Faculty Profiles - SHIOKAWA, Kazuo

Papers - SHIOKAWA, Kazuo

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Spatiotemporally resolved electrodynamic properties of a Sun-aligned arc over Resolute Bay Reviewed Open Access

G. W. Perry, H. Dahlgren, M. J. Nicolls, M. Zettergren, J. -P. St-Maurice, J. L. Semeter, T. Sundberg, K. Hosokawa, K. Shiokawa, S. Chen

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 120 ( 11 ) page： 9977 - 9987 2015.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

Common volume measurements by the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar-North (RISR-N) and Optical Mesosphere and Thermosphere Imagers (OMTI) have been used to clarify the electrodynamic structure of a Sun-aligned arc in the polar cap. The plasma parameters of the dusk-to-dawn drifting arc and surrounding ionosphere are extracted using the volumetric imaging capabilities of RISR-N. Multipoint line-of-sight RISR-N measurements of the plasma drift are inverted to construct a time sequence of the electric field and field-aligned current system of the arc. Evidence of dramatic electrodynamic and plasma structuring of the polar cap ionosphere due to the arc is described. One notable feature of the arc is a meridionally extended plasma density depletion on its leading edge, located partially within a downward field-aligned current region. The depletion is determined to be a by-product of enhanced chemical recombination operating on a time scale of 15 min. A similarly shaped electric field structure of over 100 mV/m and line-of-sight ion temperatures nearing 3000 K were collocated with the depletion.

DOI： 10.1002/2015JA021790

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Statistical study of ELF/VLF emissions at subauroral latitudes in Athabasca, Canada Reviewed Open Access

Martinez-Calderon Claudia, Shiokawa Kazuo, Miyoshi Yoshizumi, Ozaki Mitsunori, Schofield Ian, Connors Martin

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 120 ( 10 ) page： 8455-8469 2015.10

On the formation and origin of substorm growth phase/onset auroral arcs inferred from conjugate space-ground observations Reviewed Open Access

T. Motoba, S. Ohtani, B. J. Anderson, H. Korth, D. Mitchell, L. J. Lanzerotti, K. Shiokawa, M. Connors, C. A. Kletzing, G. D. Reeves

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 120 ( 10 ) page： 8707 - 8722 2015.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

Magnetotail processes and structures related to substorm growth phase/onset auroral arcs remain poorly understood mostly due to the lack of adequate observations. In this study we make a comparison between ground-based optical measurements of the premidnight growth phase/onset arcs at subauroral latitudes and magnetically conjugate measurements made by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) at 780km in altitude and by the Van Allen Probe B (RBSP-B) spacecraft crossing L values of 5.0-5.6 in the premidnight inner tail region. The conjugate observations offer a unique opportunity to examine the detailed features of the arc location relative to large-scale Birkeland currents and of the magnetospheric counterpart. Our main findings include (1) at the early stage of the growth phase the quiet auroral arc emerged 4.3 degrees equatorward of the boundary between the downward Region 2 (R2) and upward Region 1 (R1) currents; (2) shortly before the auroral breakup (poleward auroral expansion) the latitudinal separation between the arc and the R1/R2 demarcation narrowed to 1.0 degrees; (3) RBSP-B observed a magnetic field signature of a local upward field-aligned current (FAC) connecting the arc with the near-Earth tail when the spacecraft footprint was very close to the arc; and (4) the upward FAC signature was located on the tailward side of a local plasma pressure increase confined near L5.2-5.4. These findings strongly suggest that the premidnight arc is connected to highly localized pressure gradients embedded in the near-tail R2 source region via the local upward FAC.

DOI： 10.1002/2015JA021676

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Multi-instrument, high-resolution imaging of polar cap patch transportation Reviewed Open Access

E. G. Thomas, K. Hosokawa, J. Sakai, J. B. H. Baker, J. M. Ruohoniemi, S. Taguchi, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, A. J. Coster, J. -P. St.-Maurice, K. A. McWilliams

