受賞国：アメリカ合衆国

受賞国：日本国

受賞国：日本国

受賞国：日本国

受賞国：日本国

受賞国：日本国

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  

To cope with seasonal environmental changes, organisms have evolved approximately 1-y endogenous circannual clocks. These circannual clocks regulate various physiological properties and behaviors such as reproduction, hibernation, migration, and molting, thus providing organisms with adaptive advantages. Although several hypotheses have been proposed, the genes that regulate circannual rhythms and the underlying mechanisms controlling long-term circannual clocks remain unknown in any organism. Here, we show a transcriptional program underlying the circannual clock in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). We monitored the seasonal reproductive rhythms of medaka kept under natural outdoor conditions for 2 y. Linear regression analysis suggested that seasonal changes in reproductive activity were predominantly determined by an endogenous program. Medaka hypothalamic and pituitary transcriptomes were obtained monthly over 2 y and daily on all equinoxes and solstices. Analysis identified 3,341 seasonally oscillating genes and 1,381 daily oscillating genes. We then examined the existence of circannual rhythms in medaka via maintaining them under constant photoperiodic conditions. Medaka exhibited approximately 6-mo free-running circannual rhythms under constant conditions, and monthly transcriptomes under constant conditions identified 518 circannual genes. Gene ontology analysis of circannual genes highlighted the enrichment of genes related to cell proliferation and differentiation. Altogether, our findings support the “histogenesis hypothesis” that postulates the involvement of tissue remodeling in circannual time-keeping.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.2313514120

Open Access

Scopus

出版者・発行元：Zoological Letters  

Seasonal changes are more robust and dynamic at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes, and animals sense seasonal changes in the environment and alter their physiology and behavior to better adapt to harsh winter conditions. However, the genetic basis for sensing seasonal changes, including the photoperiod and temperature, remains unclear. Medaka (Oryzias latipes species complex), widely distributed from subtropical to cool-temperate regions throughout the Japanese archipelago, provides an excellent model to tackle this subject. In this study, we examined the critical photoperiods and critical temperatures required for seasonal gonadal development in female medaka from local populations at various latitudes. Intraspecific differences in critical photoperiods and temperatures were detected, demonstrating that these differences were genetically controlled. Most medaka populations could perceive the difference between photoperiods for at least 1 h. Populations in the Northern Japanese group required 14 h of light in a 24 h photoperiod to develop their ovaries, whereas ovaries from the Southern Japanese group developed under 13 h of light. Additionally, Miyazaki and Ginoza populations from lower latitudes were able to spawn under short-day conditions of 11 and 10 h of light, respectively. Investigation of the critical temperature demonstrated that the Higashidori population, the population from the northernmost region of medaka habitats, had a critical temperature of over 18 °C, which was the highest critical temperature among the populations examined. The Miyazaki and the Ginoza populations, in contrast, were found to have critical temperatures under 14 °C. When we conducted a transplant experiment in a high-latitudinal environment using medaka populations with different seasonal responses, the population from higher latitudes, which had a longer critical photoperiod and a higher critical temperature, showed a slower reproductive onset but quickly reached a peak of ovarian size. The current findings show that low latitudinal populations are less responsive to photoperiodic and temperature changes, implying that variations in this responsiveness can alter seasonal timing of reproduction and change fitness to natural environments with varying harshnesses of seasonal changes. Local medaka populations will contribute to elucidating the genetic basis of seasonal time perception and adaptation to environmental changes.

DOI： 10.1186/s40851-023-00215-8

Open Access

Scopus

出版者・発行元：Neuroscience Letters  

About 10% of the population suffers from depression in winter at high latitude. Although it has become a serious public health issue, its underlying mechanism remains unknown and new treatments and therapies are required. As an adaptive strategy, many animals also exhibit depression-like behavior in winter. Previously, it has been reported that celastrol, a traditional Chinese medicine, can rescue winter depression-like behavior in medaka, an excellent model of winter depression. Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (nr4a1, also known as nur77) is a known target of celastrol, and the signaling pathway of nr4a1 was suggested to be inactive in medaka brain during winter, implying the association of nr4a1 and winter depression-like behavior. However, the direct evidence for its involvement in winter depression-like behavior remains unclear. The present study found that nr4a1 was suppressed in the medaka brain under winter conditions. Cytosporone B, nr4a1 chemical activator, reversed winter depression-like behavior under winter conditions. Additionally, nr4a1 mutant fish generated by CRISPR/Cas9 system showed decreased sociability under summer conditions. Therefore, our results demonstrate that the seasonal regulation of nr4a1 regulates winter depression-like behavior and offers potential therapeutic target.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137469

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0278013.

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Gene  

Sleep in Drosophila was defined in the year 2000 by using Drosophila Activity Monitor (DAM) system. But DAM is very small tube space and one fly per tube is very limited to analyze for fly social behavior. To overcome such demerits of DAM system, we developed a novel automated sleep and rhythm analysis system (AutoCircaS) which monitors and records any behaviors like social mating, sleep, and circadian rhythm in flies (Drosophila) and small fishes medaka (Oryzias latipes) in free space using the time-lapse (one frame per 10 sec) imaging. AutoCircaS can detect the caffeine-induced insomnia in flies in light–dark (LD) and constant dark (DD) conditions. Thus, using the AutoCircaS, we discovered that Japanese traditional herbal medicines, KyushinKannouGan-ki (KKG), NouKassei (NK) as well as, and Sansoninto, significantly improved caffeine-induced insomnia in flies. The data suggest that AutoCircaS is useful for sleep analysis of small animals and screening of new sedative-hypnotics from many origins.

DOI： 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146852

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports  

Real-time monitoring of cellular temperature responses is an important technique in thermal biology and drug development. Recent study identified that Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX)-dependent Ca2+ influx transduces cold signals to circadian clock in mammalian cultured cells. The finding raised an idea that cellular responses to the cold signals can be analyzed by monitoring of clock gene expression. We found that Per1 and Per2 were up-regulated after culture at 27 °C compared to 37 °C in Rat-1 fibroblasts. In order to monitor cold-Ca2+-dependent transcription in living cells, we developed a luciferase-based real-time reporting system by using Per1 promoter, Per2 promoter, Ca2+/cAMP-response elements (CRE) or NFAT-binding elements. We found that benzyloxyphenyl NCX inhibitor KB-R7943 and SN-6, but not SEA-0400 or YM-244769 inhibited the cold induction of Per2. Our study established a real-time monitoring system for cold Ca2+ signaling which can be applied to evaluation of drugs.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-022-22166-4

Open Access

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出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports  

The circadian rhythm is a biological oscillation of physiological activities with a period of approximately 24 h, that is driven by a cell-autonomous oscillator called the circadian clock. The current model of the mammalian circadian clock is based on a transcriptional-translational negative feedback loop in which the protein products of clock genes accumulate in a circadian manner and repress their own transcription. However, several studies have revealed that constitutively expressed clock genes can maintain circadian oscillations. To understand the underlying mechanism, we expressed Bmal1 in Bmal1-disrupted cells using a doxycycline-inducible promoter and monitored Bmal1 and Per2 promoter activity using luciferase reporters. Although the levels of BMAL1 and other clock proteins, REV-ERBα and CLOCK, showed no obvious rhythmicity, robust circadian oscillation in Bmal1 and Per2 promoter activities with the correct phase relationship was observed, which proceeded in a doxycycline-concentration-dependent manner. We applied transient response analysis to the Bmal1 promoter activity in the presence of various doxycycline concentrations. Based on the obtained transfer functions, we suggest that, at least in our experimental system, BMAL1 is not directly involved in the oscillatory process, but modulates the oscillation robustness by regulating basal clock gene promoter activity.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-022-24188-4

Open Access

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Current Biology  

Many organisms living along the coastlines synchronize their reproduction with the lunar cycle. At the time of spring tide, thousands of grass puffers (Takifugu alboplumbeus) aggregate and vigorously tremble their bodies at the water's edge to spawn. To understand the mechanisms underlying this spectacular semilunar beach spawning, we collected the hypothalamus and pituitary from male grass puffers every week for 2 months. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis identified 125 semilunar genes, including genes crucial for reproduction (e.g., gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 [gnrh1], luteinizing hormone β subunit [lhb]) and receptors for pheromone prostaglandin E (PGE). PGE2 is secreted into the seawater during the spawning, and its administration activates olfactory sensory neurons and triggers trembling behavior of surrounding individuals. These results suggest that PGE2 synchronizes lunar-regulated beach-spawning behavior in grass puffers. To further explore the mechanism that regulates the lunar-synchronized transcription of semilunar genes, we searched for semilunar transcription factors. Spatial transcriptomics and multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization showed co-localization of the semilunar transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (cebpd) and gnrh1, and cebpd induced the promoter activity of gnrh1. Taken together, our study demonstrates semilunar genes that mediate lunar-synchronized beach-spawning behavior. Video abstract: [Formula presented]

DOI： 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.062

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PLoS ONE  

Maintenance of the energy balance is indispensable for cell survival and function. Adenylate kinase (Ak) is a ubiquitous enzyme highly conserved among many organisms. Ak plays an essential role in energy regulation by maintaining adenine nucleotide homeostasis in cells. However, its role at the whole organism level, especially in animal behavior, remains unclear. Here, we established a model using medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) to examine the function of Ak in environmental adaptation. Medaka overexpressing the major Ak isoform Ak1 exhibited increased locomotor activity compared to that of the wild type. Interestingly, this increase was temperature dependent. Our findings suggest that cellular energy balance can modulate locomotor activity.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0257967

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0257967

Open Access

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports  

Circadian rhythm is an approximately 24 h endogenous biological rhythm. Chronic disruption of the circadian clock leads to an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Hence, it is important to develop circadian clock modulators. Natural organisms are a good source of several medicines currently in use. Crude drugs used in Japanese traditional Kampo medicine or folk medicines are an excellent source for drug discovery. Furthermore, identifying new functions for existing drugs, known as the drug repositioning approach, is a popular and powerful tool. In this study, we screened 137 crude drug extracts to act as circadian clock modulators in human U2OS cells stably expressing the clock reporter Bmal1-dLuc, and approximately 12% of these modulated the circadian rhythm. We further examined the effects of several crude drugs in Rat-1 fibroblasts stably expressing Per2-luc, explant culture of lung from Per2::Luciferase knockin mice, and zebrafish larvae in vivo. Notably, more than half of the major ingredients of these crude drugs were reported to target AKT and its relevant signaling pathways. As expected, analysis of the major ingredients targeting AKT signaling confirmed the circadian clock-modulating effects. Furthermore, activator and inhibitor of AKT, and triple knockdown of AKT isoforms by siRNA also modulated the circadian rhythm. This study, by employing the drug repositioning approach, shows that Kampo medicines are a useful source for the identification of underlying mechanisms of circadian clock modulators and could potentially be used in the treatment of circadian clock disruption.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-00499-w

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-00499-w

Open Access

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PubMed

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Biochemistry  

The circadian clock controls daily rhythms of various physiological processes, and impairment of its function causes many diseases including sleep disorders. Chemical compounds that regulate clock function are expected to be applied for treatment of circadian clock-related diseases. We previously identified small-molecule compounds KL001, KL101 and TH301 that lengthen the period of cellular circadian clock by directly targeting clock proteins cryptochromes (CRYs) in mammals. KL001 targets both CRY1 and CRY2 isoforms, while KL101 and TH301 are isoform-selective compounds and require CRY C-terminal region for their effects. For further application of these compounds, the effects on locomotor activity rhythms at the organismal level need to be investigated. Here we used zebrafish larvae as an in vivo model system and found that KL001 lengthened the period of locomotor activity rhythms in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, KL101 and TH301 showed no effect on the period. The amino acid sequences of CRY C-terminal regions are diverged in zebrafish and mammals, supporting the importance of this region for the effects of KL101 and TH301. This study demonstrated efficacy of CRY modulation for controlling circadian behavioural rhythms in organisms and suggested species-dependent differences in the effects of isoform-selective CRY-modulating compounds.

