture of the relationship between empathy, trait psychopathy, and alexithymia.

DOI： 10.1080/10508422.2017.1367684

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Scopus

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

This study investigated whether relational uncertainty poses uncertainty threat, which causes compensatory behaviours among Japanese. We hypothesised that Japanese, as collectivists, would perceive relational uncertainty to pose uncertainty threat. In two experiments, we manipulated relational uncertainty, and confirmed that participants exhibited compensatory reactions to reduce aversive feelings due to it. In Study 1, we conducted direct comparison between relational uncertainty, independent self-uncertainty and control conditions. The results revealed that participants who were instructed to imagine events pertaining to relational uncertainty heightened national identification as compensation than did participants in the control condition, but independent self-uncertainty did not provoke such effects. In Study 2, we again manipulated relational uncertainty; however, we also manipulated participants' individualism-collectivism cultural orientation through priming, and the analyses yielded a significant interaction effect between these variables. Relational uncertainty evoked reactive approach motivation, a cause for compensatory behaviours, among participants primed with collectivism, but not for individualism. It was concluded that the effect of uncertainty on compensatory behaviour is influenced by cultural priming, and that relational uncertainty is important to Japanese.

DOI： 10.1002/ijop.12422

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Scopus

PubMed

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)   Publisher：Taylor and Francis  

Of late, the psychology of culture has been receiving much fanfare in Japan. This was evidenced by the record attendance of 1, 180 participants at the 2016 Conference of the International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology in Nagoya, Japan. That record attendance was largely due to the high number of domestic attendees. This chapter outlines how the psychology of culture has been developed in Japan, beginning with the introduction of psychology as a Western discipline in parallel with industrial, political, and cultural modernisation as the result of the Meiji reform. During the Meiji era of 1868-1912, dramatic changes pertaining to the government of the nation resulted in rapid industrialisation and economic development, opening up Japan’s doors for foreign influence. At the same time militarisation was accelerated, which gave impetus for colonisation of neighbouring lands. This reform began after the end of sakokushugi, the self-induced isolationism of the island nation, which awakened Japanese citizens to their uniqueness relative to foreign people and cultures.

DOI： 10.4324/9781315158358-8

Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Ruch, Köhler, & Van Thriel（1996）の作成した状態・特性快活さ尺度（State-Trait-Cheerfulness-Inventory: STCI）は、ユーモア・センスに関連する気質的基盤として快活さ、真剣さ、不機嫌さの３つを、個人の状態ないし特性として測定す
る尺度である。本研究ではSTCIの特性版（STCI-T）について、各項目の日本語訳を新たに作成し、信頼性・妥当性を検証
した。大学生263名を対象にした調査の結果、オリジナルのSTCI-Tを構成する下位特性（facet）モデルは、各下位特性における信頼性の低さから維持されなかった。その代わり、本研究では下位尺度への修正済I-T相関に基づく項目選定から、暫定的なSTCI-T <49>を構成した。このときSTCI-Tにおける、３つの下位尺度の信頼性は.73から.89であり何れも高かった。ま
た各下位尺度とBig Five、及びwell-beingの指標の相関は、先行研究の結果を再現した。以上から、STCI-T<49>はオリジナル
のSTCI-Tに類似した概念を測定する尺度として、ある程度の信頼性・妥当性を有していると結論付けられた。最後に、本研究
でオリジナルのSTCI-Tにおける下位特性・因子構造が再現されなかった結果の説明として、考えられる可能性について検討し、今後の課題についてまとめた。

DOI： https://doi.org/10.18991/warai.25.0_120

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS  

© The Author(s) 2018. This study focused on social projection (SP) to outgroups. Two studies were conducted to show that SP to outgroups was greater than to ingroups when an issue is more relevant to the outgroup than to the ingroup and vice versa. These experiments were conducted for students of different schools (N1 = 92, N2 = 203). The results confirmed that students overestimated agreement with working adults when the topic was more relevant to working people. Also, when the topic was relevant to students, they overestimated agreement of other students relative to the working adults. These results suggested the relevance of the opinion was more important than perceived social distance when Japanese students refer to others.

DOI： 10.1017/prp.2018.17

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Scopus

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0002-9

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9918-3

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本笑い学会  

Ruch, Kohler, & Van Thriel（1996）の作成した状態・特性快活さ尺度（State-Trait-Cheerfulness-Inventory: STCI） は、ユーモア・センスに関連する気質的基盤として快活さ、真剣さ、不機嫌さの３つを、個人の状態ないし特性として測定する尺度である。本研究ではSTCIの特性版（STCI-T）について、各項目の日本語訳を新たに作成し、信頼性・妥当性を検証した。大学生263名を対象にした調査の結果、オリジナルのSTCI-Tを構成する下位特性（facet）モデルは、各下位特性における信頼性の低さから維持されなかった。その代わり、本研究では下位尺度への修正済I-T相関に基づく項目選定から、暫定的なSTCI-T 49を構成した。このときSTCI-Tにおける、３つの下位尺度の信頼性は.73から.89であり何れも高かった。また各下位尺度とBig Five、及びwell-beingの指標の相関は、先行研究の結果を再現した。以上から、STCI-T 49はオリジナルのSTCI-Tに類似した概念を測定する尺度として、ある程度の信頼性・妥当性を有していると結論付けられた。最後に、本研究でオリジナルのSTCI-Tにおける下位特性・因子構造が再現されなかった結果の説明として、考えられる可能性について検討し、今後の課題についてまとめた。

DOI： 10.18991/warai.25.0_120

CiNii Research

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese  

Web of Science

Language：English   Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Web of Science

Language：English   Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Research Findings: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the development of conflict management strategies, focusing on 3- and 5-year-olds, through a comparison of 3 neighboring Asian cultures, those of China (n = 114), Japan (n = 98), and Korea (n = 90). The dual concern model of conflict management was adopted to probe which strategy children would prefer to use in 2 hypothetical conflict situations. Results indicated that, first, for disagreement, 3-year-olds in the 3 countries equally preferred the dominating strategy. For competition for resources, 3-year-olds differed in their strategy preference across all cultures. Second, the observed strategy preference of 3- to 5-year-old children in this study was more or less different from that of older schoolchildren, regardless of culture. Practice or Policy: These findings suggest the significance of the context, the complexity of the phenomenon of the development of cultural differences, and the significance of cohort sampling.