RADIO SCIENCE Vol. 50 ( 9 ) page： 904 - 915 2015.9

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

Transionospheric radio signals in the high-latitude polar cap are susceptible to degradation when encountering sharp electron density gradients associated with discrete plasma structures, or patches. Multi-instrument measurements of polar cap patches are examined during a geomagnetic storm interval on 22 January 2012. For the first time, we monitor the transportation of patches with high spatial and temporal resolution across the polar cap for 1-2 h using a combination of GPS total electron content (TEC), all-sky airglow imagers (ASIs), and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radar backscatter. Simultaneous measurements from these data sets allow for continuous tracking of patch location, horizontal extent, and velocity despite adverse observational conditions for the primary technique (e.g., sunlit regions in the ASI data). Spatial collocation between patch-like features in relatively coarse but global GPS TEC measurements and those mapped by high-resolution ASI data was very good, indicating that GPS TEC can be applied to track patches continuously as they are transported across the polar cap. In contrast to previous observations of cigar-shaped patches formed under weakly disturbed conditions, the relatively narrow dawn-dusk extent of patches in the present interval (500-800 km) suggests association with a longitudinally confined plasma source region, such as storm-enhanced density (SED) plume. SuperDARN observations show that the backscatter power enhancements corresponded to the optical patches, and for the first time we demonstrate that the motion of the optical patches was consistent with background plasma convection velocities.

DOI： 10.1002/2015RS005672

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Statistical study of auroral fragmentation into patches Reviewed Open Access

Hashimoto Ayumi, Shiokawa Kazuo, Otsuka Yuichi, Oyama Shin-ichiro, Nozawa Satonori, Hori Tomoaki, Lester Mark, Johnsen Magnar Gullikstad

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 120 ( 8 ) page： 6207-6217 2015.8

Plasma bubble monitoring by TEC map and 630 nm airglow image Reviewed Open Access

H. Takahashi, C. M. Wrasse, Y. Otsuka, A. Ivo, V. Gomes, I. Paulino, A. F. Medeiros, C. M. Denardini, N. Sant'Anna, K. Shiokawa

JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS Vol. 130 page： 151 - 158 2015.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD

Equatorial ionosphere plasma bubbles over the South American continent were successfully observed by mapping the total electron content (TECMAP) using data provided by ground-based GNSS receiver networks. The TECMAP could cover almost all of the continent within 4000 km distance in longitude and latitude, monitoring TEC variability continuously with a time resolution of 10 min. Simultaneous observations of OI 630 nm all-sky image at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7 degrees S, 45.0 degrees W) and Cariri (7.4 degrees S, 36.5 degrees W) were used to compare the bubble structures. The spatial resolution of the TECMAP varied from 50 km to 1000 km, depending on the density of the observation sites. On the other hand, optical imaging has a spatial resolution better than 15 km, depicting the fine structure of the bubbles but covering a limited area (similar to 1600 km diameter). TECMAP has an advantage in its spatial coverage and the continuous monitoring (day and night) form. The initial phase of plasma depletion in the post-sunset equatorial ionization anomaly (PS-EIA) trough region, followed by development of plasma bubbles in the crest region, could be monitored in a progressive way over the magnetic equator. In December 2013 to January 2014, periodically spaced bubble structures were frequently observed. The longitudinal spacing between the bubbles was around 600-800 km depending on the day. The periodic form of plasma bubbles may suggest a seeding process related to the solar terminator passage in the ionosphere. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jastp.2015.06.003

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Van Allen probes, NOAA, GOES, and ground observations of an intense EMIC wave event extending over 12 h in magnetic local time Reviewed Open Access

M. J. Engebretson, J. L. Posch, J. R. Wygant, C. A. Kletzing, M. R. Lessard, C. -L. Huang, H. E. Spence, C. W. Smith, H. J. Singer, Y. Omura, R. B. Horne, G. D. Reeves, D. N. Baker, M. Gkioulidou, K. Oksavik, I. R. Mann, T. Raita, K. Shiokawa

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 120 ( 7 ) page： 5465 - 5488 2015.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

Although most studies of the effects of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves on Earth's outer radiation belt have focused on events in the afternoon sector in the outer plasmasphere or plume region, strong magnetospheric compressions provide an additional stimulus for EMIC wave generation across a large range of local times and L shells. We present here observations of the effects of a wave event on 23 February 2014 that extended over 8h in UT and over 12h in local time, stimulated by a gradual 4h rise and subsequent sharp increases in solar wind pressure. Large-amplitude linearly polarized hydrogen band EMIC waves (up to 25nT p-p) appeared for over 4h at both Van Allen Probes, from late morning through local noon, when these spacecraft were outside the plasmapause, with densities similar to 5-20cm(-3). Waves were also observed by ground-based induction magnetometers in Antarctica (near dawn), Finland (near local noon), Russia (in the afternoon), and in Canada (from dusk to midnight). Ten passes of NOAA-POES and METOP satellites near the northern foot point of the Van Allen Probes observed 30-80keV subauroral proton precipitation, often over extended L shell ranges; other passes identified a narrow L shell region of precipitation over Canada. Observations of relativistic electrons by the Van Allen Probes showed that the fluxes of more field-aligned and more energetic radiation belt electrons were reduced in response to both the emission over Canada and the more spatially extended emission associated with the compression, confirming the effectiveness of EMIC-induced loss processes for this event.