DOI： 10.1093/jb/mvab096

DOI： 10.1093/jb/mvab096

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PubMed

担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports  

At high latitudes, approximately 10% of people suffer from depression during the winter season, a phenomenon known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Shortened photoperiod and/or light intensity during winter season are risk factors for SAD, and bright light therapy is an effective treatment. Interestingly, reduced retinal photosensitivity along with the mood is observed in SAD patients in winter. However, the molecular basis underlying seasonal changes in retinal photosensitivity remains unclear, and pharmacological intervention is required. Here we show photoperiodic regulation of dopamine signaling and improvement of short day–attenuated photosensitivity by its pharmacological intervention in mice. Electroretinograms revealed dynamic seasonal changes in retinal photosensitivity. Transcriptome analysis identified short day-mediated suppression of the Th gene, which encodes tyrosine hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine biosynthesis. Furthermore, pharmacological intervention in dopamine signaling through activation of the cAMP signaling pathway rescued short day–attenuated photosensitivity, whereas dopamine receptor antagonists decreased photosensitivity under long-day conditions. Our results reveal molecular basis of seasonal changes in retinal photosensitivity in mammals. In addition, our findings provide important insights into the pathogenesis of SAD and offer potential therapeutic interventions.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-81540-w

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-81540-w

Open Access

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PubMed

出版者・発行元：Endocrinology (United States)  

Organisms that inhabit the temperate zone exhibit various seasonal adaptive behaviors, including reproduction, hibernation, molting, and migration. Day length, known as photoperiod, is the most noise-free and widely used environmental cue that enables animals to anticipate the oncoming seasons and adapt their physiologies accordingly. Although less clear, some human traits also exhibit seasonality, such as birthrate, mood, cognitive brain responses, and various diseases. However, the molecular basis for human seasonality is poorly understood. Herein, we first review the underlying mechanisms of seasonal adaptive strategies of animals, including seasonal reproduction and stress responses during the breeding season. We then briefly summarize our recent discovery of signaling pathways involved in the winter depression-like phenotype in medaka fish. We believe that exploring the regulation of seasonal traits in animal models will provide insight into human seasonality and aid in the understanding of human diseases such as seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

DOI： 10.1210/endocr/bqaa130

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PLoS ONE  

The genetic bases of growth and body weight are of economic and scientific interest, and teleost fish models have proven useful in such investigations. The Oryzias latipes species complex (medaka) is an abundant freshwater fish in Japan and suitable for genetic studies. We compared two wild medaka stocks originating from different latitudes. The Maizuru population from higher latitudes weighed more than the Ginoza population. We investigated the genetic basis of body weight, using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of the F2 offspring of these populations. We detected one statistically significant QTL for body weight on medaka chromosome 4 and identified 12 candidate genes that might be associated with body weight or growth. Nine of these 12 genes had at least one single nucleotide polymorphism that caused amino acid substitutions in protein-coding regions, and we estimated the effects of these substitutions. The present findings might contribute to the marker-assisted selection of economically important aquaculture species.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0234803

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PubMed

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：Evolution Letters  

The trade-off between reproduction and self-maintenance is a cornerstone of life history theory, yet its proximate underpinnings are elusive. Here, we used an artificial selection approach to create replicated lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) that differ genetically in their reproductive investment. Whole transcriptome sequencing revealed that females from lines selected for high reproductive output show a consistent upregulation of genes associated with reproduction but a simultaneous downregulation of immune genes. Concordant phenotypic differences in immune function (i.e., specific antibody response against keyhole limpet hemocyanin) were observed between the selection lines, even in males who do not provide parental care. Our findings demonstrate the key role of obligate transcriptional constraints in the maintenance of life history variation. These constraints set fundamental limits to productivity and health in natural and domestic animal populations.

DOI： 10.1002/evl3.166

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  

Seasonal changes in the environment lead to depression-like behaviors in humans and animals. The underlying mechanisms, however, are unknown. We observed decreased sociability and increased anxiety-like behavior in medaka fish exposed to winter-like conditions. Whole brain metabolomic analysis revealed seasonal changes in 68 metabolites, including neurotransmitters and antioxidants associated with depression. Transcriptome analysis identified 3,306 differentially expressed transcripts, including inflammatory markers, melanopsins, and circadian clock genes. Further analyses revealed seasonal changes in multiple signaling pathways implicated in depression, including the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NRF2) antioxidant pathway. A broad-spectrum chemical screen revealed that celastrol (a traditional Chinese medicine) uniquely reversed winter behavior. NRF2 is a celastrol target expressed in the habenula (HB), known to play a critical role in the pathophysiology of depression. Another NRF2 chemical activator phenocopied these effects, and an NRF2 mutant showed decreased sociability. Our study provides important insights into winter depression and offers potential therapeutic targets involving NRF2.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.2000278117

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PubMed

出版者・発行元：BMC Biology  

Background: The Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is a popular domestic poultry species and an increasingly significant model species in avian developmental, behavioural and disease research. Results: We have produced a high-quality quail genome sequence, spanning 0.93 Gb assigned to 33 chromosomes. In terms of contiguity, assembly statistics, gene content and chromosomal organisation, the quail genome shows high similarity to the chicken genome. We demonstrate the utility of this genome through three diverse applications. First, we identify selection signatures and candidate genes associated with social behaviour in the quail genome, an important agricultural and domestication trait. Second, we investigate the effects and interaction of photoperiod and temperature on the transcriptome of the quail medial basal hypothalamus, revealing key mechanisms of photoperiodism. Finally, we investigate the response of quail to H5N1 influenza infection. In quail lung, many critical immune genes and pathways were downregulated after H5N1 infection, and this may be key to the susceptibility of quail to H5N1. Conclusions: We have produced a high-quality genome of the quail which will facilitate further studies into diverse research questions using the quail as a model avian species.

DOI： 10.1186/s12915-020-0743-4

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Nature Reviews Endocrinology  

Circadian rhythmicity is an approximately 24-h cell-autonomous period driven by transcription–translation feedback loops of specific genes, which are referred to as ‘circadian clock genes’. In mammals, the central circadian pacemaker, which is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, controls peripheral circadian clocks. The circadian system regulates virtually all physiological processes, which are further modulated by changes in the external environment, such as light exposure and the timing of food intake. Chronic circadian disruption caused by shift work, travel across time zones or irregular sleep–wake cycles has long-term consequences for our health and is an important lifestyle factor that contributes to the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer. Although the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis is under the control of the circadian clock via the suprachiasmatic nucleus pacemaker, daily TSH secretion profiles are disrupted in some patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Disruption of circadian rhythms has been recognized as a perturbation of the endocrine system and of cell cycle progression. Expression profiles of circadian clock genes are abnormal in well-differentiated thyroid cancer but not in the benign nodules or a healthy thyroid. Therefore, the characterization of the thyroid clock machinery might improve the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer.

DOI： 10.1038/s41574-019-0237-z

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PubMed

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PLoS ONE  

for assistance with the OLS experimen

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0222106

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出版者・発行元：Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences  

Animals make use of changes in photoperiod to adapt their physiology to the forthcoming breeding season. Comparative studies have contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms of seasonal reproduction in vertebrates. Birds are excellent models for studying these phenomena because of their rapid and dramatic responses to changes in photoperiod. Deep brain photoreceptors in birds perceive and transmit light information to the pars tuberalis (PT) in the pituitary gland, where the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced. This PT-TSH locally increases the level of the bioactive thyroid hormone T3 via the induction of type 2 deiodinase production in the mediobasal hypothalamus, and an increased T3 level, in turn, controls seasonal gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. In mammals, the eyes are the only photoreceptive structure, and nocturnal melatonin secretion encodes day-length information and regulates the PTTSH signaling cascade. In Salmonidae, the saccus vasculosus plays a pivotal role as a photoperiodic sensor. Together, these studies have uncovered the universality and diversity of fundamental traits in vertebrates.

DOI： 10.2183/pjab.95.025

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  

The circadian clock provides organisms with the ability to adapt to daily and seasonal cycles. Eukaryotic clocks mostly rely on lineage-specific transcriptional-translational feedback loops (TTFLs). Posttranslational modifications are also crucial for clock functions in fungi and animals, but the posttranslational modifications that affect the plant clock are less understood. Here, using chemical biology strategies, we show that the Arabidopsis CASEIN KINASE 1 LIKE (CKL) family is involved in posttranslational modification in the plant clock. Chemical screening demonstrated that an animal CDC7/CDK9 inhibitor, PHA767491, lengthens the Arabidopsis circadian period. Affinity proteomics using a chemical probe revealed that PHA767491 binds to and inhibits multiple CKL proteins, rather than CDC7/CDK9 homologs. Simultaneous knockdown of Arabidopsis CKL-encoding genes lengthened the circadian period. CKL4 phosphorylated transcriptional repressors PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 5 (PRR5) and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) in the TTFL. PHA767491 treatment resulted in accumulation of PRR5 and TOC1, accompanied by decreasing expression of PRR5- and TOC1-target genes. A prr5 toc1 double mutant was hyposensitive to PHA767491-induced period lengthening. Together, our results reveal posttranslational modification of transcriptional repressors in plant clock TTFL by CK1 family proteins, which also modulate nonplant circadian clocks.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.1903357116

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PubMed

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Nature Ecology and Evolution  

To cope with seasonal environmental changes, animals adapt their physiology and behaviour in response to photoperiod. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these adaptive changes are not completely understood. Here, using genome-wide expression analysis, we show that an uncharacterized long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), LDAIR, is strongly regulated by photoperiod in Japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). Numerous transcripts and signalling pathways are activated during the transition from short- to long-day conditions; however, LDAIR is one of the first genes to be induced and its expression shows a robust daily rhythm under long-day conditions. Transcriptome analysis of LDAIR knockout fish reveals that the LDAIR locus regulates a gene neighbourhood, including corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2, which is involved in the stress response. Behavioural analysis of LDAIR knockout fish demonstrates that LDAIR affects self-protective behaviours under long-day conditions. Therefore, we propose that photoperiodic regulation of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 by LDAIR modulates adaptive behaviours to seasonal environmental changes.

DOI： 10.1038/s41559-019-0866-6

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その他リンク： http://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-0866-6

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports  

Animals that communicate using sound are found throughout the animal kingdom. Interestingly, in contrast to human vocal learning, most animals can produce species-specific patterns of vocalization without learning them from their parents. This phenomenon is called innate vocalization. The underlying molecular basis of both vocal learning in humans and innate vocalization in animals remains unknown. The crowing of a rooster is also innately controlled, and the upstream center is thought to be localized in the nucleus intercollicularis (ICo) of the midbrain. Here, we show that the cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR) is a regulatory gene involved in inducing crowing in roosters. Crowing is known to be a testosterone (T)-dependent behavior, and it follows that roosters crow but not hens. Similarly, T-administration induces chicks to crow. By using RNA-sequencing to compare gene expression in the ICo between the two comparison groups that either crow or do not crow, we found that CCKBR expression was upregulated in T-containing groups. The expression of CCKBR and its ligand, cholecystokinin (CCK), a neurotransmitter, was observed in the ICo. We also showed that crowing was induced by intracerebroventricular administration of an agonist specific for CCKBR. Our findings therefore suggest that the CCK system induces innate vocalization in roosters.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-019-40746-9

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports  

Masking is a direct behavioral response to environmental changes and plays an important role in the temporal distribution of activity. However, the mechanisms responsible for masking remain unclear. Here we identify thermosensors and a possible neural circuit regulating temperature-dependent masking behavior in mice. Analysis of mice lacking thermosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels (Trpv1/3/4 and Trpm2/8) reveals that temperature-dependent masking is impaired in Trpm2- and Trpm8-null mice. Several brain regions are activated during temperature-dependent masking, including the preoptic area (POA), known as the thermoregulatory center, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is the primary circadian pacemaker, the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The POA, SCN, PVT are interconnected, and the PVT sends dense projections to the NAc, a key brain region involved in wheel-running activity. Partial chemical lesion of the PVT attenuates masking, suggesting the involvement of the PVT in temperature-dependent masking behavior.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-019-40067-x

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PubMed

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Annual Review of Animal Biosciences  

Organisms use changes in photoperiod for seasonal reproduction to maximize the survival of their offspring. Birds have sophisticated seasonal mechanisms and are therefore excellent models for studying these phenomena. Birds perceive light via deep-brain photoreceptors and long day-induced thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland (PT), which cause local thyroid hormone activation within the mediobasal hypothalamus. The local bioactive thyroid hormone controls seasonal gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion and subsequent gonadotropin secretion. In mammals, the eyes are believed to be the only photoreceptor organ, and nocturnal melatonin secretion triggers an endocrine signal that communicates information about the photoperiod to the PT to regulate TSH. In contrast, in Salmonidae fish the input pathway to the neuroendocrine output pathway appears to be localized in the saccus vasculosus. Thus, comparative analysis is an effective way to uncover the universality and diversity of fundamental traits in various organisms.

