研究者詳細 - 日比野　高士

論文 - 日比野　高士

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High Performance Anode for Direct Cellulosic Biomass Fuel Cells Operating at Intermediate Temperatures 査読有り

Hibino Takashi, Kobayashi Kazuyo, Lv Peiling, Nagao Masahiro, Teranishi Shinya

BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 90 巻 ( 9 ) 頁： 1017 - 1026 2017年9月

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan

The catalytic activity of the Pt/C anode in a fuel cell was improved by alloying Pt with other metals, followed by optimization of the alloy in terms of its atomic raio and content. The resulting PtFe/C anode yielded higher power densities and energy densities at 250°C for fuels composed of cypress, tissue paper, and cotton compared to those obtained using the Pt/C anode, despite its smaller Pt loading. The resulting fuel cell successfully produced energy using different fuel materials. The addition effect of Fe on the anode reaction was discussed based on the characterization kinetics.

DOI： 10.1246/bcsj.20170163

NOx Sensing Characteristics of Semiconductor Gas Sensors under Controlled Oxygen Activity Conditions Using a Proton-Conducting Electrolyte 査読有り

Nagao Masahiro, Kobayashi Kazuyo, Lv Peiling, Teranishi Shinya, Hibino Takashi

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 164 巻 ( 9 ) 頁： B397 - B402 2017年

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Journal of the Electrochemical Society

The formation of highly oxidative and reductive states within and around WO3 and In2O3 during detection of NOx (NO and NO2) was investigated by attaching the metal oxide electrode to a proton-conducting Sn0.9In0.1P2O7 electrolyte, followed by electrode polarization at 200°C. Proton insertion and release occurred at the WO3 electrode, while metal-ion redox reactions proceeded at the In2O3 electrode. Although the hydrogen tungsten bronze formed under cathodic polarization was insensitive to NO and NO2, the WO3 operating under anodic polarization possessed sensitivity toward NO and NO2. Addition of these gases increased the ohmic, charge-transfer, and gas-diffusion resistances in a similar manner. The In2O3 underwent significant changes in NOx sensing ability upon changes in polarity and magnitude of the applied voltage. In particular, under cathodic polarization, the sensor resistance decreased upon addition of NO and NO2 in the range of -0.5 to -1.5 V, but increased upon addition at -2.0 V, due to reduction of In3+ to lower valence states, which selectively absorbed NO2 beginning at -1.7 V. The WO3 and In2O3 sensing abilities were not significantly affected by interference from O2, H2, CO, or n-C4H10, and the sensors became more sensitive toward NO2 as the WO3 and In2O3 particle size decreased.

DOI： 10.1149/2.0361709jes

An Intermediate-Temperature Biomass Fuel Cell UsingWood Sawdust and Pulp Directly as Fuel 査読有り

Hibino Takashi, Kobayashi Kazuyo, Lv Peiling, Nagao Masahiro, Teranishi Shinya, Mori Toshiyuki

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 164 巻 ( 6 ) 頁： F557 - F563 2017年

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Journal of the Electrochemical Society

Biomass is of significant interest in the field of advanced energy engineering, including the use of woody biomass as an energy source. However, because cellulose—the major component of wood—is insoluble in most solvents, an excessive amount of energy and special procedures are required to convert woody materials into liquid and gaseous fuel. This report describes a biomass fuel cell that provides power densities on the order of 10 mW cm−2 by direct utilization of wood sawdust and pulp as fuel. The fuel cell is simple, with H3PO4-impregnated raw materials located at the anode, and is operated at temperatures between 75 and 250°C. Cellulose or its decomposition products reacted with H2O to form CO2, where the coulombic yield was approximately 95% at 150°C or higher. Notably, the cell performance was superior to that of fuel cells with fuels (partially oxidized or dehydrated mono-to tetrasaccharides) obtained by an external treatment of cellulose with H3PO4.

DOI： 10.1149/2.0511706jes

A self-regenerable soot sensor with a proton-conductive thin electrolyte and a nanostructured platinum sensing electrode 査読有り

Lv Peiling, Ito Takenori, Oogushi Akihide, Nakashima Kensaku, Nagao Masahiro, Hibino Takashi

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 6 巻頁： 37463 2016年11月

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports

In recent years, exhaust sensors have become increasingly attractive for use in energy and environmental technologies. Important issues regarding practical applications of these sensors, especially for soot measurements, include the further development of ion-conductive electrolytes and active electrode catalysts for meeting performance and durability requirements. Herein, we design a proton conductor with a high breakdown voltage and a sensing electrode with high sensitivity to electrochemical carbon oxidation, enabling continuous soot monitoring with self-regeneration of the sensor. A Si0.97 Al0.03 Hx P2 O7 layer with an excellent balance between proton conductivity and voltage endurance was grown on the surface of a Si0.97 Al0.03 O2 substrate by reacting it with liquid H3 PO4 at 600 °C. Specific reactivity of the electrochemically formed active oxygen toward soot was accomplished by adding a Pt-impregnated Sn0.9 In0.1Hx P2 O7 catalyst into a Pt sensing electrode. To make the best use of these optimized materials, a unipolar electrochemical device was fabricated by configuring the sensing and counter electrodes on the same surface of the electrolyte layer. The resulting amperometric mode sensor successfully produced a current signal that corresponded to the quantity of soot.