DOI： 10.1002/2015JA021227

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Resonance structure and mode transition of quarter-wave ULF pulsations around the dawn terminator Reviewed Open Access

Obana Yuki, Waters Colin L., Sciffer Murray D., Menk Frederick W., Lysak Robert L., Shiokawa Kazuo, Hurst Anthony W., Petersen Tanja

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 120 ( 6 ) page： 4194-4212 2015.6

Three different types of electric field disturbances affecting equatorial ionosphere during a long-duration prompt penetration event Reviewed

D. Chakrabarty, Diptiranjan Rout, R. Sekar, R. Narayanan, G. D. Reeves, Tarun K. Pant, B. Veenadhari, K. Shiokawa

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 120 ( 6 ) page： 4993 - 5008 2015.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

Coordinated digisonde and OI 630.0nm airglow observations from Thumba (TVM), an Indian dip equatorial station, in conjunction with magnetic and geosynchronous particle flux measurements, reveal three different types of electric field disturbances in the equatorial ionosphere-thermosphere system (ITS) occurring in succession over a period of 6h on a single night (22-23 January,2012; A(p) = 24). These include (1) westward electric field perturbations owing to a pseudo-breakup and a substorm event, each lasting for about 30min; (2) eastward electric field perturbations continuing for about an hour, owing to the southward excursion of Z component of interplanetary magnetic field (B-z); and (3) DP2-type fluctuating (period approximate to 40min) electric field perturbation sustaining for about 4h. The pseudo-breakup and the fully grown substorm events are found to be longitudinally localized and different in terms of response in the westward auroral electrojet index (AL) as well as geosynchronous electron/proton injections. The polarity of the prompt penetration of interplanetary electric field that affects the equatorial ionosphere is observed to be eastward during 2100-2200 IST (Indian Standard Time) which is observationally sparse but consistent with modeling studies. Interestingly, on the same night, DP2-type electric field fluctuations with approximate to 40min periodicity and occasional eastward polarity (akin to daytime) are also found to affect the equatorial ITS for about 4h (2200-0200 IST). The case study, thus, brings out different processes that constitute a long duration prompt penetration event which, otherwise, would have been categorized as a single event.

DOI： 10.1002/2014JA020759

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Localized polar cap flow enhancement tracing using airglow patches: Statistical properties, IMF dependence, and contribution to polar cap convection Reviewed

Zou Ying, Nishimura Yukitoshi, Lyons Larry R., Shiokawa Kazuo, Donovan Eric F., Ruohoniemi J. Michael, McWilliams Kathryn A., Nishitani Nozomu

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 120 ( 5 ) page： 4064-4078 2015.5

Airglow-imaging observation of plasma bubble disappearance at geomagnetically conjugate points Reviewed Open Access

Shiokawa Kazuo, Otsuka Yuichi, Lynn Kenneth J. W., Wilkinson Philip, Tsugawa Takuya

EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE Vol. 67 ( 43 ) page： 1-12 2015.3

Geomagnetically conjugate observation of plasma bubbles and thermospheric neutral winds at low latitudes Reviewed

D. Fukushima, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, M. Nishioka, M. Kubota, T. Tsugawa, T. Nagatsuma, S. Komonjinda, C. Y. Yatini

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 120 ( 3 ) page： 2222 - 2231 2015.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

This is the first paper that reports simultaneous observations of zonal drift of plasma bubbles and the thermospheric neutral winds at geomagnetically conjugate points in both hemispheres. The plasma bubbles were observed in the 630nm nighttime airglow images taken by using highly sensitive all-sky airglow imagers at Kototabang, Indonesia (geomagnetic latitude (MLAT): 10.0 degrees S), and Chiang Mai, Thailand (MLAT: 8.9 degrees N), which are nearly geomagnetically conjugate stations, for 7h from 13 to 20UT (from 20 to 03LT) on 5 April 2011. The bubbles continuously propagated eastward with velocities of 100-125m/s. The 630nm images at Chiang Mai and those mapped to the conjugate point of Kototabang fit very well, which indicates that the observed plasma bubbles were geomagnetically connected. The eastward thermospheric neutral winds measured by two Fabry-Perot interferometers were 70-130m/s at Kototabang and 50-90m/s at Chiang Mai. We compared the observed plasma bubble drift velocity with the velocity calculated from the observed neutral winds and the model conductivity, to investigate the F region dynamo contribution to the bubble drift velocity. The estimated drift velocities were 60-90% of the observed velocities of the plasma bubbles, suggesting that most of the plasma bubble velocity can be explained by the F region dynamo effect.