DOI： 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115216

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PubMed

担当区分：責任著者  

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者  

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：iScience  

Molecular Mechanism of Behavior; Sensory Neuroscience

DOI： 10.1016/j.isci.2018.08.010

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：General and Comparative Endocrinology  

In temperate zones, organisms experience dynamic fluctuations in environment including changes in color. To cope with such seasonal changes in the environment, organisms adapt their physiology and behavior. Although color perception has been believed to be fixed throughout life, there is increasing evidence for the alteration in opsin gene expression induced by environmental stimuli in a number of animals. Very recently, dynamic seasonal plasticity in color perception has been reported in the seasonally breeding medaka fish. Interestingly, seasonal changes in human color perception have also been reported. Therefore, plasticity of color perception, induced by environmental stimuli, might be a common phenomenon across various species.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.12.010

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記述言語：日本語  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.03.002

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.15252/emmm.201708724

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PubMed

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：論文集(書籍)内論文   出版者・発行元：Encyclopedia of Reproduction  

Seasonal changes in photoperiod are crucial cues for seasonal reproduction in birds inhabiting non-tropical regions. Birds possess photoreceptors in their eyes, pineal organs, and deep brain regions. It is known that birds detect light information of photoperiod, via deep brain photoreceptors. Several studies have revealed that photoinduced thyroid-stimulating hormone, originating from the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland, prompt the local activation of thyroid hormone in the hypothalamus, which in turn leads to morphological changes in neurons and the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. In this article, we describe the mechanism for photoperiodism, using the seasonal reproduction of birds as an example.

DOI： 10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.20585-2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1089/thy.2017.0186

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1007/978-4-431-56609-0_6

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Nature Communications  

To cope with seasonal changes in the environment, organisms adapt their physiology and behavior. Although color perception varies among seasons, the underlying molecular basis and its physiological significance remain unclear. Here we show that dynamic plasticity in phototransduction regulates seasonal changes in color perception in medaka fish. Medaka are active and exhibit clear phototaxis in conditions simulating summer, but remain at the bottom of the tank and fail to exhibit phototaxis in conditions simulating winter. Mate preference tests using virtual fish created with computer graphics demonstrate that medaka are more attracted to orange-red-colored model fish in summer than in winter. Transcriptome analysis of the eye reveals dynamic seasonal changes in the expression of genes encoding photopigments and their downstream pathways. Behavioral analysis of photopigment-null fish shows significant differences from wild type, suggesting that plasticity in color perception is crucial for the emergence of seasonally regulated behaviors.

DOI： 10.1038/s41467-017-00432-8

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.beem.2017.09.002

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PubMed

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：論文集(書籍)内論文   出版者・発行元：Biological Timekeeping: Clocks, Rhythms and Behaviour  

The mechanisms of vertebrate seasonal time measurement were a mystery for a long time, but recent comparative studies have uncovered the photoperiodic signal transduction cascades in birds, mammals, and fish. These studies reveal the universality and diversity of photoperiodic mechanisms. That is, the molecules involved are conserved, while the tissues responsible for these mechanisms are different in different species (Nakane and Yoshimura, Front Neurosci 8:115, 2014). It is well established that the circadian clock is involved in photoperiodic time measurement. However, the underlying mechanism that defines the photoinducible phase or critical photoperiod (i.e., how organisms measure day length using a circadian clock) is at the heart of photoperiodic time measurement, and this question remains to be answered by future studies.

DOI： 10.1007/978-81-322-3688-7_28

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：論文集(書籍)内論文   出版者・発行元：Springer New York LLC  

Animals living outside tropical zones experience seasonal changes in the environment and accordingly, adapt their physiology and behavior in reproduction, molting, and migration. Subtropical birds are excellent models for the study of seasonal reproduction because of their rapid and dramatic response to changes in photoperiod. For example, testicular weight typically changes by more than a 100-fold. In birds, the eyes are not necessary for seasonal reproduction, and light is instead perceived by deep brain photoreceptors. Functional genomic analysis has revealed that long day (LD)-induced thyrotropin from the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland causes local thyroid hormone (TH) activation within the mediobasal hypothalamus. This local bioactive TH, triiodothyronine (T3), appears to regulate seasonal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion through morphological changes in neuro-glial interactions. GnRH, in turn, stimulates gonadotropin secretion and hence, gonadal development under LD conditions. In marked contrast, low temperatures accelerate short day (SD)-induced testicular regression in winter. Interestingly, low temperatures increase circulating levels of T3 to support adaptive thermogenesis, but this induction of T3 also triggers the apoptosis of germ cells by activating genes involved in metamorphosis. This apparent contradiction in the role of TH has recently been clarified. Central activation of TH during spring results in testicular growth, while peripheral activation of TH during winter regulates adaptive thermogenesis and testicular regression.

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-10-3975-1_8

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PubMed

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Endocrinology  

Animals that inhabit mid-to high-latitude regions exhibit various adaptive behaviors, such as migration, reproduction, molting and hibernation in response to seasonal cues. These adaptive behaviors are tightly regulated by seasonal changes in photoperiod, the relative day length vs night length. Recently, the regulatory pathway of seasonal reproduction has been elucidated using quail. In birds, deep brain photoreceptors receive and transmit light information to the pars tuberalis in the pituitary gland, which induces the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Thyroid-stimulating hormone locally activates thyroid hormone via induction of type 2 deiodinase in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Thyroid hormone then induces morphological changes in the terminals of neurons that express gonadotropin-releasing hormone and facilitates gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary gland. In mammals, light information is received by photoreceptors in the retina and neurally transmitted to the pineal gland, where it inhibits the synthesis and secretion of melatonin, which is crucial for seasonal reproduction. Importantly, the signaling pathway downstream of light detection and signaling is fully conserved between mammals and birds. In fish, the regulatory components of seasonal reproduction are integrated, from light detection to neuroendocrine output, in a fish-specific organ called the saccus vasculosus. Various physiological processes in humans are also influenced by seasonal environmental changes. The findings discussed herein may provide clues to addressing human diseases, such as seasonal affective disorder.

DOI： 10.1530/JOE-16-0066

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：General and Comparative Endocrinology  

Animals utilize photoperiodic changes as a calendar to regulate seasonal reproduction. Birds have highly sophisticated photoperiodic mechanisms and functional genomics analysis in quail uncovered the signal transduction pathway regulating avian seasonal reproduction. Birds detect light with deep brain photoreceptors. Long day (LD) stimulus induces secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary gland. PT-derived TSH locally activates thyroid hormone (TH) in the hypothalamus, which induces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and hence gonadotropin secretion. However, during winter, low temperatures increase serum TH for adaptive thermogenesis, which accelerates germ cell apoptosis by activating the genes involved in metamorphosis. Therefore, TH has a dual role in the regulation of seasonal reproduction. Studies using TSH receptor knockout mice confirmed the involvement of PT-derived TSH in mammalian seasonal reproduction. In addition, studies in mice revealed that the tissue-specific glycosylation of TSH diversifies its function in the circulation to avoid crosstalk. In contrast to birds and mammals, one of the molecular machineries necessary for the seasonal reproduction of fish are localized in the saccus vasculosus from the photoreceptor to the neuroendocrine output. Thus, comparative analysis is a powerful tool to uncover the universality and diversity of fundamental properties in various organisms.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.05.009

DOI： 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.05.009

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：日本家禽学会  

Organisms measure day length to better adapt to seasonal changes in the environment; this phenomenon is called photoperiodism. The Japanese quail has a highly sophisticated photoperiodic mechanism and is an excellent model for the study of photoperiodism. Various lines of quail have been established during the domestication process. In the present study, we examined the effect of long day (LD) followed by short day (SD) on testicular weight in four lines of quail (L, AMRP, NIES-Br, and WE). When the quail were raised under SD conditions, testicular development was suppressed in all examined lines. The speed of the LD-induced testicular development of NIES-Br line was faster than that of AMRP line, while the speed of the SD-induced testicular regression of L line was significantly faster than that of WE line. These quail lines provide excellent model to uncover the underlying mechanism of seasonal testicular regression.

DOI： 10.2141/jpsa.0150097

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CiNii Books

その他リンク： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JLC/20019782070?from=CiNii

担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者  

担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports  

Although successful fertilization depends on timely encounters between sperm and egg, the decoupling of mating and fertilization often confers reproductive advantages to internally fertilizing animals. In several vertebrate groups, postcopulatory sperm viability is prolonged by storage in specialized organs within the female reproductive tract. In birds, ejaculated sperm can be stored in a quiescent state within oviductal sperm storage tubules (SSTs), thereby retaining fertilizability for up to 15 weeks at body temperature (41 °C); however, the mechanism by which motile sperm become quiescent within SSTs is unknown. Here, we show that low oxygen and high lactic acid concentrations are established in quail SSTs. Flagellar quiescence was induced by lactic acid in the concentration range found in SSTs through flagellar dynein ATPase inactivation following cytoplasmic acidification (<pH 6.0). The long-term preservation of sperm morphology under hypoxic and high temperature conditions indicates that a combination of these factors enables sperm cells to survive during the ovulation cycles. Our findings suggested a novel physiological role for lactic acid in promoting sperm quiescence in SSTs and opened up a new opportunity for technological improvement in prolonging sperm longevity at ambient or body temperature.

DOI： 10.1038/srep17643

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出版者・発行元：Endocrinology (United States)  

TSH secreted from the pars distalis (PD) of the pituitary gland stimulates the thyroid gland. In contrast, TSH secreted from the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary gland regulates seasonal reproduction. The ontogeny of thyrotrophs and the regulatory mechanisms of TSH are apparently different between the PD and the PT. Interestingly, fish do not have an anatomically distinct PT, and the saccus vasculosus (SV) of fish is suggested to act as a seasonal sensor. Thus, it is possible that the SV is analogous to the PT. Here we examined the ontogeny of the pituitary gland and SV using rainbow trout. A histological analysis demonstrated the development of the pituitary anlage followed by that of the SV. Lhx3 and Pit-1, which are required for the development of PD thyrotrophs, clearly labeled the pituitary anlage. The common glycoprotein β-subunit (CGA) and TSH β-subunit (TSHB) genes were also detected in the pituitary anlage. In contrast, none of these genes were detected in the SV anlage. We then performed a microarray analysis and identified parvalbumin (Pvalb) as a marker for SV development. Because Pvalb expression was not detected in the pituitary anlage, no relationship was observed between the development of the SV and the pituitary gland. In contrast to embryos, Lhx3, Pit-1, CGA, and TSHB were all expressed in the adult SV. These results suggest that the morphological differentiation of SV occurs during the embryonic stage but that the functional differentiation into a seasonal sensor occurs in a later developmental stage.

DOI： 10.1210/en.2015-1415

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PubMed

出版者・発行元：Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences  

The rhythm of life on earth is shaped by seasonal changes in the environment. Plants and animals show profound annual cycles in physiology, health, morphology, behaviour and demography in response to environmental cues. Seasonal biology impacts ecosystems and agriculture, with consequences for humans and biodiversity. Human populations show robust annual rhythms in health and well-being, and the birth month can have lasting effects that persist throughout life. This review emphasizes the need for a better understanding of seasonal biology against the backdrop of its rapidly progressing disruption through climate change, human lifestyles and other anthropogenic impact. Climate change is modifying annual rhythms to which numerous organisms have adapted, with potential consequences for industries relating to health, ecosystems and food security. Disconcertingly, human lifestyles under artificial conditions of eternal summer provide the most extreme example for disconnect from natural seasons, making humans vulnerable to increased morbidity and mortality. In this review, we introduce scenarios of seasonal disruption, highlight key aspects of seasonal biology and summarize from biomedical, anthropological, veterinary, agricultural and environmental perspectives the recent evidence for seasonal desynchronization between environmental factors and internal rhythms. Because annual rhythms are pervasive across biological systems, they provide a common framework for transdisciplinary research.

DOI： 10.1098/rspb.2015.1453

DOI： 10.1098/rspb.2015.1453

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports  

The "cock-a-doodle-doo" crowing of roosters, which symbolizes the break of dawn in many cultures, is controlled by the circadian clock. When one rooster announces the break of dawn, others in the vicinity immediately follow. Chickens are highly social animals, and they develop a linear and fixed hierarchy in small groups. We found that when chickens were housed in small groups, the top-ranking rooster determined the timing of predawn crowing. Specifically, the top-ranking rooster always started to crow first, followed by its subordinates, in descending order of social rank. When the top-ranking rooster was physically removed from a group, the second-ranking rooster initiated crowing. The presence of a dominant rooster significantly reduced the number of predawn crows in subordinates. However, the number of crows induced by external stimuli was independent of social rank, confirming that subordinates have the ability to crow. Although the timing of subordinates' predawn crowing was strongly dependent on that of the top-ranking rooster, free-running periods of body temperature rhythms differed among individuals, and crowing rhythm did not entrain to a crowing sound stimulus. These results indicate that in a group situation, the top-ranking rooster has priority to announce the break of dawn, and that subordinate roosters are patient enough to wait for the top-ranking rooster's first crow every morning and thus compromise their circadian clock for social reasons.