DOI： 10.1080/10409289.2015.1036344

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Scopus

PubMed

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMMONS SCIENTIFIC, LTD  

It has been claimed that Japanese people prefer passive forms of conflict strategies to preserve interpersonal harmony. This study aimed to identify some conditions in which such passive strategies are used. The effects of target intimacy and status discrepancy on the intent and use of salient and non-salient conflict strategies were examined, along with respondent sex differences. Questionnaires were collected from 205 Japanese university students. Results indicated that women were more likely to have non-salient intents than men and that intimacy affected considerateness intent but not avoidance intent. Active non-salient strategy was affected by status while passive non-salient strategy was affected by intimacy. Overall, target characteristics proved to be a strong factor in the intents and strategies employed in conflict situations of Japanese.

DOI： 10.2466/17.21.PR0.117c20z3

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Scopus

PubMed

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.20698/comm.43.1_5

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Communication Association  

This study intends to explore the process of interpersonal accounts that Japanese and American college students experience in their everyday lives, with special emphases on the associations among the severity of offense, the nature of reproach, the preference for accounting tactics, and the relational consequences. Questionnaires were distributed to a total of 478 (260 Japanese and 218 American) students, who were asked about their own experiences of interpersonal accounts in terms of their perceived causes of account-making, nature of reproaches, the damages caused by the account-requiring incidents, and the accounting tactics from the perspectives of the account-receiver (the victim's role) and the account-giver (the offender's role). The results indicated that the causes of offense affect the relational consequences between offenders and victims. In addition, the relational consequences were found to be influenced by the choice of accounting tactics and the nature of reproach. The most interesting finding was that most hypotheses were supported by the victim's data only. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the self-serving attributional tendency and cultural differences.

DOI： 10.20698/comm.43.1_5

Language：English   Publisher：The Japanese Association of Administrative Science  

In this research we investigated the moderating role of the work-home balance skill and the work-home accommodation strategies on the relationship between the emotions at work-home interface and satisfactions and mental health among Romanian workers. We firstly hypothesized that, in the relationship between the experience of work-home interface's negative emotions and the outcomes referring to satisfaction and health, the skill in work-home balance and the work-home accommodation strategies have an opposed function. We assumed the former might act to enhance satisfaction and inhibit illness. Secondly, we hypothesized that this skill in work-home balance will probably moderate the negative effect of prolonged working hours on the satisfaction with workhome balance. We tested the hypotheses through structural equation modeling and the ANOVA method in a representative sample of 277 Romanian workers (age range 21-65). The results supported both hypotheses. We conclude that it is important that people should use the work-home accommodation strategies to the minimum and accumulate the work-home balance skills.

DOI： 10.5651/jaas.27.1

CiNii Research

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publisher：The Japanese Association of Sociolinguistic Sciences  

This study examined the relationship between relational features, face concerns, and conflict styles by confirming and elaborating on face negotiation theory (FNT). In the study 344 Japanese university students were asked to rate face concerns and interpersonal conflict style in relation to targets of differing relational closeness and social status. These relationships were tested through structural equation modeling. The general results confirmed the situational model proposed by FNT. Moreover, the further examination of face concepts was valuable in explaining conflict communication processes. First, relational features were found to impact the use of conflict styles directly and indirectly through face concerns. Second, through examining face concerns from the two dimensions of content and locus, we could gain a more detailed picture of the relationship between face concerns and conflict styles. By applying the results of the current study, educators will be able to focus on relational features and face concerns to offer training in interpersonal communication competence needed to resolve interpersonal conflict.

DOI： 10.19024/jajls.15.2_46

CiNii Books

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)  

DOI： 10.1057/9781137034946

Scopus

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

How do we assess the value of our lives? What makes the life we live a good or worthy one in our own eyes? What are its aims? The answers to these questions are implicit in the often unarticulated commitments by which people define their selves, purposes, and actions. These commitments structure the moral framework that guides our everyday qualitative distinctions and positions us within a unified narrative of continuity and change. The substantive conception of a good life, we argue, presupposes but is not reducible to a set of basic values. As an initial exploration of cultural variation, Canadian, Chinese, Indian, and Japanese university students were compared on what they held to be most important for assessing the worth of their lives. The results revealed considerable commonality of content with notable differences consistent with the cultural ethos of each group. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

DOI： 10.1007/s10902-011-9290-6

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Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.75.0_3pm056

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.75.0_3pm055

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Group Dynamics Association  

This study investigated cultural differences between the United States and Japan in terms of frequency of interpersonal stressors in close and non-close relationships, effects of social skills on the relationship between culture and stressors, and effects of interpersonal stressors on distress. Japanese and American undergraduates participated in a questionnaire survey. The three major findings were as follows. First, regarding frequency of stressors, cultural differences were not found in interpersonal conflicts (arguments and confrontations), but effects of culture and closeness were found in both interpersonal blunders (imposing a burden on someone) and interpersonal friction (suppressing true feelings and being considerate); particularly, in close relationships, Japanese experienced more interpersonal blunders, but less interpersonal friction than Americans. Second, social skills served as a mediator to the relationship between culture and frequency of interpersonal blunders for close relationships, indicating that interpersonal blunders are more frequent in Japan than the U.S. Also, regarding associations between social skills and frequency of interpersonal conflicts in close relationships, a moderator effect of culture was significant; that is, those with higher skills experienced less interpersonal conflict for Americans, but not for Japanese. Finally, the relationship between interpersonal stressors in close relationships and distress was stronger in Japan than the U.S.<br>

DOI： 10.2130/jjesp.51.91

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.74.0_2ev120

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

The present study investigated the influence of interpersonal conflict management styles on language expressions and the differences in expressions in same-sex relational categories based on specific in-group-out-group classifications. Questionnaires were administered to 367 university students in Japan. After reading a scenario, participants reported on actual language use and gave ratings on an interpersonal conflict management scale. The results revealed that Japanese change their expressions, along with psychological styles, depending on the relational target. They also indicated psychological constructs were related to their equivalent expressions. The results suggested that future research should take into consideration the potential differences in behavior and interaction posture inherent in various relational and situational categories. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

DOI： 10.1080/00224540903365349

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PubMed

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publisher：静岡大学  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.73.0_ws013

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本心理学会  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.73.0_3am131

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本心理学会  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.73.0_1pm034

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本心理学会  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.73.0_1pm033

CiNii Research

Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

The present study aimed to revise disaster risk communication gaming tool RisCom (Unagami, Motoyoshi, Takai, & Yoshida, 2007). In a previous study, the authors developed and tested the effectiveness of RisCom in terms of natural disaster risk education, and pointed out the necessity for a better gaming tool that reflects more factors related to natural disaster prevention. In the present study, disaster insurance was implemented into the previous version of RisCom. The game was designed to provide better educational tools for natural disaster risk education, as well as to provide research method for research in the perception of risk and willingness to accept some cost to avoid possible risks (i.e., willingness to pay). A total of 115 Japanese students participated in RisCom II. Individual difference in the risk aversive strategy was observed, and most of the participants evaluated the new version of RisCom as being both educative and entertaining. Participants* interests towards natural disaster insurance increased significantly after playing the game. © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group.

Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本心理学会  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.72.0_3am048

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本心理学会  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.72.0_3am047

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本心理学会  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.72.0_3am045

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本心理学会  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.72.0_3am046

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

A survey was conducted to investigate how self-perception of text-message dependency leads to psychological/behavioral symptoms in relation to personality factors. Japanese high school students completed a self-report questionnaire measuring frequency of text-messages, self-perception of text-message dependency, psychological/behavioral symptoms, extroversion and neuroticism. Self-perception of text-message dependency was composed of three factors: perception of excessive use, emotional reaction, and relationship maintenance. Although message frequency was significantly related to psychological/behavioral symptoms, this effect was qualified by self-perception and personality factors. In particular, self-perception of text-message dependency strongly affected psychological/behavioral symptoms. Importance of distinction between extroverted and neurotic text-message dependency through the process of self-perception of maladaptive behavior is discussed.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A survey was conducted to investigate how self-perception of text-message dependency leads to psychological/behavioral symptoms in relation to personality factors. Japanese high school students completed a self-report questionnaire measuring frequency of text-messages, self-perception of text-message dependency, psychological/behavioral symptoms, extroversion and neuroticism. Self-perception of text-message dependency was composed of three factors: perception of excessive use, emotional reaction, and relationship maintenance. Although message frequency was significantly related to psychological/behavioral symptoms, this effect was qualified by self-perception and personality factors. In particular, self-perception of text-message dependency strongly affected psychological/behavioral symptoms. Importance of distinction between extroverted and neurotic text-message dependency through the process of self-perception of maladaptive behavior is discussed. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chb.2007.12.001

Web of Science

Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Effects of emotion regulation tactics which represent expression or non-expression have been examined in relation to psychological well-being. However, which tactic is effective would be contingent on the interpersonal relationships with the agent of arousal at least for anger regulation, as the norms pertaining to emotion expression may differ with intimacy or social status of the target. As it was vague that whether both intimacy and status influenced the cognition of norm and use of each tactic, the present study, focusing on anger, examined the influence of intimacy and status on norm and use of anger regulation tactics. A vignette approach revealed that social status generally had some effect on the norm of anger regulation. Results also showed that the social status had positive relationships with the anger regulation tactics after the effects of the norm had been statistically controlled.

Language：English   Publisher：PSYCHOLOGY PRESS  

Web of Science

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The present study examined association between anonymity and antisocial individual behavior without any influence from die presence of others. Anonymity was operationally defined as consisting of two components, nonidentifiability and nonaccountability. Antisocial behavior was defined as rule-breaking behavior seeking a monetary reward. It was hypothesized that anonymity would increase antisocial behavior among individuals. Undergraduate students (20 men, 50 women) were recruited from two psychology classes and were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions (Anonymous, Nonidentifiable, Nonaccountable, and Nonanonymous) to examine whether they would violate game rules to obtain the monetary reward through anonymity. Only participants in the Anonymous condition violated the rules to obtain the reward. Implications for the effects of anonymity on antisocial individual behavior are discussed.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC  

The present study examined association between anonymity and antisocial individual behavior without any influence from the presence of others. Anonymity was operationally defined as consisting of two components, nonidentifiability and nonaccountability. Antisocial behavior was defined as rule-breaking behavior seeking a monetary reward. It was hypothesized that anonymity would increase antisocial behavior among individuals. Undergraduate students (20 men, 50 women) were recruited from two psychology classes and were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions (Anonymous, Nonidentifiable, Nonaccountable, and Nonanonymous) to examine whether they would violate game rules to obtain the monetary reward through anonymity. Only participants in the Anonymous condition violated the rules to obtain the reward. Implications for the effects of anonymity on antisocial individual behavior are discussed.

DOI： 10.2466/PR0.102.1.119-130

Web of Science

Scopus

PubMed

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Group Dynamics Association  

There have been a myriad of studies focusing on self-concept-in-situation. However, it has yet to be empirically clarified why self concept may change, depending on the context. Based on previous studies, it was hypothesized that expectation from others peculiar to a situation will influence changes in self-concept. Also, the relationship between self-concept change and mental health was examined. Although studies in self-concept differentiation have shown that changes in self concept are a sign of maladaptation, this study forwarded that changes in the direction toward the expectations from others should be regarded as adaptive. Thus, self-concept change along with expectations, were hypothesized to positively relate to situation-specific self-evaluation and global mental health. Results supported these hypotheses except for mental health. The relationship between self concept change and self-monitoring was also examined, and it was determined that sensitivity to expressive behavior of others have a positive influence on self concept change. The difference between the effects of the two components of self-monitoring on self concept change was discussed, and it was concluded that further exploration of social situations are warranted.<br>

DOI： 10.2130/jjesp.47.118

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPAN SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS  

The effects of expression or non-expression of negative emotions have been of particular interest to researchers of emotion regulation. Among the variety of negative emotions, anger poses a particularly detrimental consequence on interpersonal relationships and mental health, whether expressed or not. The constructive expression of anger and trial of revision has been the recent focus of an effective method of anger regulation. However, the most effective tactic is contingent on the interpersonal relationship with the agent of arousal, as norms pertaining to emotional expression may differ depending on the level of intimacy or power distance. Thus, the present study examined the moderating effect of relational variables with the agent of anger arousal. A native anger regulation scale suggested a five-factor structure: Emotional expression, Constructive expression, Expression toward third person, Suppression, and Reappraisal attempt. To confirm the moderating effects of interpersonal relations, evaluations of past anger-arousing experiences between two conditions, one toward a non-intimate target with higher status, and another toward an intimate target with equal status, were compared. Results suggested that Reappraisal attempt had a positive effect on relationship evaluation in the non-intimate, higher status condition, while constructive expression had a positive effect in the intimate, equal status condition. Further examination of relationship factors, content of anger experience, and other moderating factors was discussed.