DOI： 10.1002/2014JA020398

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CDF data archive and integrated data analysis platform for ERG-related ground data developed by ERG Science Center (ERG-SC) Reviewed

Hori, T, Y. Miyashita, Y. Miyoshi, K. Seki, T. Segawa, Y.-M. Tanaka, K. Keika, M. Shoji, I. Shinohara, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, S. Abe, A. Yoshikawa, K. Yumoto, Y. Obana, N. Nishitani, A. S. Yukimatu, T. Nagatsuma, M. Kunitake, K. Hosokawa, Y. Ogawa, K. T. Murata, M. Nose, H. Kawano, T. Sakanoi

J. Sp. Sci. Info. Jpn. Vol. 4 (JAXA-RR-14-009) page： 75 - 89 2015.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

The Exploration of energization and Radiation in Geospace project Science Center (ERG-SC) has developed the science data file archive and integrated data analysis tool for the ground network observation data of the ERG project. We have organized data design consortiums to develop and elaborate the standard metadata and data variable sets for each type of the ERG-related ground data being archived as Common Data Format (CDF) files. The integrated data analysis software for the project has also been developed on the basis of the Space Physics Environment Data Analysis Software (SPEDAS) which works in concert with the CDF data file repository. The software tools, which are provided as plug-in libraries for SPEDAS, are made available to the international science community so that scientists and students are ready to proceed to integrated studies combining the ground data with other satellite and simulation data seamlessly. The integrated data analysis software can make scientific activities more productive and help the ERG project achieve the scientific goals.

Polarization analysis of VLF/ELF waves observed at subauroral latitudes during the VLF-CHAIN campaign Reviewed Open Access

Martinez-Calderon Claudia, Shiokawa Kazuo, Miyoshi Yoshizumi, Ozaki Mitsunori, Schofield Ian, Connors Martin

EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE Vol. 67 2015.2

The geospace response to variable inputs from the lower atmosphere: a review of the progress made by Task Group 4 of CAWSES-II Reviewed Open Access

Oberheide Jens, Shiokawa Kazuo, Gurubaran Subramanian, Ward William E., Fujiwara Hitoshi, Kosch Michael J., Makela Jonathan J., Takahashi Hisao

PROGRESS IN EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE Vol. 2 2015.2

Daytime tweek atmospherics Reviewed

Ohya Hiroyo, Shiokawa Kazuo, Miyoshi Yoshizumi

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 120 ( 1 ) page： 654-665 2015.1

A statistical study of satellite traces and evolution of equatorial spread F Reviewed Open Access

Narayanan Viswanathan Lakshmi, Sau Sukanta, Gurubaran Subramanian, Shiokawa Kazuo, Balan Nanan, Emperumal Kaliappan, Sripathi Samireddipalle

EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE Vol. 66 2014.12

CME front and severe space weather Reviewed Open Access

N. Balan, R. Skoug, S. Tulasi Ram, P. K. Rajesh, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, I. S. Batista, Y. Ebihara, T. Nakamura

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 119 ( 12 ) page： 10,041 - 10,058 2014.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

Thanks to the work of a number of scientists who made it known that severe space weather can cause extensive social and economic disruptions in the modern high-technology society. It is therefore important to understand what determines the severity of space weather and whether it can be predicted. We present results obtained from the analysis of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar energetic particle (SEP) events, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), CME-magnetosphere coupling, and geomagnetic storms associated with the major space weather events since 1998 by combining data from the ACE and GOES satellites with geomagnetic parameters and the Carrington event of 1859, the Quebec event of 1989, and an event in 1958. The results seem to indicate that (1) it is the impulsive energy mainly due to the impulsive velocity and orientation of IMF B-z at the leading edge of the CMEs (or CME front) that determine the severity of space weather. (2) CMEs having high impulsive velocity (sudden nonfluctuating increase by over 275 km s(-1) over the background) caused severe space weather (SvSW) in the heliosphere (failure of the solar wind ion mode of Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor in ACE) probably by suddenly accelerating the high-energy particles in the SEPs ahead directly or through the shocks. (3) The impact of such CMEs which also show the IMF B-z southward from the leading edge caused SvSW at the Earth including extreme geomagnetic storms of mean Dst(MP) < -250 nT during main phases, and the known electric power outages happened during some of these SvSW events. (4) The higher the impulsive velocity, the more severe the space weather, like faster weather fronts and tsunami fronts causing more severe damage through impulsive action. (5) The CMEs having IMF B-z northward at the leading edge do not seem to cause SvSW on Earth, although, later when the IMF B-z turns southward, they can lead to super geomagnetic storms of intensity (Dst(min)) less than even -400 nT.