DOI： 10.1038/srep11683

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DOI： 10.1002/anie.201502942

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DOI： 10.1210/en.2014-1741

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports  

Fertilization is an indispensable step for formation of a zygote in sexual reproduction, leading to species survival. When mating occurs, sperm is transported to the female reproductive tracts via the seminal plasma (SP). SP is derived from male accessory sex glands and it plays pivotal roles for fertilization in animals. However, molecular mechanisms of SP or a fluid derived from male accessory sex glands for successful fertilization remain unclear. Here, we report that in male quail the cloacal gland (CG) produces prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α) that contributes to successful fertilization. PGF 2α, as well as the secretion of CG (CGS), induced vaginal contractions and caused the opening of the entrance of the sperm storage tubules, the structures responsible for the long-term sperm storage and fertilization. The removal of CGS from the male before mating reduced the fertility, but the supplementation of CGS or PGF 2α rescued the subfertility. We further showed that male CG contains glucose that is utilized as energy source for the intrinsic sperm mobility after transportation to female vagina. This mechanism, in concert with the excitatory effects of PGF 2α enables successful fertilization in the domestic bird.

DOI： 10.1038/srep07700

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：(一社)日本神経精神薬理学会  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Japan Society for Comparative Endocrinology  

DOI： 10.5983/nl2008jsce.41.127

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者  

DOI： 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.021

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Psychoneuroendocrinology  

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been reported in association with resistance to thyroid hormone, a disease caused by a mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) gene. TRβ is a key protein mediating down-regulation of thyrotropin (TSH) expression by 3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine (T3), an active form of thyroid hormone. Dysregulation of TSH and its receptor (TSHR) is implicated in the pathophysiology of ADHD but the role of TSHR remains elusive. Here, we clarified a novel role for TSHR in emotional and cognitive functions related to monoaminergic nervous systems. TSHR knockout mice showed phenotypes of ADHD such as hyperactivity, impulsiveness, a decrease in sociality and increase in aggression, and an impairment of short-term memory and object recognition memory. Administration of methylphenidate (1, 5 and 10. mg/kg) reversed impulsiveness, aggression and object recognition memory impairment. In the knockout mice, monoaminergic changes including decrease in the ratio of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol/noradrenaline and increase in the ratio of homovanillic acid/dopamine were observed in some brain regions, accompanied by increase in the expression of noradrenaline transporter in the frontal cortex. When TSH was completely suppressed by the supraphysiological administration of T3 to the adult mice, some behavioral and neurological changes in TSHR KO mice were also observed, suggesting that these changes were not due to developmental hypothyroidism induced by the inactivation of TSHR but to the loss of the TSH-TSHR pathway itself. Taken together, the present findings suggest a novel role for TSHR in behavioral and neurological phenotypes of ADHD. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.05.021

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Current Biology  

In addition to having a photoreceptive retina and pineal organ, non-mammalian vertebrates are known to have photoreceptors in the deeper regions of the brain that mediate seasonal changes in physiology and behavior [1]. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons extend knob-like dendrites into the ventricular cavity, where they form ciliated terminals [2]. The dendritic structures of photoreceptor cells in the developing retina and the pineal organ resemble those of CSF-contacting neurons. Thus, CSF-contacting neurons have been suggested to function as deep brain photoreceptors. Although the localization of a novel short-wavelength-sensitive photopigment (OPN5) that detects violet and ultraviolet (UV) light has been recently demonstrated in CSF-contacting neurons [3,4], there has been no direct evidence of photosensitivity in deep brain CSF-contacting neurons. Here, we report that the OPN5-positive CSF-contacting neurons in the paraventricular organ (PVO) of the quail mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) are intrinsically photosensitive and are involved in the regulation of seasonal reproduction. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.038

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Frontiers in Neuroscience  

Most vertebrates living outside the tropical zone show robust physiological responses in response to seasonal changes in photoperiod, such as seasonal reproduction, molt, and migration. The highly sophisticated photoperiodic mechanism in Japanese quail has been used to uncover the mechanism of seasonal reproduction. Molecular analysis of quail mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) revealed that local thyroid hormone activation within the MBH plays a critical role in the photoperiodic response of gonads. This activation is accomplished by two gene switches: thyroid hormone-activating (DIO2) and thyroid hormone-inactivating enzymes (DIO3). Functional genomics studies have shown that long-day induced thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary gland regulates DIO2/3 switching. In birds, light information received directly by deep brain photoreceptors regulates PT TSH. Recent studies demonstrated that Opsin 5-positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons are deep brain photoreceptors that regulate avian seasonal reproduction. Although the involvement of TSH and DIO2/3 in seasonal reproduction has been confirmed in various mammals, the light input pathway that regulates PT TSH in mammals differs from that of birds. In mammals, the eye is the only photoreceptor organ and light information received by the eye is transmitted to the pineal gland through the circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nocturnal melatonin secretion from the pineal gland indicates the length of night and regulates the PT TSH. In fish, the regulatory machinery for seasonal reproduction, from light input to neuroendocrine output, has been recently demonstrated in the coronet cells of the saccus vasculosus (SV). The SV is unique to fish and coronet cells are CSF-contacting neurons. Here, we discuss the universality and diversity of signal transduction pathways that regulate vertebrate seasonal reproduction. © 2014 Nakane and Yoshimura.

DOI： 10.3389/fnins.2014.00115

DOI： 10.3389/fnins.2014.00115

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Reproduction  

Systems for maintaining the viability of ejaculated sperm in the female reproductive tract are widespread among vertebrates and invertebrates. In birds, this sperm storage function is performed by specialized simple tubular invaginations called sperm storage tubules (SSTs) in the uterovaginal junction (UVJ) of the oviduct. Although the incidence and physiological reasons for sperm storage in birds have been reported extensively, the mechanisms of sperm uptake by the SSTs, sperm maintenance within the SSTs, and control of sperm release from the SSTs are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the highly conserved heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) stimulates sperm motility in vitro and also that HSP70 expressed in the UVJ may facilitate the migration of sperm released from the SSTs. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of HSP70 mRNA in the UVJ increases before ovulation/oviposition. Gene-specific in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis with a specific antibody to HSP70 demonstrated that HSP70 is localized in the surface epithelium of the UVJ. Furthermore, injection of anti-HSP70 antibody into the vagina significantly inhibited fertilization in vivo. In addition, we found that recombinant HSP70 activates flagellar movement in the sperm and that the binding of recombinant HSP70 to the sperm surface is mediated through an interaction with voltage-dependent anion channel protein 2 (VDAC2). Our results suggest that HSP70 binds to the sperm surface by interacting with VDAC2 and activating sperm motility. This binding appears to play an important role in sperm migration within the oviduct. © 2014 Society for Reproduction and Fertility.

DOI： 10.1530/REP-13-0439

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PubMed

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本比較内分泌学会  

DOI： 10.5983/nl2008jsce.40.65

CiNii Books

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Frontiers in Endocrinology  

Organisms living outside the tropics measure the changes in the length of the day to adapt to seasonal changes in the environment. Animals that breed during spring and summer are called long-day breeders, while those that breed during fall are called short-day breeders. Although the influence of thyroid hormone in the regulation of seasonal reproduction has been known for several decades, its precise mechanism remained unknown. Recent studies revealed that the activation of thyroid hormone within the mediobasal hypothalamus plays a key role in this phenomenon. This localized activation of the thyroid hormone is controlled by thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone) secreted from the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland. Although seasonal reproduction is a rate-limiting factor in animal production, genes involved in photoperiodic signal transduction pathway could emerge as potential targets to facilitate domestication. © 2014 Shinomiya, Shimmura, Nishiwaki-Ohkawa and Yoshimura.

DOI： 10.3389/fendo.2014.00012

DOI： 10.3389/fendo.2014.00012

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PubMed

担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Zoological Science  

The mammalian circadian oscillator is composed of interacting positive and negative transcription events. The clock proteins PER1 and PER2 play essential roles in a negative limb of the feedback loop that generates the circadian rhythm in mammals. In addition, the proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 (also known as ARNTL) form a heterodimer that drives the Per genes via the E-box consensus sequences within their promoter regions. In the present study, we demonstrate that Id2 is involved in stabilization of the amplitudes of the circadian oscillations by suppressing transcriptional activation of clock genes Clock and Bmal1. Id2 shows dynamic oscillation in the SCN, with a peak in the late subjective night. Under constant dark conditions (DD), Id2-/- mice showed no apparent difference in locomotor activity, however, under constant light conditions (LL), Id2-/- mice exhibit aberrant locomotor activity, with lower circadian oscillation amplitudes, although the free running periods in Id2-/- mice show no differences from those in either wild type or heterozygous mice. Id2-/- animals also exhibit upregulation of Per1 in constant light, during both the subjective night and day. In wild type mice, Id2 is upregulated by constant light exposure during the subjective night. We propose that Id2 expression in the SCN contributes to maintenance of dynamic circadian oscillations. © 2013 Zoological Society of Japan.

DOI： 10.2108/zsj.30.1011

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PubMed

出版者・発行元：Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology  

Organisms living outside the tropics use changes in photoperiod to adapt to seasonal changes in the environment. Several models have contributed to an understanding of this mechanism at the molecular and endocrine levels. Subtropical birds are excellent models for the study of these mechanisms because of their rapid and dramatic response to changes in photoperiod. Studies of birds have demonstrated that light is perceived by a deep brain photoreceptor and long day-induced thyrotropin (TSH) from the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary gland causes local thyroid hormone activation within the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). The locally generated bioactive thyroid hormone, T3, regulates seasonal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, and hence gonadotropin secretion. In mammals, the eyes are the only photoreceptor involved in photoperiodic time perception and nocturnal melatonin secretion provides an endocrine signal of photoperiod to the PT to regulate TSH. Here, I review the current understanding of the hypothalamic mechanisms controlling seasonal reproduction in mammals and birds. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

DOI： 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.04.002

DOI： 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.04.002

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Reproduction and Development  

Most species living outside the tropical zone undergo physiological adaptations to seasonal environmental changes and changing day length (photoperiod); this phenomenon is called photoperiodism. It is well known that the circadian clock is involved in the regulation of photoperiodism such as seasonal reproduction, but the mechanism underlying circadian clock regulation of photoperiodism remains unclear. Recent molecular analysis have revealed that, in mammals and birds, the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary gland acts as the relay point from light receptors, which receive information about the photoperiod, to the endocrine responses. Long-day (LD)-induced thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the PT acts as a master regulator of seasonal reproduction in the ependymal cells (ECs) within the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and activates thyroid hormone (TH) by inducing the expression of type 2 deiodinase in both LD and short-day (SD) breeding animals. Furthermore, the circadian clock has been found to be localized in the PT and ECs as well as in the circadian pacemaker(s). This review purposes to summarize the current knowledge concerning the involvement of the neuroendocrine system and circadian clock in seasonal reproduction. © 2013 by the Society for Reproduction and Development.