DOI： 10.4092/jsre.15.89

CiNii Books

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating process in the relationship between early parenting and depressive symptoms. In particular, the potential role of dissociation as a mediator between the perceived parental rearing style during childhood and depression in adulthood was examined, along with the effect of avoidance as a coping style. A total of 449 undergraduates (231 men and 218 women) completed five measures: the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Parenting Scale of Inconsistency (PSI), the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the Depression Scale of the GHQ-60, and the Tri-axial Coping Scale (TAC-24). Path analyses were conducted to test for mediating effects. The findings showed different paths by gender. For men, dissociation mediated the relationship between overprotective parenting and depressive symptoms, although for women, dissociation mediated the relationship between inconsistent parenting and depressive symptoms. Avoidance as a coping style had no effect on depressive symptoms. The mediating role of dissociation between perceived parenting style and depressive symptoms was confirmed in a community sample. Some clinical and research implications of the study were outlined. © 2007.

DOI： 10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.010

Web of Science

Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Cross-cultural validity of teacher immediacy scales is a constant concern in instructional communication research. The present study examines the validity of two existing teacher immediacy scales: the Revised Nonverbal Immediacy Measure (RNIM) and the Chinese Teacher Immediacy Scale (CTIS) in U.S., Chinese, German, and Japanese cultures. Results of confirmatory factor analysis and Pearson correlation provide evidence for the validity of both the RNIM and the CTIS. Overall, both scales are found to have adequate factorial, construct, convergent, and discriminant validity pan-culturally and within culture, despite some slight variations across cultures. Implications and future directions are also addressed.

DOI： 10.1080/03634520601089092

Scopus

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

This study tested mood effects on product evaluation, varying information type and time pressure. In this experiment, happy or sad moods were induced in participants, then they were asked to evaluate products. The results showed that in the happy mood/non-time-prcssure condition, a favorable evaluation was seen when complete information was provided compared to incomplete. However, when time pressure was induced, no such difference was observed. On the other hand, in the sad mood/non-time-pressure condition, there was no difference in evaluation between complete and incomplete information, but when time pressure was induced, a less favorable evaluation of products was seen under incomplete relative to complete. The results provide support for the process in which participants depend on their mood as a source of information when inferring about missing information under reduced cognitive capacity. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing, Inc.

DOI： 10.1111/j.0021-9029.2007.00166.x

Web of Science

Scopus

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The present study was designed to test and compare the four existing immediacy-learning models, namely the learning model, the motivation model, the affective learning model, and the integrating model, in US, Chinese, German, and Japanese college classrooms. Altogether 695 college students from the four cultures completed the questionnaire, and the results from structural equation modeling indicate that the integrating model produces the best fit to the four-cultural data. Teacher immediacy has both a direct path and indirect paths mediated through affective learning and motivation to cognitive learning. The findings are consistent with both the relevant theories pertinent to immediacy, cognition, and behavior, and previous empirical findings regarding the immediacy-learning relationship.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study tested mood effects on product evaluation, varying information type and time pressure. In this experiment, happy or sad moods were induced in participants, then they were asked to evaluate products. The results showed that in the happy mood/non-time-pressure condition, a favorable evaluation was seen when complete information was provided compared to incomplete. However, when time pressure was induced, no such difference was observed. On the other hand, in the sad mood/non-time-pressure condition, there was no difference in evaluation between complete and incomplete information, but when time pressure was induced, a less favorable evaluation of products was seen under incomplete relative to complete. The results provide support for the process in which participants depend on their mood as a source of information when inferring about missing information under reduced cognitive capacity.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Our present study examined whether this asymmetrical inference is evident in the case of inference from real-life behavioral episodes. Participants were asked to remember desirable and undesirable behavior performed by other persons, and to infer the actors' mental states from their behaviors. The results supported the hypothesis, indicating that, while people's inclinations to infer correspondent mental states from both behaviors were potent, inference of non-correspondent mental states from desirable behaviors were more frequent than inference from undesirable behaviors. The results also provided insight into the process of idea generation in mental state inference.

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The present study was designed to test and compare the four existing immediacy-learning models, namely the learning model, the motivation model, the affective learning model, and the integrating model, in US, Chinese, German, and Japanese college classrooms. Altogether 695 college students from the four cultures completed the questionnaire, and the results from structural equation modeling indicate that the integrating model produces the best fit to the four-cultural data. Teacher immediacy has both a direct path and indirect paths mediated through affective learning and motivation to cognitive learning. The findings are consistent with both the relevant theories pertinent to immediacy, cognition, and behavior, and previous empirical findings regarding the immediacy-learning relationship. © 2007 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

DOI： 10.1080/17475750701265209

Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会  

DOI： 10.20587/pamjaep.49.0_42

CiNii Books

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese  

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC  

The purposes of the present study were to develop a Parenting Scale of Inconsistency and to evaluate its initial reliability and validity. The 12 items assess the inconsistency among parents' moods, behaviors, and attitudes toward children. In the primary study, 517 participants completed three measures: the new Parenting Scale of Inconsistency, the Parental Bonding Instrument, and the Depression Scale of the General Health Questionnaire. The Parenting Scale of Inconsistency had good test-retest reliability of .85 and internal consistency of .88 (Cronbach coefficient alpha). Construct validity was good as Inconsistency scores were significantly correlated with the Care and Overprotection scores of the Parental Bonding Instrument and with the Depression scores. Moreover, Inconsistency scores' relation with a dimension of parenting style distinct from Care and Overprotection suggested that the Parenting Scale of Inconsistency had factorial validity. This scale seems a potential measure for examining the relationships between inconsistent parenting and the mental health of children.

DOI： 10.2466/PR0.99.1.74-84

Web of Science

Scopus

PubMed

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)  

DOI： 10.4135/9781412976176.n25

Scopus

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine attitudes towards African–American vernacular English (AAVE) in a setting outside of the USA. Because foreign attitudes toward AAVE can serve as an indirect assessment of a society's racial prejudice, we decided to explore these attitudes in Japan: a country with an intriguing mix of ties that are both close (i.e. politically and economically) and distant (i.e. culturally) vis-&agrave;-vis the USA. Considering the ostensible similarities in racial beliefs widely held in both countries, we hypothesised that evaluations of AAVE in Japan would be comparable to those in the USA. We found that the evaluations expressed by a sample of Japanese college students were virtually indistinguishable from the overall pattern of AAVE evaluations made by US Americans and recommend additional research in order to better understand the nature of contemporary Japanese attitudes towards different varieties of English.