DOI： 10.1038/srep37463

Kinetically driven switching and memory phenomena at the interface between a proton-conductive electrolyte and a titanium electrode 査読有り

Hibino Takashi, Kobayashi Kazuyo, Nagao Masahiro

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 6 巻頁： 31691 2016年8月

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports

Numerous studies have examined the switching properties of semi-or ion-conductors and isolators; however, most of these have focused on the ohmic resistance characteristics. Here, we report a new type of polarity-dependent switching phenomenon obtained for electrical devices with the configuration: metal working electrode |Si0.97Al0.03H0.03P2O7-polytetrafluoroethylene composite electrolyte |Pt/C counter electrode. The counter electrode is reversibly active for the water vapor oxidation and evolution reactions. The composite electrolyte exhibits high withstanding voltage capability in the bias voltage range of ± 7 V. When titanium was employed as the working electrode, the anodic polarization resistance was approximately two orders of magnitude greater than the cathodic polarization resistance. The ohmic resistance of the device was almost unchanged, regardless of the bias voltage polarity. Moreover, kinetically induced high-resistance/low-resistance states could be cyclically switched through positive/negative bias voltage pulses, and these states were also confirmed to be memorized at open circuit.

DOI： 10.1038/srep31691

A Rechargeable Tin-Air PEM Battery Using SnSO4 as an Anode-active Material 査読有り

Kobayashi Kazuyo, Nagao Masahiro, Hibino Takashi

CHEMISTRY LETTERS 45 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 161 - 163 2016年2月

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Chemistry Letters

SnSO4 was employed as an anode-active material for rechargeable batteries, where Sn4+ and Sn2+ ions are reduced to Sn2+ and Sn, respectively during charge while the inverse reactions occur during discharge. Undesired hydrogen production was substantially avoided by adjusting the charge voltage to 1.5V. The resulting cell functioned as a battery with an electrical capacity of 258mA hg-1 at 10mA cm-2 and as a fuel cell with power densities of 55-125 mW cm-2 at 0.8V.

DOI： 10.1246/cl.151015

Rechargeable Metal-Air Proton-Exchange Membrane Batteries for Renewable Energy Storage 査読有り

Nagao Masahiro, Kobayashi Kazuyo, Yamamoto Yuta, Yamaguchi Togo, Oogushi Akihide, Hibino Takashi

CHEMELECTROCHEM 3 巻 ( 2 ) 頁： 247 - 255 2016年2月

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：ChemElectroChem

Rechargeable proton-exchange membrane batteries that employ organic chemical hydrides as hydrogen-storage media have the potential to serve as next-generation power sources; however, significant challenges remain regarding the improvement of the reversible hydrogen-storage capacity. Here, we address this challenge through the use of metal-ion redox couples as energy carriers for battery operation. Carbon, with a suitable degree of crystallinity and surface oxygenation, was used as an effective anode material for the metal redox reactions. A Sn0.9In0.1P2O7-based electrolyte membrane allowed no crossover of vanadium ions through the membrane. The V4+/V3+, V3+/V2+, and Sn4+/Sn2+ redox reactions took place at a more positive potential than that for hydrogen reduction, so that undesired hydrogen production could be avoided. The resulting electrical capacity reached 306 and 258mAhg-1 for VOSO4 and SnSO4, respectively, and remained at 76 and 91% of their respective initial values after 50 cycles.

DOI： 10.1002/celc.201500473

Design of a Rechargeable Fuel-Cell Battery with Enhanced Performance and Cyclability 査読有り

Hibino Takashi, Kobayashi Kazuyo, Nagao Masahiro, Yamamoto Yuta

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 163 巻 ( 7 ) 頁： A1420 - A1428 2016年

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Journal of the Electrochemical Society

Electrochemical devices integrating a fuel cell with a hydrogen storage medium are able to function as secondary batteries. Batteries incorporating a partially oxygenated carbon anode with a RuO2/C cathode exhibit excellent reversibility, but their performance is not yet sufficient for secondary battery applications. This is due to excessive oxygenation of the anode, degradation of the cathode and the excess weight of the electrolyte membrane. In the present work, we addressed these challenges through various improvements in the design of a rechargeable proton-exchange membrane battery. These included coating the surface of a significantly oxygenated carbon anode (O/C atomic ratio 0.131) with carbon black nanoparticles, nanocrystallization of a carbon-free RuO2 cathode (avg. crystallite size 1.1 nm) and the synthesis of an inorganic-organic composite electrolyte membrane. As a result of these optimizations, coulombic efficiencies of over 95% were achieved during charge/discharge over the voltage range of 0.0–1.5 V at 75°C. The resulting device exhibited an initial capacity of 330 mAh g−1 and was stable over 300 cycles, with maximum energy and power densities of 47 Wh kg−1 and 1114 W kg−1, respectively.