DOI： 10.1262/jrd.2013-035

DOI： 10.1262/jrd.2013-035

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DOI： 10.1038/ncomms3108

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Genomics  

The Japanese quail has several advantages as a laboratory animal for biological and biomedical investigations. In this study, the draft genome of the Japanese quail was sequenced and assembled using next-generation sequencing technology. To improve the quality of the assembly, the sequence reads from the Japanese quail were aligned against the reference genome of the chicken. The final draft assembly consisted of 1.75. Gbp with an N50 contig length of 11,409. bp. On the basis of the draft genome sequence obtained, we developed 100 microsatellite markers and used these markers to evaluate the genetic variability and diversity of 11 lines of Japanese quail. Furthermore, we identified Japanese quail orthologs of spermatogenesis markers and analyzed their expression using in situ hybridization. The Japanese quail genome sequence obtained in the present study could enhance the value of this species as a model animal. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.03.006

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その他リンク： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-8851

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Current Biology  

DOI： 10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.015

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PLoS ONE  

In mammals, light information received by the eyes is transmitted to the pineal gland via the circadian pacemaker, i.e., the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland at night decodes night length and regulates seasonal physiology and behavior. Melatonin regulates the expression of the β-subunit of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; Tshb) in the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary gland. Long day-induced PT TSH acts on ependymal cells in the mediobasal hypothalamus to induce the expression of type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) and reduce type 3 deiodinase (Dio3) that are thyroid hormone-activating and hormone-inactivating enzymes, respectively. The long day-activated thyroid hormone T3 regulates seasonal gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. It is well established that the circadian clock is involved in the regulation of photoperiodism. However, the involvement of the circadian clock gene in photoperiodism regulation remains unclear. Although mice are generally considered non-seasonal animals, it was recently demonstrated that mice are a good model for the study of photoperiodism. In the present study, therefore, we examined the effect of changing day length in Per2 deletion mutant mice that show shorter wheel-running rhythms under constant darkness followed by arhythmicity. Although the amplitude of clock gene (Per1, Cry1) expression was greatly attenuated in the SCN, the expression profile of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, a rate-limiting melatonin synthesis enzyme, was unaffected in the pineal gland, and robust photoperiodic responses of the Tshb, Dio2, and Dio3 genes were observed. These results suggested that the Per2 clock gene is not necessary for the photoperiodic response in mice. © 2013 Ikegami et al.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0058482

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：(公社)日本畜産学会  

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：(公社)日本畜産学会  

DOI： 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.040

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出版者・発行元：Seikagaku  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：バイオメカニズム学会  

四季の存在する地域に棲む動物は，季節の変化に応じて行動や生理機能を変えることで環境の変化に適応している．このとき動物たちは日照時間（光周期）を季節の指標としているため，このような性質は光周性と呼ばれる．ウズラやマウスを用いた最近の研究により，脊椎動物における光周性の制御機構が徐々に明らかとなりつつある．本稿では光周性研究の歴史から，我々の研究によって明らかとなった動物が「春」を感じるしくみ，及び光周性制御に重要な光情報を感知している「脳深部光受容器」の発見までを概説し，光情報をもとに引き起こされる動物の巧みな生存戦略を紹介する．

DOI： 10.3951/sobim.35.251

CiNii Books

DOI： 10.1210/en.2011-0237

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：(公社)日本繁殖生物学会  

記述言語：英語  

DOI： 10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.740

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出版者・発行元：Animal Science Journal  

The avian perivitelline layer, an extracellular matrix homologous to the zona pellucida (ZP) of mammalian oocytes, is composed mainly by zona pellucida gene family glycoproteins. Our previous studies in Japanese quail have demonstrated that the matrix's components, ZP3 and ZPD, are synthesized in ovarian granulosa cells. Another component, ZP1, is synthesized in the liver. Recently, we demonstrated that another minor constituent, ZP2 is produced in the oocytes of the immature follicles. In the present study, we report the isolation of complementary DNA encoding quail ZP4 and its expression and origin in the female birds. By ribonuclease protection assay and in situ hybridization, we demonstrated that ZP4 transcripts were transcribed in the oocytes of small white follicles. The expression level of ZP4 decreased dramatically during follicular development, and the highest expression was observed in the small white follicles. Western blot analysis using the specific antibody against ZP4 indicated that the immunoreactive 58.2kDa protein was present in the lysates of the small white follicles. These results demonstrate for the first time that the avian ZP4 is expressed in the oocyte, and that the expression pattern of the gene is similar to that of ZP2. © 2011 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2011 Japanese Society of Animal Science.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00830.x

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者  

記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Cell and Tissue Research  

Our current understanding of the mechanism underlying seasonal reproduction in birds is reviewed. © Springer-Verlag 2010.

DOI： 10.1007/s00441-010-1073-6

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DOI： 10.1073/pnas.1006393107

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Sleep and Biological Rhythms  

CS mice exhibit several distinct phenotypes of circadian behavioral rhythms and sleep properties. Because many mental illnesses are associated with abnormalities in the circadian rhythms and sleep pattern, we characterized the behavioral phenotypes in CS mice with a battery of behavioral tests. Among these phenotypes, we found that CS mice exhibit an extremely low immobility time in both the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST). To uncover the genetic basis for lower immobility time, we first performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping using CS and C57BL/6J mice, which revealed significant QTLs on chromosomes (Chrs) 4 (FST) and 5 (TST and FST). To identify the quantitative trait gene on Chr 5, we narrowed the QTL interval to 0.5 Mb using several congenic and subcongenic strains. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 46 (Usp46) with a lysine codon deletion was located in this region. This deletion affected nest-building, muscimol-induced righting reflex, and anti-immobility effects of imipramine. The muscimol-induced current in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and hippocampal expression of the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase significantly decreased in Usp46 mutant mice. All these phenotypes were rescued in transgenic mice with bacterial artificial chromosomes containing wild-type Usp46. Thus, Usp46 affects the immobility in the TST and FST, and it is implicated in the regulation of GABA action. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Japanese Society of Sleep Research.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2010.00435.x

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Steroids  

Circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior are known to be influenced by the estrous cycle in female rodents. The clock genes responsible for the generation of circadian oscillations are widely expressed both within the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, including those that comprise the reproductive system. To address whether the estrous cycle affects rhythms of clock gene expression in peripheral tissues, we first examined rhythms of clock gene expression (Per1, Per2, Bmal1) in reproductive (uterus, ovary) and non-reproductive (liver) tissues of cycling rats using quantitative real-time PCR (in vivo) and luminescent recording methods to measure circadian rhythms of PER2 expression in tissue explant cultures from cycling PER2::LUCIFERASE (PER2::LUC) knockin mice (ex vivo). We found significant estrous variations of clock gene expression in all three tissues in vivo, and in the uterus ex vivo. We also found that exogenous application of estrogen and progesterone altered rhythms of PER2::LUC expression in the uterus. In addition, we measured the effects of ovarian steroids on clock gene expression in a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7 cells) as a model for endocrine cells that contain both the steroid hormone receptors and clock genes. We found that progesterone, but not estrogen, acutely up-regulated Per1, Per2, and Bmal1 expression in MCF-7 cells. Together, our findings demonstrate that the timing of the circadian clock in reproductive tissues is influenced by the estrous cycle and suggest that fluctuating steroid hormone levels may be responsible, in part, through direct effects on the timing of clock gene expression. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.01.007

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出版者・発行元：Reproduction  

The avian perivitelline layer (PL), a vestment homologous to the zona pellucida (ZP) of mammalian oocytes, is composed of at least three glycoproteins. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the matrix's components, ZP3 and ZPD, are synthesized in ovarian granulosa cells. Another component, ZP1, is synthesized in the liver and is transported to the ovary by blood circulation. In this study, we report the isolation of cDNA encoding quail ZP2 and its expression in the female bird. By RNase protection assay and in situ hybridization, we demonstrate that ZP2 transcripts are restricted to the oocytes of small white follicles (SWF). The expression level of ZP2 decreased dramatically during follicular development, and the highest expression was observed in the SWF.Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses using the specific antibody against ZP2 indicate that the 80 kDa protein is the authentic ZP2, and the immunoreactive ZP2 protein is also present in the oocytes. Moreover, ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that the immunoreactive ZP2 localizes to the zona radiata, the perivitelline space, and the oocyte cytoplasm in the SWF. By means of western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy, we detected a possible interaction of the recombinant ZP2 with ZP3 and that this interaction might lead to the formation of amorphous structure on the cell surface. These results demonstrate for the first time that the avian ZP gene is expressed in the oocyte, and that the ZP2 protein in the oocyte might play a role for the PL formation in the immature follicles of the ovary. © 2010 Society for Reproduction and Fertility.

DOI： 10.1530/REP-09-0222

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出版者・発行元：Journal of Neuroendocrinology  

Seasonal reproduction depends on photoperiod-regulated activation or suppression of the gonadal axis. Recent studies in quail have identified long-day induced . TSH-β expression in the pars tuberalis (PT) as a rapid trigger of gonadal activation. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) induces type 2 deiodinase (. Dio2) in the ependymal cell layer (EC) of the infundibular recess to stimulate the gonadal axis. A similar mechanism is proposed in sheep and mice, but the experimental data on the temporal patterns of induction and suppression of . TSH-β and . Dio2 expression are incomplete. In the present study, we examined the expression of . TSH-β and . Dio2 in hamsters transferred from short- to long-day conditions for 9 days, and demonstrate the induction of . TSH-β and . Dio2 on day 8 after transition. These data demonstrate the close relationship between . TSH-β and . Dio2 expression in the inductive pathway. The temporal expression of . TSH-β and . Dio2 in the suppressive pathway was also examined by s.c. melatonin injection, which mimics the transition from long to short days. Importantly, . Dio2 expression in the EC is suppressed on day 1 after the onset of injection, whereas . TSH-β expression in the PT was not suppressed until day 10. These data suggest that regulated transcription of . TSH-β is involved in the induction of the gonadal axis in mammals, whereas the suppression of this axis is mediated by different mechanisms. © 2009 The Authors. Journal Compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01936.x

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語  

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：日本語  

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語  

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：日本語  

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：日本語  

記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Animal Science Journal  

In temperate zones, animals use changes in day length as a calendar to time their breeding season. However, the photoreceptive and neuroendocrine mechanisms of seasonal reproduction are considered to differ markedly between birds and mammals. This can be understood from the fact that the eye is the only photoreceptive organ, and melatonin mediates the photoperiodic information in mammals, whereas in birds, photoperiodic information is directly received by the deep brain photoreceptors and melatonin is not involved in seasonal reproduction. Recent molecular and functional genomics analysis uncovered the gene cascade regulating seasonal reproduction in birds and mammals. Long day-induced thyroid stimulating hormone in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland regulates thyroid hormone catabolism within the mediobasal hypothalamus. Further, this local thyroid hormone catabolism appears to regulate seasonal gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. These findings suggest that although the light input pathway is different between birds and mammals (i.e. light or melatonin), the core mechanisms are conserved in these vertebrates. © 2010 The Author; Journal compilation © 2010 Japanese Society of Animal Science.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00777.x

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Comparative Neurology  

The circadian clock is a fundamental property of living organisms and is involved in seasonal (photoperiodic) time measurement. Among vertebrates, birds have multiple circadian pacemakers in the eye, the pineal gland, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and have highly sophisticated photoperiodic mechanisms. However, because the removal of these circadian pacemakers fails to abolish the photoperiodic response, the existence of another "photoperiodic clock" has been suggested. Recent studies have revealed that the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and the adjacent pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary gland constitute key components of the photoperiodic signal transduction machinery. In the present study, we generated a polyclonal antibody against the chicken circadian clock protein BMAL1 to examine BMAL1 distribution in the Japanese quail brain by using immunohistochemistry. BMAL1-like immunoreactivity (lir) was confirmed in the pineal gland and the medial SCN, which are critical circadian pacemakers. We also observed strong immunoreactivity in the MBH, including the ependymal cells (ECs), the infundibular nucleus (IN), the median eminence (ME), and the adjacent PT. Furthermore, semiquantitative analysis suggested that BMAL1-lir shows daily fluctuation in these regions. It is possible that circadian clocks in the photoperiodic signal transduction machinery such as the PT and the EC may be involved in the regulation of photoperiodism. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/cne.22165

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出版者・発行元：Integrative and Comparative Biology  

In temperate zones, the reproductive physiology of most vertebrates is controlled by changes in photoperiod. Mechanisms for the regulation of photoperiodic gonadal responses are known to differ between mammals and birds: in mammals, melatonin is the photoperiodic signal messenger, whereas in birds, photoperiodic information is received by deep brain photoreceptors. Recently, the molecular mechanism of photoperiodism has been revealed by studies on Japanese quail, which exhibit a most remarkable responsiveness to photoperiod among vertebrates, and molecular cascades involved in photoperiodism have been elucidated. Long-day stimulus induces expression of the β-subunit of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH-β) in the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary gland, and TSH derived from the PT regulates reciprocal switching of genes encoding types 2 and 3 deiodinases (Dio2 and Dio3, respectively) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) by retrograde action. Dio2 locally converts prohormone thyroxine (T4) to bioactive triiodothyronine (T3) in the MBH, which subsequently stimulates the gonadal axis. These events have been confirmed to occur in mammals with seasonal breeding, such as hamsters and sheep, suggesting that similar mechanisms are involved among various vertebrates. In addition, nonphotoperiodic mice also appeared to possess the same molecular mechanisms at the hypothalamo-hypophysial level. It has been noted that melatonin regulates the above-mentioned key genes (Dio2, Dio3, and TSH-β) in mammals, while photoperiod directly regulates these genes in birds. Thus, the input pathway of photoperiod is different between mammals and birds (i.e., melatonin versus light); however, the essential mechanisms are conserved among these vertebrates.