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本認知心理学会  

DOI： 10.14875/cogpsy.2006.0.029.0

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Communication Association of Japan  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine attitudes towards African-American vernacular English (AAVE) in a setting outside of the USA. Because foreign attitudes toward AAVE can serve as an indirect assessment of a society's racial prejudice, we decided to explore these attitudes in Japan: a country with an intriguing mix of ties that are both close (i.e. politically and economically) and distant (i.e. culturally) vis-à-vis the USA. Considering the ostensible similarities in racial beliefs widely held in both countries, we hypothesised that evaluations of AAVE in Japan would be comparable to those in the USA. We found that the evaluations expressed by a sample of Japanese college students were virtually indistinguishable from the overall pattern of AAVE evaluations made by US Americans and recommend additional research in order to better understand the nature of contemporary Japanese attitudes towards different varieties of English. © 2006 A.C. Cargile et al.

DOI： 10.2167/jmmd472.1

Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Nagoya University  

DOI： 10.18999/bulsea.50.100

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We examined the development of face-to-face (FTF) social networks and mobile/cell phone text message (MPTM)-mediated social networks, and gender differences in the social network structure of 64 male and 68 female first-year undergraduate students. Social network analysis showed that MPTM social networks consisted of dyadic relationships, and its growth was slower than FTF social networks. The intimacy of friends who communicate via both FTF and MPTM was rated higher than those who communicate only via FTP. The structure of MPTM social networks coincided with known gender differences in network characteristics. Females tended to expand their MPTM social networks more than males. These findings suggest that patterns of interpersonal relationships for MPTM social networks corresponded to Matsuda's (2000) selective interpersonal relationship theory. Copyright © 2005 SAGE Publications.

DOI： 10.1177/0265407505056492

Web of Science

Scopus

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We examined the development of face-to-face(FTF) social networks and mobile/cell phone text message(MPTM)-mediated social networks, and gender differences in the social network structure of 64 male and 68 female first-year undergraduate students. Social network analysis showed that MPTM social networks consisted of dyadic relationships, and its growth was slower than FTF social networks.The intimacy of friends who communicate via both FTF and MPTM was rated higher than those who communicate only via FTF. The structure of MPTM social networks coincided with known gender differences in network characteristics. Females tended to expand their MPTM social networks more than males. These findings suggest that patterns of interpersonal relationships for MPTM social networks corresponded to Matsuda's(2000) selective interpersonal relationship theory.

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Nagoya University  

DOI： 10.18999/bulsea.49.80

CiNii Books

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：English   Publisher：The Japanese Association of Educational Psychology  

Domestic research in intercultural communication has a history of less than three decades, yet a wide variety of studies have been conducted. This overview of current trends of the research in this field presents a review of studies conducted within the last decade in the areas of Japanese communication patterns, cross-cultural communication, intercultural interaction, intercultural adjustment, and intercultural communication training. Discussion of the current state of these areas are conducted from theoretical and methodological perspectives, and future directives are outlined.

DOI： 10.5926/arepj1962.42.0_240

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Nagoya University  

This study is one of a series of studies investigating the common belief that Japanese prefer indirect interpersonal communication strategies over direct strategies. Prior studies compared Japanese to Americans, but the current study focused on a domestic comparison, involving various regions of Japan. A total of 384 participants were surveyed about their preference of six interpersonal strategies (two direct, four indirect) over the two situations of refusal and requesting. Targets were specified by dimensions of intimacy and power, and the situation was varied by degree of imposition. Thus, a 2 (situation) x 5 (region) x 2 (intimacy) x 2 (power) x 2 (imposition) mixed design MANOVA was conducted to determine if the Japanese are consistently indirect (or direct) across the various regions of the nation. Results indicated that regional differences were minimal, as the two direct strategies were most likely used over both situations. Also, no indication was obtained regarding differences in the way regions respond to intimacy, power, and imposition. These results indicate that Japanese are relatively homogeneous regarding their interpersonal strategy preference in both refusal and requesting situations.

DOI： 10.18999/nupsych.49.181

CiNii Books

Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2237/3134

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The purpose of the current study was to investigate face and facework during conflicts across four national cultures: China, Germany, Japan, and the United States. A questionnaire was administered to 768 participants in the 4 national cultures, in their respective languages, to measure 3 face concerns and 11 facework behaviors. The major findings of the current study are as follows: (a) self-construals had the strongest effects on face concerns and facework with independence positively associated with self-face and dominating facework and interdependence positively associated with other- and mutual-face and integrating and avoiding facework; (b) power distance had small, positive effects on all three face concerns and avoiding and dominating facework; (c) individualistic, small-power distance cultures had less other-face concern and avoiding facework, and more dominating facework than collectivistic, large-power distance cultures; (d) Germans had more self- and mutual-face concerns and used defending more than U.S. Americans; (e) Chinese had more self-face concern and involved a third party more than Japanese; and (f) relational closeness and status only had small effects on face concerns and facework behavior.

DOI： 10.1080/03637750128061

Scopus

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会  

DOI： 10.20587/pamjaep.43.0_662

CiNii Research

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The purpose of the current study was to create a typology of facework behaviors in interpersonal conflicts between best friends and relative strangers for Japanese and U.S. participants. In phase I, 286 participants responded to open-ended questions about the manner in which they negotiated face during a conflict with either a best friend or a relative stranger. The responses of a sample of these respondents -16 Japanese, 16 members of ethnic minority groups in the U.S., and 20 European Americans — were categorized using a Q-sort technique. Fourteen categories of facework behaviors were derived. Validation procedures for the typology were carried out via a cluster analysis resulting in 13 unique clusters: (a) aggression, (b) apologize, (c) avoid, (d) compromise, (e) consider the other, (f) defend self (g) express feelings, (h) give in, (i) involve a third party, (j) pretend, (k) private discussion, (l) remain calm, and (m) talk about the problem. In phase II, 95 Japanese and 61 U.S. Americans rated the appropriateness and effectiveness of behaviors from each of the categories. The findings illustrate that the typology captures a wide range of appropriateness and effectiveness rating which further demonstrates the validity of the typology. © 2000, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

DOI： 10.1080/01463370009385606

Scopus

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Age identity (Garstka et al., 1997) was examined with regard to its structure in Japan and the United States.Factor analysis confirmedthe validity of a one-factor structure in both countries. Cluster analysis suggested a three-cluster solution in both Japan (ingroup identification and significance, sense of similarity, ingroup positive evaluation) and the USA (ingroup orientation, age centrality, ingroup positivity). In Japan, age-group pride and positive experiences clusteredwith age-group identificationsand awareness. This points to the importance of a sense of group membership in Japanese young people's positive feelings about their age group. In the USA, the two items clustered with likeability, value and importance, and were distinct from ingroup identification. This suggests that American individuals gain a sense of pride and positive experience when they like, value and give importance to being young. Finally, our Japanese respondents ranked age-group positivity and attachment lower than the Americans did, suggesting that positive feeling associated with being young may be less common in Japan. Future studies of intergenerational communication using age identity were suggested. © 2000 H. Ota et al.