DOI： 10.1002/2014JA020151

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Airglow observations of nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances from Yonaguni: Statistical characteristics and low-latitude limit Reviewed

V. Lakshmi Narayanan, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, S. Saito

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 119 ( 11 ) page： 9268 - 9282 2014.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

The characteristics of nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) features observed over Yonaguni (24.5 degrees N, 123.0 degrees E; 19.3 degrees N dip latitude), Japan are studied using all-sky imaging of OI 630.0nm airglow emission. The uniqueness of these observations is that the area observed by the imager covers the transition region between low to middle latitudes in the ionosphere. Typical low-latitude limit of midlatitude-type nighttime MSTIDs possessing phase front alignments along the northwest to the southeast occurs in this region. These MSTID features are rarely sighted at dip latitudes below 15 degrees. We selected 2 year period for analysis in which 1 year corresponded to the solar minimum conditions and another year to the solar maximum conditions. The MSTIDs were observed to extend to farther lower latitudes during the solar minimum conditions than during the solar maximum periods. Their observed range of wavelengths, phase velocities, phase front alignment, and propagation directions are similar to those observed at typical midlatitude sites. However, on many occasions the phase fronts of the observed MSTIDs did not extend over the whole field of view of the imager indicating that some process inhibits their extension to further lower latitudes. Detailed investigation suggests that the poleward propagating enhancement of airglow intensity, probably associated with the midnight pressure bulge, causes the MSTID features to disappear when they reach lower latitudes later in the night. When the MSTIDs reach lower latitudes well before midnight, they are found to be inhibited by the equatorial ionization anomaly crest region.

DOI： 10.1002/2014JA020368

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Traveling planetary wave activity from mesopause region airglow temperatures determined by the Network for the Detection of Mesospheric Change (NDMC) Reviewed Open Access

E. R. Reisin, J. Scheer, M. E. Dyrland, F. Sigernes, C. S. Deehr, C. Schmidt, K. Hoeppner, M. Bittner, P. P. Ammosov, G. A. Gavrilyeva, J. Stegman, V. I. Perminov, A. I. Semenov, P. Knieling, R. Koppmann, K. Shiokawa, R. P. Lowe, M. J. Lopez-Gonzalez, E. Rodriguez, Y. Zhao, M. J. Taylor, R. A. Buriti, P. J. Espy, W. J. R. French, K. -U. Eichmann, J. P. Burrows, C. von Savigny

JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS Vol. 119 page： 71 - 82 2014.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD

The global distribution of traveling planetary wave (PW) activity in the mesopause region is estimated for the first time from ground-based airglow measurements. Monthly and total mean climatologies of PW power are determined from rotational temperatures measured at 19 sites from 78 degrees N to 76 degrees S which contribute to the Network for the Detection of Mesospheric Change (NDMC). Wave power is expressed as the standard deviation of nocturnal mean temperature around the seasonal temperature variation. The results from 20 degrees N confirm the SABER traveling PW proxy by Offermann et al. (2009, J. Geophys. Res. 114, D06110) at two altitudes. Most sites between 69 degrees S and 69 degrees N show total mean traveling PW activity of about 6 K, and only some high latitude sites have considerably higher activity levels. At the two tropical sites, there is practically no seasonal variation of PW activity. At 70% of the midlatitude sites, the seasonal variation is moderate for most of the year, but it is quite appreciable at all high latitude sites. Results about traveling PW activity at 87 km and 95 km available from several sites signal similar behavior at both altitudes. The total mean climatological results here obtained have further been used to separate the traveling PW contribution from the superposition of wave types contained in OH rotational temperature fluctuations measured by the SCIAMACHY instrument on Envisat. A narrow equatorial wave activity maximum is probably caused by gravity waves, while a tendency towards greater activity at higher northern latitudes may be due to stationary planetary waves. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jastp.2014.07.002

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Papers - SHIOKAWA, Kazuo