DOI： 10.1093/icb/icp011

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DOI： 10.1038/ng.344

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Animal Science Journal  

Photoperiodism is an adaptation mechanism that enables animals to predict seasonal changes in the environment. Japanese quail is the best model organism for studying photoperiodism. Although the recent availability of chicken genome sequences has permitted the expansion from single gene to genome-wide transcriptional analysis in this organism, the photoperiodic response of the domestic chicken is less robust than that of the quail. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the photoperiodic response of the red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), a predecessor of the domestic chicken, to test whether this animal could be developed as an ideal model for studying the molecular mechanisms of seasonal reproduction. When red jungle fowls were transferred from short-day- to long-day conditions, gonadal development and an increase in plasma LH concentration were observed. Furthermore, rapid induction of thyrotropin beta subunit, a master regulator of photoperiodism, was observed at 16 h after dawn on the first long day. In addition, the long-day condition induced the expression of type 2 deiodinase, the key output gene of photoperiodism. These results were consistent with the results obtained in quail and suggest that the red jungle fowl could be an ideal model animal for the genome-wide transcriptional analysis of photoperiodism. © 2009 Japanese Society of Animal Science.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00628.x

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CiNii Books

DOI： 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0145-09.2009

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出版者・発行元：Reproduction  

The egg envelope surrounding avian oocytes exhibits a three-dimensional network of coarse fibers between the granulosa cells and the oocyte. Our previous studies have demonstrated that one of the matrix's components, ZP3, is synthesized in the ovarian granulosa cells. Another component, ZP1, which is critically involved in triggering the sperm acrosome reaction, is synthesized in the liver. We have previously isolated cDNAs encoding quail ZP3 and ZP1, and we now report the isolation of cDNA encoding quail ZPD. By RNase protection assay and in situ hybridization, we have demonstrated that ZPD transcripts are restricted to the granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles. The expression level of ZPD increased progressively during follicular development, and the highest expression was observed in the largest follicles. Western blot analyses using the specific antibody against ZPD indicate that the 40 kDa protein is the authentic ZPD, and the contents of ZPD protein also increased during follicular development. Moreover, we found that the addition of FSH to the culture media enhances the ZPD secretion in the cultured granulosa cells. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of several ZPD isoforms with different pI values ranging from 5.5 to 7. Immunohistochemical analyses indicate that the materials recognized with anti-quail ZPD antibody were accumulated in the egg envelope of large yellow follicles. These results demonstrate the presence of ZPD protein in the egg envelope, and that the amount of ZPD in the egg envelope as well as the mRNA in the cells increases at the latter stages of folliculogenesis. © 2009 Society for Reproduction and Fertility.

DOI： 10.1530/REP-08-0057

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PLoS ONE  

A new circadian variant was isolated by screening the intercross offspring of wild-caught mice (Mus musculus castaneus). This variant was characterized by an initial maintenance of damped oscillations and subsequent loss of rhythmicity after being transferred from light-dark (LD) cycles, to constant darkness (DD). To map the genes responsible for the persistence of rhythmicity (circadian ratio) and the length of free-running period (τ), quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed using F2 mice obtained from an F1 cross between the circadian variant and C57BL/6J mice. As a result, a significant QTL with a main effect for circadian ratio (Arrhythmicity; Arrh-1) was mapped on Chromosome (Chr) 8. For τ, four significant QTLs, Short free-running period (Sfp-1) (Chr 1), Sfp-2 (Chr 6), Sfp-3 (Chr 8), Sfp-4 (Chr 11) were determined. An epistatic interaction was detected between Chr 3 (Arrh-2) and Chr 5 (Arrh-3). An in situ hybridization study of clock genes and mouse Period 1::luciferase (mPer1::luc) real-time monitoring analysis in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) suggested that arrhythmicity in this variant might not be attributed to core circadian mechanisms in the SCN neurons. Our strategy using wild-derived variant mice may provide a novel opportunity to evaluate circadian and its related disorders in human that arise from the interaction between multiple variant genes. © 2009 Watanabe et al.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0004301

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語  

DOI： 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1615

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DOI： 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1301

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DOI： 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1302

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記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：英語  

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DOI： 10.1073/pnas.0808952105

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DOI： 10.1530/REP-08-0041

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BLACKWELL PUBLISHING  

To better understand alterations in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) physiology by photic and non-photic environments, we analyzed clock gene expression in the mouse SCN by in situ hybridization and real-time monitoring of mPerl::luc bioluminescence. An artificial light : dark : light : dark 7:5:7:S condition induced antiphase oscillation of the clock gene in the dorsomedial-like (DM-like) and the ventrolateral-like (VL-like) subdivisions of the SCN, in parallel with maintaining synchronization between the two sides of the SCN. This antiphase oscillation seems to be responsible for the bimodal rhythms of mPer1 bioluminescence observed in the entire SCN and the components of splitting locomotor activity. A long photoperiod (LP) induced the phase advance of the rhythms of clock gene expression in the caudal SCN relative to those in the rostral SCN. In addition, in the middle SCN, the rhythms of the VL-like subdivision phase-led those in the DM-like subdivision. The mPer1::luc rhythms in the entire coronal slice obtained from the middle SCN exhibited two peaks with a wide peak width under LP conditions. Imaging analysis of the mPerl::luc rhythms revealed wide regional variations in the peak time in the rostral half of the SCN. These variations were not due to alterations in the waveform of a single SCN neuronal rhythm. In CS mice which easily entrain to daily restricted feeding (RF) cycles, the peak width for mPer1::luc bioluminescence rhythms in the SCN markedly increased during the RF schedule under LID conditions. These data in CS mice suggest non-photic cues alter SCN organization and provided a new method to reveal subdivisional changes of the SCN by feeding cues.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2008.00345.x

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Biological Rhythms  

In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the circadian pacemaker, receives light information via the retina and functions in the entrainment of circadian rhythms and in phasing the seasonal responses of behavioral and physiological functions. To better understand photoperiod-related alterations in the SCN physiology, we analyzed the clock gene expression in the mouse SCN by performing in situ hybridization and real-time monitoring of the mPer1::luc bioluminescence. Under long photoperiod (LP) conditions, the expression rhythms of mPer1 and Bmal1 in the caudal SCN phase-led those in the rostral SCN; further, within the middle SCN, the rhythms in the ventrolateral (VL)-like subdivision advanced compared with those in the dorsomedial (DM)-like subdivision. The mPer1::luc rhythms in the entire coronal slice obtained from the middle SCN exhibited 2 peaks with a wide peak width under LP conditions. Imaging analysis of the mPer1::luc rhythms in several subdivisions of the rostral, middle, caudal, and horizontal SCN revealed wide regional variations in the peak time in the rostral half of the SCN under LP conditions. These variations were not due to alterations in the waveform of a single SCN neuronal rhythm. Our results indicate that LP conditions induce phase changes in the rhythms in multiple regions in the rostral half of the SCN; this leads to different circadian waveforms in the entire SCN, coding for day length. © 2008 Sage Publications.

DOI： 10.1177/0748730408314572

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DOI： 10.1038/nature06738

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：日本語  

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：日本語  

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：日本語  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：英語  

DOI： 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.07.020

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DOI： 10.1210/en.2007-0497

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DOI： 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.028

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DOI： 10.1210/en.2007-0044

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：7  

A cDNA encoding prepro-thyrotropin-relaesing hormone (ppTRH) in chicken (Callus gallus) was isolated and the sites of expression in the brain were determined. The chicken ppTRH cDNA encodes 260 amino acids, including four TRH progenitor sequences (-Lys/Arg-Arg-Gln-His-Pro-Gly-Lys/Arg-Arg-). It is interesting to note that chicken ppTRH harbors four TRH progenitor-like sequences. According to the hydropathy profile of chicken ppTRH, not only the TRH progenitor sequences but also the TRH progenitor-like sequences are localized in hydrophilic regions. The TRH progenitor-like sequences might be related to structural conservation in the evolution of ppTRH, although they cannot be processed into TRH due to the mutation of several amino acids. According to the alignment of the deduced amino-acid sequences of known vertebrate ppTRHs and the molecular phylogenetic tree we constructed, we speculate on the molecular evolution of ppTRH in vertebrates. In situ hybridization demonstrated experession of the ppTRH gene in the nucleus preopticus periventricularis, nucleus preopticus medialis, regio lateralis hypothalami, paraventricular nucleus, nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, and nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami in the chicken brain. © 2007 Zoological Society of Japan.

DOI： 10.2108/zsj.24.686

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DOI： 10.1210/en.2007-0112

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出版者・発行元：Journal of Biological Rhythms  

Using the mPer1::luc real-time monitoring technique, the authors observed the bimodal patterns of mPer1 bioluminescence on each side of the SCN, in parallel with maintaining synchronization between the left and right sides of the SCN under an artificial light:dark:light:dark (LDLD) 7:5:7:5 condition. In situ hybridization analysis of mPer1 and mBmal1 mRNA distribution in the SCN showed that in 1 photophase (morning photophase; M) of LDLD, the mPer1 level in the ventrolateral-like (VL-like) subdivision of the SCN was higher than that in the dorsomedial-like (DM-like) subdivision, and this regional distribution pattern was reversed in another photophase (evening photophase; E). In contrast, the mBmal1 level was higher in the DM-like subdivision than in the VL-like subdivision in the M phase, and this distribution changed in the E phase. The prokineticin 2 (PK2) mRNA that encodes an SCN output molecule that is thought to transmit the circadian locomotor rhythms was reduced in both the DM-like and VL-like SCN and did not clearly correlate with the activity under the LDLD condition. The expression of mPer1 and mPer2 in the liver was clearly bimodal, whereas the expressions of other clock genes were not synchronized to the LDLD condition. These results may provide important insights into the mechanism underlying the splitting or bimodal rhythms that may in turn facilitate the understanding of the ability to measure the seasonal day length in mammals. © 2007 Sage Publications.

DOI： 10.1177/0748730406295435

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：日本語  

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology  

Appropriate timing of various seasonal processes is crucial to the survival and reproductive success of animals living in temperate regions. When seasonally breeding animals are subjected to annual changes in day length, dramatic changes in neuroendocrine-gonadal activity take place. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the photoperiodic response of gonads remains unknown for all living organisms. It is well known that a circadian clock is somehow involved in the regulation of photoperiodism. Recently, rhythmic expression of circadian clock genes was observed in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of Japanese quail. The MBH is believed to be the center for photoperiodism. In addition, long-day-induced hormone conversion of the prohormone thyroxine (T4) to the bioactive triiodothyronine (T3) by deiodinase in the MBH has been proven to be important to the photoperiodic response of the gonads. Although the regulating mechanism for the photoperiodic response of gonads in birds and mammals has long been considered to be quite different, the long-day-induced expression of the deiodinase gene in the hamster hypothalamus suggests the existence of a conserved regulatory mechanism in avian and mammalian photoperiodism. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.09.009

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出版者・発行元：Cell and Tissue Research  

Photoperiodically generated triiodothyronin (T3) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) has critical roles in the photoperiodic response of the gonads in Japanese quail. In a previous study, we demonstrated seasonal morphological changes in the neuro-glial interaction between gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) nerve terminals and glial endfeet in the median eminence (ME). However, a direct relationship between photoperiodically generated T3 and seasonal neuro-glial plasticity in the ME remained unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of T3 implantation into the MBH on the neuro-glial interaction in the ME. T 3 implantation caused testicular growth and reduced encasement of nerve terminals in the external zone of the ME. In contrast, no morphological changes were observed in birds given an excessive dose of T3, which did not cause testicular growth. These results support the hypothesis that thyroid hormone regulates photoperiodic GnRH secretion via neuro-glial plasticity in the ME. © Springer-Verlag 2006.