DOI： 10.1080/01434630008666392

Scopus

Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会  

DOI： 10.20587/pamjaep.41.0_253

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会  

DOI： 10.20587/pamjaep.41.0_255

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

A total of 221 responses were obtained from a survey of international students in Japan, regarding the facilitative effects of social network formation on their adjustment. Regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationships among four types of adjustment revealed in a preceding study ("general adjustment," "self-control," "affiliative" and "dependent"), network size, demographic variables, expected social support, etc. For each adjustment type, predictive variables were identified. Two of the variables that showed network effects on adjustment were Japanese language proficiency and race (Asians vs. Westerners). From these results, it would appear that social network formation does facilitate adjustment, and insight into the effect of adjustment type and demographic variables on network functions was obtained. Furthermore, the actual conditions regarding network formation of international students in Japan were revealed. © 1997 Japanese Psychological Association. Published by Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

DOI： 10.1111/1468-5884.00032

Scopus

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Publisher：The Japanese Association of Administrative Science  

Effects of leadership of the head nurse on organizational commitment and morale of subordinate nurses were examined, by taking leader's personality and social power as moderator variables. Some 318 nurses at two hospitals were snrveyed. An original scale was constructed in order to tap social power, and a four factor structure was identified. Factors of referent/expert (attractive) power, coercive power, legitimate power and reward power were extracted. Using this scale, it was discovered that referent/expert (attractive) power exerted moderator effects on the relationship between leadership P behavior and both commitment and morale, while legitimate power also had a moderator effect on the relationship betweem leadership M behavior and commitment. Furthermore, years of experience of nurses showed moderator effects on delegative leadership behavior and morale.

DOI： 10.5651/jaas.9.13

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Association of Industial/Organizational Psychology  

DOI： 10.32222/jaiop.8.1_29

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publisher：The Japanese Group Dynamics Association  

This study examined the moderating and mediating effects of emotional reaction and personal power on the relationship of leadership behavior with group morale and organizational commitment. The data were obtained from 289 workers at a steel factory and 425 nurses working at three hospitals. The main results were as follows: 1) Emotional reaction moderated the relationship between performance-oriented leadership behavior and group morale and commitment. 2) Personal power moderated the relationship between Pressure P and group morale and commitment. However, it did not have any moderating effects on the relationships between delegative leader behavior and group morale and commitment. 3) Personal power mediated the relationship between leadership behavior and group morale and commitment, its effects being more pronounced than that of emotional reaction. Finally, the moderator and mediator roles in the leadership process were discussed.

DOI： 10.2130/jjesp.33.201

CiNii Books

Language：English   Publisher：The Japanese Group Dynamics Association  

Perceived social support and relationship satisfaction of international students in Japan were examined. A total of 221 international students responded to a questionnaire composed of items that questioned the demographic characteristics of their network members, type of relationship, equity in relationship and satisfaction with relationship. Contact, relationship type and nationality of supporters were critical determinants of overall perceived social support, while relationship type, contact and equity were important for determining satisfaction in the relationship. On-campus relationships were important in academic support, while offcampus relationships played vital roles in both. This study revealed the importance of taking into consideration off-campus supporters in a study of international student adjustment.

DOI： 10.2130/jjesp.33.213

CiNii Books

Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00387554462?from=CiNii

Language：English   Publisher：The Japanese Group Dynamics Association  

The assessment of interpersonal communication competence in Japan has been traditionally done through translated versions of mainly Western-made scales, devised on the Western cultural definition of competence. A review of the more commonly used scales revealed that cultural bias in these translated scales has rendered them as having lower levels of concurrent validity. The purpose of this study was to devise a scale for assessing the communication skills that have been accepted as being more or less typical of Japanese. A 31-item scale, named the Japanese Interpersonal Competence Scale (JICS) was constructed and administered to 707 subjects of all age ranges to determine the structure of Japanese interpersonal communication competence. The factors of Perceptive Ability, Self-Restraint, Social Appropriateness, Interpersonal Sensitivity and Tolerance for Ambiguity were revealed. Validity and reliability tests showed that JICS is a promising instrument for the assessment of competence.

DOI： 10.2130/jjesp.33.224

CiNii Books

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Cross-cultural adjustment of international students in Japan was approached through a comprehensive questionnaire that looked at various aspects of adjustment. Some 237 students of various national backgrounds participated in the study. Four factors of adjustment were attained: general adjustment, internally controlled adjustment, affiliation adjustment, and externally dependent adjustment. These four facets were analyzed with respect to several demographic traits of respondents. Some of the more important findings include the following: Asian subjects generally were less adjusted than those of Western and Latin American cultures
U-curve patterns with time were not evident in three of the four factors
those more proficient in the Japanese language did not prove to be generally better off than those less fortunate
and scholarship recipients were better adjusted than those relying on private sources for funding. © 1994.

DOI： 10.1016/0147-1767(94)90004-3

Scopus

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Hiroshima University  

As a part of researches on social skills training aimed at facilitating the cross-cultural adjustment of sojourners in Japan, this study asked Japanese experts in interpersonal behavior research about how international students should cope with ten aspects of social difficulty in interpersonal situations. The mailed questionnaire administered to 133 social psychologists. Twenty three subjects responded to the open-ended items. Their responses were categorized through the KJ method of content analysis. The following main categories were obtained; A) interpersonal relations (relationship with stranger, friendship formation, behavior toward a superior, overcoming language handicap, managing social exchange, behavior toward opposite sex members), B) social situations (public etiquette, dealing with collective behavior), C) indirectness (negating, indirect expression). Coping strategies suggested by the respondents were categorized into three areas of a) behavior, b) cognition, c) passiveness, and under these categories were identified their respective component structure. The results offer fundamental resources for formulating structured learning, cognitive restructuring and goal setting regarding social skills training.

DOI： 10.15027/635

CiNii Books

Other Link： http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/00000635

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

A field experiment made a preliminary investigation of the effects of training Japanese managers in creative problem solving. Two attitudes associated with divergent thinking practice (an important aspect of creative problem solving) were measured before and after training. This research establishes the Japanese translations of the two attitudinal measures. It also indicates that the applicability and receptivity of the paradigms and methods of the training provided may be at least as strong in Japanese business and industry as found in previous North American research. The experimental group (n = 60) showed significant gains on both measures versus two control groups. Compared to North American managers from similar studies, the Japanese managers appear to make at least equal gains after training. Future directions for research include extending the training effect investigation beyond attitude changes to include behavior changes and longer term persistence and portability to the job. © 1992.

DOI： 10.1016/0147-1767(92)90056-Z

Scopus

Language：English   Publisher：Communication Association of Japan  

CiNii Research

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publisher：Communication Association of Japan  

CiNii Research

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Nagoya University  

Research on the adjustment of international students in Japan is still a relatively unexplored area of study. However, the need for it has become pronounced within the recent years, as our nation has readied itself to accept the lot of its projected 100,000 students by the early 2000's. Existing research has been repeatedly conducted by a small handful of investigators, and has concentrated mainly on self-report questionnaires. Although some studies have taken on a longitudinal design, most have not attempted to monitor adjustment as an ongoing developing process, but have opted to gain large cross-sectional samples. The indices of adjustment employed include host images, gaps between expectation and reality, amount of difficulty in coping, psychological stress and multiple factor inventories. In reference to the various hypotheses of cross-cultural adjustment, the U-curve, national status and association hypotheses have been investigated. Findings reported have discovered that a general U-curve pattern is not applicable to these students, that Asian students are generally not as well adjusted relative to Western students, and that the amount of support available from Japanese sources is not necessarily facillitative of adjustment. This paper provides a summary of existing research and gives some directives on future investigations.

DOI： 10.18999/bulfep.36.139

CiNii Books

Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2237/3801

Publisher：The Japanese Association of Administrative Science  

A field experiment compared managers'(n=90) and non-managers'(n=66) attitudes toward divergent thinking before and after training in a three phase process of creative thinking emphasizing problem finding as well as solving and implementing. The mediating effect of personal creative problem solving style was also measured. The sample was comprised of a variety of functional specialties, hierarchicalevels and organizations. Before training, managers were lower in tendency for premature convergence but non-managers were higher in preference for active divergence. After training, both groups had improved both attitudes and between-group differences were no longer statistically significant. The manager and non-manager groups were found to have different distributions of creative problem solving style. For managers, the dominant style was conceptualizor and for nonmanagers it was generator. Among both groups, training benefitted participants with the optimizer style the most in improving the two divergent thinking attitudes.

DOI： 10.5651/jaas.4.19

CiNii Books

Publisher：The Japanese Association of Administrative Science  

A field experiment investigated the effects of training on Japanese managers' attitudes toward divergent thinking. An experimental group (n=60) of managers underwent practice- oriented experiential training in creative problem solving. Two control groups underwent placebo treatments. The first (n=15) was comprised of Japanese university faculty and graduate students who participated in an abstract discussion. The second (n=47) was comprised of Japanese assistant managers who experienced training in an unrelated subject. The three groups were measured before and after training on attitudes toward two aspects of divergent thinking: active divergence and premature convergence. The experimental group showed significant gains on both measures versus both placebo control groups. Compared to North American managers from similar studies, the Japanese managers appear to be at least equal on both attitudes in mean score and in gains made after training. This research indicates that applicability and receptivity of paradigms and methods of training in creativity and innovation may be at least as strong in Japanese business and industry as in North America. Also the Japanese translations of the two measures developed and used for the first time in this study appear to be good replicas of the English language versions. Some interesting differences between the two attitudes in gains after training and between the groups before training are identified as opportunities for future research. Potential mediators include Japanese cultural factors, profit versus non-profit organizational contexts, and different levels of responsibility.

DOI： 10.5651/jaas.4.75

CiNii Books

Language：English Book type：Scholarly book

Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

Language：Japanese

Total pages：10   Language：English Book type：Scholarly book

Language：Japanese

Language：Japanese

Language：Japanese

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese

「異文化接触に伴う心理」の章を担当

Language：Japanese

「高等教育の現状―新教科群が必要となる背景―」を担当

Language：English

Language：English

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese

「日英米の攻撃的映像」の章を担当

Language：Japanese

「医療現場における対人コミュニケーション」

Language：Japanese

「集団と文化」の章を担当

Language：Japanese

「日本人らしさを確認できない比較文化研究」の章を担当

Language：English

Language：Japanese

「日本人の対人コンピテンス」の章を担当

Language：Japanese

「異文化間コミュニケーション」の章を担当

Language：Japanese

「異文化間コミュニケーション」の章を担当

Language：Japanese

「異文化間ソーシャル・スキル・トレーニング」の章を担当

Language：Japanese

「異文化間コミュニケーション」の章を担当

Language：Japanese

異文化間コミュニケーションの基礎的なスキルを紹介

Language：Japanese  

Effects of emotion regulation tactics which represent expression or non-expression have been examined in relation to psychological well-being. However, which tactic is effective would be contingent on the interpersonal relationships with the agent of arousal at least for anger regulation, as the norms pertaining to emotion expression may differ with intimacy or social status of the target. As it was vague that whether both intimacy and status influenced the cognition of norm and use of each tactic, the present research, focusing on anger, examined the influence of intimacy and status on norm and use of anger regulation tactics. A vignette approach revealed that social status generally had some effect on the norm of anger regulation. Results also showed that the social status had positive relationships with the anger regulation tactics after the effects of the norm had been statistically controlled. Further examination of relationship factors and on-line information processing of anger regulation was discussed.

DOI： 10.18910/3613

CiNii Books

Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/11094/3613

Language：Japanese  

The purpose of this study was to construct the Career Information Exploration Behavior Scale and to examine the influence of career information exploration behavior on the outcomes of job hunting. Participants consisted of 125 fourth-year undergraduates (35 males, 90 females) and 128 second-year women's junior collage students. Factors analysis revealed four factors: company characteristics, job hunting methods, self-related during job hunting, and gathering information for job hunting from alumni. Results showed that exploring first-hand information from alumni or a person who works at the company predicts the outcomes of job hunting such as satisfaction for one's own job hunting or career decision. Other information exploration behavior (company characteristics, job hunting methods, selfrelated during job hunting) were not directly effective for outcomes of job hunting.