DOI： 10.1007/s00441-005-0126-8

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：4  

CS mice show unique properties of circadian rhythms: unstable free-running periods and distinct bimodal rhythms (similar to rhythm splitting, but hereafter referred to as bimodal rhythms) under constant darkness. In the present study, we compared clock-related gene expression (mPer1, mBmal1 and Dbp) in the SCN and peripheral tissues (liver, adrenal gland and heart) between CS and C57BL/6J mice. In spite of normal robust oscillation in the SCN of both mice, behavioral rhythms and peripheral rhythms of clock-related genes were significantly different between these mice. However, when daytime restricted feeding was given, no essential differences between the two strains were observed. These results indicate that unusual circadian behaviors and peripheral gene expression in CS mice do not depend on the SCN but rather mechanisms outside of the SCN. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neures.2005.12.009

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PubMed

CiNii Books

DOI： 10.1210/en.2005-1090

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DOI： 10.1210/en.2005-0507

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語  

出版者・発行元：Chronobiology International  

In most organisms living in temperate zones, reproduction is under photoperiodic control. Although photoperiodic time measurement has been studied in organisms ranging from plants to vertebrates, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. The Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) represents an excellent model to study this problem because of the rapid and dramatic photoperiodic response of its hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Recent investigations of Japanese quail show that long-day-induced type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) expression in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) plays an important role in the photoperiodic gonadal regulation by catalyzing the conversion of the prohormone thyroxine (T4) to bioactive 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3). The T3 content in the MBH is approximately 10-fold higher under long than short days and conditions, and the intracerebroventricular infusion of T3 under short days and conditions mimics the photoperiodic gonadal response. While Dio2 generates active T3 from T4 by outer ring deiodination, type 3 deiodinase (Dio3) catalyzes the conversion of both T3 and T 4 into inactive forms by inner ring deiodination. In contrast to Dio2 expression, Dio3 expression in the MBH is suppressed under the long-day condition. Photoperiodic changes in the expression of both genes during the photoinduction process occur before the changes in the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, suggesting that the reciprocal changes in Dio2 and Dio3 expression act as gene switches of the photoperiodic molecular cascade to trigger induction of LH secretion. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

DOI： 10.1080/07420520500521913

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出版者・発行元：Development Genes and Evolution  

Honeybees have been shown to exhibit cognitive performances that were thought to be specific to some vertebrates. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of such cognitive abilities of the bees have not been understood. We have identified a novel gene, Mahya, expressed in the brain of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, and other Hymenoptera. Mahya orthologues are present in Deuterostomes but are absent or highly diverged in nematodes and, intriguingly, in two dipteran insects (fruit fly and mosquito) and Lepidoptera (silk moth). Mahya genes encode novel secretory proteins with a follistatin-like domain (Kazal-type serine/ threonine protease inhibitor domain and EF-hand calcium-binding domain), two immunoglobulin domains, and a C-terminal novel domain. Honeybee Mahya is expressed in the mushroom bodies and antennal lobes of the brain. Zebra fish Mahya orthologues are expressed in the olfactory bulb, telencephalon, habenula, optic tectum, and cerebellum of the brain. Mouse Mahya orthologues are expressed in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and cerebellum of the brain. These results suggest that Mahya may be involved in learning and memory and in processing of sensory information in Hymenoptera and vertebrates. Furthermore, the limited existence of Mahya in the genomes of Hymenoptera and Deuterostomes supports the hypothesis that the genes typically represented by Mahya were lost or highly diverged during the evolution of the central nervous system of specific Bilaterian branches under the specific selection and subsequent adaptation associated with different ecologies and life histories. © Springer-Verlag 2005.

DOI： 10.1007/s00427-005-0021-z

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DOI： 10.1210/en.2005-0057

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：日本語  

記述言語：日本語  

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：日本語  

記述言語：日本語  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

出版者・発行元：Endocrinology  

In a previous study we showed that photoperiodically generated T 3 in the hypothalamus is critical for the photoperiodic response of gonads in Japanese quail. The expression of thyroid hormone receptors in the median eminence (ME) suggested that photoperiodically generated T3 acts on the ME. Because thyroid hormone is known to play a critical role in the development and plasticity of the central nervous system, in the present study we have examined ultrastructure of the ME in Japanese quail kept in short-day and long-day environments. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that GnRH nerve terminals are in close proximity to the basal lamina under long-day conditions, and conventional transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the encasement of the terminals by the endfeet of glia under short-day conditions. These morphological changes may regulate photoperiodic GnRH secretion.

DOI： 10.1210/en.2004-0366

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出版者・発行元：Brain Research  

The physiological activity of avian optic tectum (TeO) is known to be regulated by the circadian system. In a previous study, we found clock gene expression in the TeO of Japanese quail. Here we report rhythmic expression of the Per2 gene in the stratum griseum et fibrosum (SGF) of the TeO under a light-dark (LD) cycle, constant darkness (DD), and constant light (LL) conditions. However, light pulse did not affect Per2 expression in the TeO. These results suggest that light stimulus and melatonin rhythm are not essential for rhythmic expression of Per2 in the avian TeO in spite of the localization of melatonin receptors and retinal input. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.031

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Neuroscience Letters  

L-Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter at the excitatory synapses in the vertebrate brain. It is also the excitatory neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions in insects, however its functions in their brains remain to be established. We identified and characterized two different subtypes (AmGluRA and AmGluRB) of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) from an eusocial insect, honeybee. Both AmGluRA and AmGluRB form homodimers independently on disulfide bonds, and bind [3H]glutamate with KD values of 156.7 and 80.7 nM, respectively. AmGluRB is specifically expressed in the brain, while AmGluRA is expressed in the brain and other body parts, suggesting that AmGluRA is also present at the neuromuscular junctions. Both mGluRs are expressed in the mushroom bodies and the brain regions of honeybees, where motor neurons are clustered. Their expression in the brain apparently overlaps, suggesting that they may interact with each other to modulate the glutamatergic neurotransmission. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.02.004

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DOI： 10.1210/en.2003-1593

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DOI： 10.1210/en.2003-1285

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：日本語  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語  

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

出版者・発行元：Brain Research  

In our previous study, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using mice with abnormal circadian rhythm detected a suggestive QTL, which affects the length of free-running period, on the distal region of Chromosome 19. Among the candidate genes, we have focused on Ikkα gene and found that Ikkα mRNA is expressed in the mammalian circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the present study. Expression of Ikkα mRNA in the SCN indicated the possibility that IKKα is involved in the regulation of circadian clock. Therefore, to examine the role of IKKα in the regulation of circadian rhythms, we have further examined wheel-running activity rhythms under light-dark cycle and constant darkness, and circadian response to light. However, we could not detect any statistically significant difference between IKKα+/- mice and wild type mice. Roles of IKKα in the regulation of circadian system remains to be clarified in the future study. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.09.007

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出版者・発行元：Brain Research  

Avian circadian rhythms are regulated by a multiple oscillatory system consisting of the pineal, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the eye. In the present study, ontogeny of circadian clock in the pineal and the SCN of chick embryo was examined using Per2 expression as a marker. A daily rhythmicity of Per2 expression was first detectable at embryonic day (ED) 18 in the pineal and at ED 16 in the SCN under light-dark (LD) cycles. The amplitude of the rhythmicity increased during the development. In contrast, little expression was observed during the development in constant darkness. These results suggest that although circadian clock matures by the end of the embryonic life in chicken, LD cycles are required for the expression of the Per2. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0006-8993(03)03531-5

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Nature  

Reproduction of many temperate zone birds is under photoperiodic control. The Japanese quail is an excellent model for studying the mechanism of photoperiodic time measurement because of its distinct and marked response to changing photoperiods. Studies on this animal have suggested that the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is an important centre controlling photoperiodic time measurement. Here we report that expression in the MBH of the gene encoding type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2), which catalyses the intracellular deiodination of thyroxine (T4) prohormone to the active 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3), is induced by light in Japanese quail. Intracerebroventricular administration of T3 mimics the photoperiodic response, whereas the Dio2 inhibitor iopanoic acid prevents gonadal growth. These findings demonstrate that light-induced Dio2 expression in the MBH may be involved in the photoperiodic response of gonads in Japanese quail.

DOI： 10.1038/nature02117

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出版者・発行元：Endocrinology  

In birds, the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) including the infundibular nucleus, inferior hypothalamic nucleus, and median eminence is considered to be an important center that controls the photoperiodic time measurement. Here we show expression patterns of circadian clock genes in the MBH, putative suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and pineal gland, which constitute the circadian pacemaker under various light schedules. Although expression patterns of clock genes were different between long and short photoperiod in the SCN and pineal gland, the results were not consistent with those under night interruption schedule, which causes testicular growth. These results indicate that different expression patterns of the circadian clock genes in the SCN and pineal gland are not an absolute requirement for encoding and decoding of seasonal information. In contrast, expression patterns of clock genes in the MBH were stable under various light conditions, which enables animals to keep a steady-state photoinducible phase.

DOI： 10.1210/en.2003-0435

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出版者・発行元：Brain Research  

In mice, genetic differences between inbred strains have been shown for several parameters of sleep and circadian activity rhythms. Our previous studies have demonstrated that CS mice have three remarkable characteristics in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity: (1) high activity both during the day and night, (2) unstable freerunning period and (3) spontaneous rhythm splitting. In order to characterize sleep properties of CS mice, we compared circadian sleep patterns of CS with those of C57BL/6J and C3H/He mice which have normal circadian activity rhythms. Although C57BL/6J and C3H/He mice exhibited clear daily sleep-wake rhythms in the amount of each sleep parameter (Awake, SWS, PS), CS mice did not show clear rhythms in these parameters. The differences were particularly conspicuous in PS; no apparent day-night differences in the amount of PS, PS counts and PS interval (the interval between successive PS episodes) in CS mice. In addition, the ratio of PS to total sleep time was significantly larger in CS mice than other strains. Of these parameters, the most considerable was PS latency which was extremely short and direct transition from Awake to PS without appearance of SWS frequently occurred in these mice. These results indicate that CS mice may be useful for the understanding of sleep mechanisms and its dysfunction. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0006-8993(03)02947-0

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出版者・発行元：Neuroscience Letters  

CS mice exhibit rhythm splitting in constant darkness (DD). To examine the anatomical and physiological bases of this phenomenon, mouse Period1 (mPer1)-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice with rhythm splitting were produced by crossing CS and mPer1::GFP mice. GFP expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) slices showed a clear unimodal rhythm with the highest level at circadian time (CT) 8 or CT12 in splitting and non-splitting GFP mice under DD and no essential differences in the pattern of GFP expression were found between these mice. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the degree of symmetry in the paired rostral, central and caudal SCN between splitting and non-splitting mice. These results indicate that behavioral rhythm splitting in CS mice does not reflect the pattern of clock gene expression in the SCN. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00484-1

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1177/0748730402238233

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DOI： 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02222.x

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記述言語：日本語  

記述言語：日本語  

記述言語：日本語  

出版者・発行元：Mammalian Genome  

CS mice show a free-running period (τ) longer than 24 h and rhythm splitting in constant darkness (DD). These features in behavioral circadian rhythms are distinctive as compared with other inbred strains of mice, which exhibit robust free-running rhythms with τ shorter than 24 h. To identify the genes affecting τ, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was initially conducted by using 289 F2 mice derived from a cross between CS and C57BL/6J strain. A suggestive QTL (LOD = 3.71) with CS allele increasing τ was detected on the distal region of Chromosome (Chr) 19. Next, using 192 F2 mice from a cross between CS and MSM strain, the presence of the QTL on Chr 19 was examined, and we confirmed the QTL at the genome-wide significant level (LOD = 4.61 with 10.4% of the total variance explained). This QTL was named long free-running period (Lfp). Three other suggestive QTLs (LOD = 3.24-4.28) were mapped to the midportion of Chr 12 in (CS×C57BL/6J)F2 mice, and to the proximal and middle region of Chr 19 in (CS×MSM)F2 mice, respectively, of which, CS alleles for two QTLs on Chr 19 have the effect of lengthening τ. None of these QTLs were mapped to the chromosomal regions of previously described QTLs for τ and known clock genes (Clock, mPer1, Bma11, mCry1, mCry2, mTim, and Csnkle).

DOI： 10.1007/s003350010280

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DOI： 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.4.R1185

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Behavior Genetics  

SM/J and A/J inbred strain of mice have different characteristics in circadian behaviors such as free-running period (τ), phase relationship (ψ) between light-dark cycles and activity rhythms, and amount of wheel-running activity. To determine the genes which affect these behaviors, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using SMXA recombinant inbred strains derived from SM/J and A/J mice was performed. Concerning τ, two regions on chromosomes (Chrs) 7 and 18 surpassed the genome-wide suggestive level. As for ψ, one suggestive QTL was detected on Chr 7. The QTLs which affect daily activity counts under light-dark cycles and constant darkness were mapped to the same chromosomal regions on Chrs 1 and 17, respectively. The provisional QTLs detected in the present study might be useful for understanding the complex mechanism regulating circadian behaviors.

DOI： 10.1023/A:1010298701251

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PubMed

記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Molecular Brain Research  

Unlike mammals, avian circadian rhythms are regulated by a multiple oscillatory system consisting of the retina, the pineal and the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. To understand avian circadian system, we have cloned Clock and Period homologs (qClock, qPer2 and qPer3) and characterized these genes in Japanese quail. Overall, qCLOCK, qPER2 and qPER3 showed ~79%, ~46% and ~33% amino acid identity to mCLOCK, mPER2, mPER3, respectively. Clock was mapped to quail chromosome 4 and chicken chromosome 4q1.6-q2.1. Per2 and Per3 genes were both localized to microchromosomes. qClock mRNA was expressed throughout the day, while qPer2 and qPer3 showed robust circadian oscillation in the eye and the pineal gland. All three genes were expressed in various tissues. In addition, qPer2 mRNA was induced by light, but neither qClock nor qPer3 was induced. These results can explain the molecular basis for circadian entrainment in Japanese quail and also provide new avenues for molecular understanding of avian circadian clock and photoperiodism. ThemeL Neural basis of behaviour. Topic: Biological rhythms and sleep. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.

DOI： 10.1016/S0169-328X(00)00091-7

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記述言語：日本語  

記述言語：日本語  

DOI： 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01122-0

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記述言語：日本語  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Pineal melatonin is produced during the night. Its nocturnal increase regulates circadian rhythms and the photo-periodic reproductive response. Serotonin is acetylated to N-acetylserotonin by serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) and then methylated to form melatonin by hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). The rhythmicity of melatonm synthesis is regulated by the rhythmic activity of SNAT. Most laboratory mice do not have melatonin because of a genetic defect in the activity of SNAT and/or HIOMT. In a previous study using a recombinant inbred strain, we have found that the locus controlling pineal SNAT activity (Nat4) is located on mouse Chromosome 11. Recently, SNAT has been cloned in the rat. In the present study, the gene encoding SNAT was localized, using a rat cDNA fragment, on rat and mouse chromosomes by direct R-banding fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In addition, using molecular linkage analysis with interspecific back-cross mice, a gene encoding SNAT was mapped on a mouse chromosome. The gene encoding SNAT was localized to rat chromosome 10q32.3 and mouse Chromosome 11E2 by FISH. The molecular linkage analysis demonstrated that the gene encoding SNAT maps 1.5 cM distal to DUMit11. The data suggest that Nat4 encodes SNAT. These chromosomal locations are in a region of conserved linkage homology between the two species. © 1997 S. Karger AG, Basel.

DOI： 10.1159/000134713

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PubMed

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語  

記述言語：日本語  

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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出版者・発行元：Journal of Comparative Physiology A  

Using in vivo microdialysis, effects of retinally perceived light on pineal melatonin release and its rhythmicity was examined in the pigeon. In the first experiment, light-induced suppression of pineal melatonin release was studied. Although light given to the whole body during the dark strongly suppressed pineal melatonin release to a daytime level, light exclusively delivered to the eyes did not remarkably inhibit melatonin release. In the second experiment, in order to determine whether retinally perceived light has phase-shifting effects on pineal melatonin rhythms, pigeons were given a single light pulse of 2 h at circadian time (CT) 18 and the phases of the second cycle after the light pulse were compared with those of control pigeons without the light pulse. In this experiment, phase advances of pineal melatonin rhythms were observed when the light was given to the whole body but not when only the eyes were illuminated. In a third experiment, after entrainment to light-dark 12:12 (LD 12:12) cycles, birds whose heads were covered with black tapes were transferred into constant light (LL) conditions and only the eyes were exposed to new LD cycles for 7 days (the phase was advanced by 6 h from the previous cycles) using a patching protocol. This procedure, however, could not entrain pineal melatonin rhythms to the retinal LD cycles. These results indicate that the eyes are not essential for photic regulation of pineal melatonin release and its rhythmicity in the pigeon. © 1994 Springer-Verlag.

DOI： 10.1007/BF00199479

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

担当ページ：103-122   記述言語：英語

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担当ページ：165-176   記述言語：日本語

Many birds have highly sophisticated photoperiodic mechanisms and show robust responses to changing photoperiod. William Rowan is generally credited with the first demonstration of the avian photoperiodic response when he photostimulated dark eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) during the Canadian winter and observed stimulation of testicular growth. The application of molecular biological techniques to understanding the mechanisms controlling the avian photoperiodic response continue Rowan's pioneering tradition of using birds to study vertebrate photoperiodism. This chapter focuses on current understanding of genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the avian photoperiodic response.

DOI： 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335903.003.0018

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担当ページ：142-151   記述言語：日本語

担当ページ：446-460   記述言語：英語

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担当ページ：24,25,100-103,152-155   記述言語：日本語

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担当ページ：141-150   記述言語：英語

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担当ページ：105-111   記述言語：日本語

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Avian circadian clock: toward the understanding of molecular mechanisms

担当ページ：259-265   記述言語：英語

Avian circadian clock: toward the understanding of molecular mechanisms

記述言語：日本語

生物時計の分子機構-遺伝学的研究

担当ページ：50-57   記述言語：日本語

生物時計の分子機構-遺伝学的研究

記述言語：日本語  

DOI： 10.11477/mf.2425200552

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）  

J-GLOBAL

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Animals measure photoperiod (daylength) and adapt to seasonal changes in the environment by altering their physiology and behavior accordingly. Although this photoperiodic response has long been of interest, the underlying mechanism has only recently begun to be uncovered at the molecular level. Japanese quail provide an excellent model to study the molecular mechanism underlying the vertebrate photoperiodic response. The recent sequencing of the chicken genome allowed a system-level analysis of photoperiodic time measurement in quail, and this approach uncovered the key event in the photoperiodic signaling cascade that regulates seasonal reproduction. Long photoperiod-induced expression of thyrotropin in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland was found to trigger local thyroid hormone catabolism in the mediobasal hypothalamus, which increases the activity of the reproductive neuroendocrine system resulting in gonadal development. Since thyrotropin was only known to stimulate the thyroid gland, a traditional hypothesi s-d riven approach would not have been expected to predict this discovery. Thus, a functional genomics approach, which is a discovery-driven approach, provides new insights in the field of endocrinology. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.11.017

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）  

J-GLOBAL

J-GLOBAL

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：速報，短報，研究ノート等（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC  

The molecular basis of seasonal or nonseasonal breeding remains unknown. Although laboratory rats are generally regarded as photoperiod-insensitive species, the testicular weight of the Fischer 344 (F344) strain responds to photoperiod. Recently, it was clarified that photoperiodic regulation of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is critical in photoperiodic gonadal regulation. Strain-dependent differences in photoperiod sensitivity may now provide the opportunity to address the regulatory mechanism of seasonality by studying Dio2 expression. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of photoperiod on Dio2 expression in photoperiod-sensitive F344 and photoperiod-insensitive Wistar rats. A statistically significant difference was observed between short and long days in terms of testicular weight and Dio2 expression in the F344 strain, while no difference was observed in the Wistar strain. These results suggest that differential responses of the Dio2 gene to photoperiod may determine the strain-dependent differences in photoperiod sensitivity in laboratory rats.

DOI： 10.1152/ajpregu.00396.2006

Web of Science

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：速報，短報，研究ノート等（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC  

Photorefractoriness is the insensitivity of gonadal development to the stimulatory effects of long photoperiods in birds and to the inhibitory effects of short photoperiods in small mammals. Its molecular mechanism remains unknown. Recently, it has been shown that reciprocal expression of thyroid hormone-activating enzyme [type 2 deiodinase (Dio2)] and-inactivating enzyme [type 3 deiodinase (Dio3)] genes in the mediobasal hypothalamus is critical for photoperiodically induced gonadal growth. Since thyroid hormones are required not only for photoinduction, but also for the induction of photorefractoriness, we examined the expression of these genes in relation to photorefractoriness in birds and mammals. Transfer of birds to long photoperiods induced strong expression of Dio2. This was maintained in tree sparrow when they later became photorefractory, but decreased somewhat in quail. In hamsters, transfer to long photoperiods also induced strong expression of Dio2. High values were not maintained under long photoperiods, and, indeed, expression decreased at the same rate as in animals transferred to short photoperiods. There was no renewed expression of Dio2 associated with testicular growth as animals became refractory to short photoperiods. Expression of Dio3 was high under short photoperiods and low under long photoperiods in all the animals examined, except for the short photoperiod-refractory hamsters. Our present study revealed complex regulation of deiodinase genes in the photoinduction and photorefractory processes in birds and mammals. These gene changes may be involved in the regulation of photorefractoriness, as well as photoinduction.

DOI： 10.1152/ajpregu.00521.2006

Web of Science

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：速報，短報，研究ノート等（学術雑誌）  

Most temperate-zone animals are seasonal breeders. In a previous study, it was found that light-induced hormone conversion of thyroxine (T4) prohormone to active 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) in the mediobasal hypothalamus regulates photoperiodic response of gonads in Japanese quail. Here the effect of T4 or T3, administered in drinking water, on testicular growth in the Japanese quail kept under short days is shown. Testicular length was significantly increased in birds given T 4 at doses of 4, 8 and 10 mg/L, while any dose of T3 had little effect on testicular growth. High doses (8 and 10 mg/L) of T4 and T3 resulted in high mortality and/or reduction of bodyweight. Among all of the treatment, 4 mg/L of T4 was the most effective on photoperiodic testicular growth, which caused little reduction in bodyweight. These data provide a new conventional method for promoting gonadal growth under short days.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00205.x

Scopus

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：速報，短報，研究ノート等（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Poultry Science  

Appropriate timing of various seasonal processes is crucial to the survival and reproductive success of animals inhabiting temperate regions. When seasonally breeding animals are subjected to annual changes in daylength, dramatic changes in neuroendocrine-gonadal activity ensue. However, the molecular mechanism of photoperiodic (or seasonal) time measurement (PTM) is not well understood for any organism living. Japanese quail is an excellent model for studying PTM because of the rapid and dramatic response to photoperiod. Here I describe recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanism of PTM in Japanese quail. © 2004, Japan Poultry Science Association. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.2141/jpsa.41.251

Scopus

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：速報，短報，研究ノート等（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語  

CiNii Books

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：速報，短報，研究ノート等（学術雑誌）  

Pineal and retinal melatonin has an important role in the control of avian circadian rhythms. In order to study the mechanisms of circadian rhythms of melatonin synthesis in the pineal and in the eye, in vivo microdialysis was applied to these organs. In both pigeons and Japanese quails, pineal and ocular melatonin levels were high during the dark and low during the day under light-dark (LD) cycles. These rhythms persisted under constant dim light (LLdim) conditions indicating the circadian nature of pineal and ocular melatonin release. Light has two effects on melatonin synthesis. One is acute inhibition of melatonin synthesis and the other is entrainment of circadian melatonin rhythms. We have examined photoreceptors mediating these effects in the pigeon. The results have indicated that the eyes are not involved in light-induced suppression and photic entrainment of pineal melatonin release, and pineal photoreceptors themselves are likely to mediate these effects. Concerning ocular melatonin, retinal photoreceptors seem to mediate light-induced suppression and photic entrainment and no evidence supporting mediation of extraretinal photoreceptors was obtained. Because dopamine is implicated in retinal melatonin synthesis, we measured dopamine and melatonin release simultaneously from the eye of pigeon. In contrast to melatonin rhythms, dopamine increased during the day and decreased during the dark. This antiphase relationship between melatonin and dopamine persisted in LLdim, suggesting an interaction between these two rhythms. The results of an intraocular injection of dopamine or melatonin in the phase of melatonin and dopamine rhythms indicated that the interaction is required for maintaining the antiphase relationship between the two rhythms. © 1997 S. Karger AG, Basel.

DOI： 10.1159/000109133

Scopus

PubMed

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：速報，短報，研究ノート等（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：速報，短報，研究ノート等（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology  

Light-dark cycles are the most important time cue for the circadian system to entrain the endogenous circadian clock to the environmental 24 h cycle. Although photic entrainment of circadian rhythms is mediated by the eye in mammals, photoreceptors implicated in circadian photoreception remain unknown. In our previous study, retinally degenerate CBA/J (rd/rd) mice were found to have lower circadian photosensitivity for phase-shifting the locomotor activity rhythms than normal CBA/N( +/+ ) mice. In the present study, the spectral sensitivity for phase-shifting the rhythms was examined in order to characterize the photopigments involved in circadian photoreception of these mice. The spectral sensitivity of CBA/J-rd/rd mice clearly fitted to the Dartnall nomogram for a retinal1-based pigment with a maximum at 480 nm, while the best fitted nomogram had a maximum at 500 nm in CBA/N- +/+ mice. These results suggest that circadian photopigments involved in CBA/J-rd/rd and CBA/N- +/+ mice may be different.

DOI： 10.1007/BF00225828

Scopus

PubMed

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