DOI： 10.18999/nupsych.54.127

CiNii Books

Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10339

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Nagoya University  

DOI： 10.18999/bulsea.50.100

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：国立大学入学者選抜研究連絡協議会  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Nagoya University  

DOI： 10.18999/bulsea.49.80

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Nagoya University  

This study is one of a series of studies investigating the common belief that Japanese prefer indirect interpersonal communication strategies over direct strategies. Prior studies compared Japanese to Americans, but the current study focused on a domestic comparison, involving various regions of Japan. A total of 384 participants were surveyed about their preference of six interpersonal strategies (two direct, four indirect) over the two situations of refusal and requesting. Targets were specified by dimensions of intimacy and power, and the situation was varied by degree of imposition. Thus, a 2 (situation) x 5 (region) x 2 (intimacy) x 2 (power) x 2 (imposition) mixed design MANOVA was conducted to determine if the Japanese are consistently indirect (or direct) across the various regions of the nation. Results indicated that regional differences were minimal, as the two direct strategies were most likely used over both situations. Also, no indication was obtained regarding differences in the way regions respond to intimacy, power, and imposition. These results indicate that Japanese are relatively homogeneous regarding their interpersonal strategy preference in both refusal and requesting situations.

DOI： 10.18999/nupsych.49.181

CiNii Books

Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2237/3134

Language：English  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：アカデミア出版会  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：広島大学留学生センター  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：名古屋市立大学教養部  

CiNii Books

Language：English  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Hiroshima University  

As a part of researches on social skills training aimed at facilitating the cross-cultural adjustment of sojourners in Japan, this study asked Japanese experts in interpersonal behavior research about how international students should cope with ten aspects of social difficulty in interpersonal situations. The mailed questionnaire administered to 133 social psychologists. Twenty three subjects responded to the open-ended items. Their responses were categorized through the KJ method of content analysis. The following main categories were obtained; A) interpersonal relations (relationship with stranger, friendship formation, behavior toward a superior, overcoming language handicap, managing social exchange, behavior toward opposite sex members), B) social situations (public etiquette, dealing with collective behavior), C) indirectness (negating, indirect expression). Coping strategies suggested by the respondents were categorized into three areas of a) behavior, b) cognition, c) passiveness, and under these categories were identified their respective component structure. The results offer fundamental resources for formulating structured learning, cognitive restructuring and goal setting regarding social skills training.

DOI： 10.15027/635

CiNii Books

Other Link： http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/00000635

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PSYCHOLOGY PRESS  

Web of Science

Language：Japanese   Publisher：名古屋市立大学教養部  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：広島大学留学生センター  

本研究では、異文化間交流仮説に基づき、異文化適応とソーシャル・ネットワークの関連について18人の在日外国人留学生を対象に調べた。今回は、新渡日後半年間に渡る3回シリーズの縦断的調査の最終回にあたる質問紙調査の結果をまとめている。個人の適応評価や志向性、ネットワーク形成とその構成メンバーとの関係についての評価をたずねた質問項目をクラスター分析した結果、ネットワーク、積極性、適応の3つのクラスターが認められ、これは留学生活の課題または評価の3つの様相と思われる。対人的ストレスや体の不調と、ソーシャル・スキルとの間などに相関が認められ、ネットワーク形成や積極的態度の、適応に対する関係が示された。個人をクラスター分析した結果、ネットワークの発達と孤独感において差を示す2つのクラスターに分かれた。ネットワークの構造、適応・不適応症状と関連を持つ要因、および今回の結果から得られる適応指導への示唆について検討する。

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese  

Research on cross-cultural abjustment has recently taken on a turn toward focusing on the implications of social networks. This report deals with a study which investigated the roles of social support networks on newly arrived international students in Japan. Eighteen subjects were surveyed at the end of their first academic semester, concerning the structure of their social networks and their abjustment. Cluster analysis and correlations were conducted to determine the relationship between the two variables. It was discovered that in the three month period, subjects had developed relationships in which they could attain mainly practical support, such as information receiving. The amount of support, although relating to subjective judgements on academic progress and their stress coping strategies, was independent of the indices for maladjustment. It can be interpreted that the three month duration was insufficient toward the development of a network that was extensive enough to show any psycological effectiveness in reducing signs of maladjustment, and that these students must rely on themselves toward solution of such problems.

DOI： 10.15027/30377

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese  

A sample of 63 English learners at two universities was taken to discover any differences in response between English and Japanese language versions of the Picture-Frustration Study (PF Study), a projective psychological measurement device designed to determine aggressive behavioral patterns of individuals. Results showed that these Japanese subjects tended to be less extrapeditive, more impunitive and more imaggressive in their Japanese responses to frustration causing situations than in their English responses. Implications toward behavior expectation with language were made, as well as behavior differences attributable to incompetence in one language relative to the other.

CiNii Books

Other Link： http://id.nii.ac.jp/1217/00012896/

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Hiroshima University  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：広島大学  

CiNii Books

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Nagoya University  

Research on the adjustment of international students in Japan is still a relatively unexplored area of study. However, the need for it has become pronounced within the recent years, as our nation has readied itself to accept the lot of its projected 100,000 students by the early 2000's. Existing research has been repeatedly conducted by a small handful of investigators, and has concentrated mainly on self-report questionnaires. Although some studies have taken on a longitudinal design, most have not attempted to monitor adjustment as an ongoing developing process, but have opted to gain large cross-sectional samples. The indices of adjustment employed include host images, gaps between expectation and reality, amount of difficulty in coping, psychological stress and multiple factor inventories. In reference to the various hypotheses of cross-cultural adjustment, the U-curve, national status and association hypotheses have been investigated. Findings reported have discovered that a general U-curve pattern is not applicable to these students, that Asian students are generally not as well adjusted relative to Western students, and that the amount of support available from Japanese sources is not necessarily facillitative of adjustment. This paper provides a summary of existing research and gives some directives on future investigations.

DOI： 10.18999/bulfep.36.139

CiNii Books

Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2237/3801

Event date： 2021.7

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Prague, Czech   Country：Czech Republic  

Event date： 2021.6

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：Shanghai, China   Country：China  

Dr. Jiro Takai, president of the Japan Communication Association and professor at Nagoya University’s Department of Psychology and Human Developmental Sciences, noted a Western hegemony in academia and highlighted advantages of a high context research method in uncovering aspects of social psychology traditionally overlooked by Western individual-focused research.