DOI： 10.1149/2.1341607jes

A sensitive and self-regenerable particulate matter sensor with a H<inf>3</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>-modified BaZr<inf>0.8</inf>Y<inf>0.2</inf>O<inf>3-δ</inf> electrolyte and an IrO<inf>2</inf>-catalyzed sensing electrode 査読有り

Peiling L., Oogushi A., Nakashima K., Kobayashi K., Nagao M., Hibino T.

Journal of the Electrochemical Society 163 巻 ( 14 ) 頁： B761 - B767 2016年

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Journal of the Electrochemical Society

There have been many attempts to develop solid-state sensor devices for detecting particulate matter (PM) in diesel exhaust; however, in most of these, the accumulated PM must be burned intermittently to allow subsequent sensing cycles. Here, we report a self-regenerable PM sensor using a proton conductive solid electrolyte and an active working electrode for PM oxidation. The withstanding voltage capability of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ was greatly improved by the growth of a dense Zr1-xYxP2O7 film on the electrolyte surface. The reaction of PM with active oxygen under anodic polarization was further enhanced by the addition of IrO2 to the working electrode. As a result of these combined modifications, when the working electrode was anodically polarized, PM was oxidized to CO2 according to a four-electron reaction (C + 2H2O → CO2 + 4H+ + 4e-) while remaining below the self-ignition temperature. This amperometric sensor successfully produced a current signal corresponding to the quantity of PM in a gas stream at an operating temperature of 300°C. These results demonstrate that the sensor can carry out continuous monitoring of PM concentrations while self-regenerating.

DOI： 10.1149/2.1281614jes

総説：中温プロトン伝導体のエネルギーデバイスへの応用

小林和代、長尾征洋、日比野高士

33 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 128-133 2015年10月

総説：高温対応「イオン伝導性セラミックス」自動車へのキャパシター性能向上、効率化へ貢献

長尾征洋、小林和代、日比野高士

15 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 61-63 2015年7月

A Direct Urine Fuel Cell Operated at Intermediate Temperatures 査読有り

Nagao Masahiro, Kobayashi Kazuyo, Hibino Takashi

CHEMISTRY LETTERS 44 巻 ( 3 ) 頁： 363 - 365 2015年3月

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Chemistry Letters

Direct utilization of urine in fuel cells is a promising technology for conversion into electricity. Here, we report the design of anode materials for high-temperature direct urine fuel cells and the performance of a fuel cell with an optimized anode at 300 °C. The resultant peak power densities reached 16.7mW cm-2 for urine and 26.5mW cm-2 for urea.

DOI： 10.1246/cl.141067

High-temperature supercapacitor with a proton-conducting metal pyrophosphate electrolyte 査読有り

Hibino Takashi, Kobayashi Kazuyo, Nagao Masahiro, Kawasaki Shinji

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 5 巻頁： 7903 2015年1月

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports

Expanding the range of supercapacitor operation to temperatures above 100°C is important because this would enable capacitors to operate under the severe conditions required for next-generation energy storage devices. In this study, we address this challenge by the fabrication of a solid-state supercapacitor with a proton-conducting Sn 0.95 Al0.05H0.05P2O7 (SAPO)-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composite electrolyte and a highly condensed H3 PO4 electrode ionomer. At a temperature of 200°C, the SAPO-PTFE electrolyte exhibits a high proton conductivity of 0.02 S cm-1 and a wide withstanding voltage range of ±2 V. The H3PO4 ionomer also has good wettability with micropore-rich activated carbon, which realizes a capacitance of 210 F g-1 at 200°C. The resulting supercapacitor exhibits an energy density of 32 Wh kg-1 at 3 A g-1 and stable cyclability after 7000 cycles from room temperature to 150°C.

DOI： 10.1038/srep07903

Rechargeable PEM Fuel-Cell Batteries Using Quinones as Hydrogen Carriers 査読有り

Nagao Masahiro, Kobayashi Kazuyo, Yamamoto Yuta, Hibino Takashi

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 162 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： F410 - F418 2015年

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Journal of the Electrochemical Society

Rechargeable fuel-cell batteries (RFCBs) that employ organic chemical hydrides as hydrogen storage media have potential as nextgeneration power sources; however, the reversible storage and release of hydrogen remains a significant challenge. In particular, the hydrogenation of organic compounds during cell charge is difficult to achieve with 100% conversion. However, this report demonstrates that quinones, especially anthraquinone (AQ), can function as a hydrogen carrier for RFCBs, where AQ is hydrogenated to anthrahydroquinone (AH2Q) during charge and AH2Q is dehydrogenated to AQ during discharge. This redox reaction occurred at a more positive potential than that for hydrogen reduction, so that undesired hydrogen production can be avoided by adjusting the charge voltage to 1 V. The resulting RFCB maintained 100% electrical capacity at room temperature, 91% at 50°C, and 63% at 75°C of the respective initial performance with coulombic efficiencies greater than 90% after 300 cycles. Moreover, the RFCB functioned as a secondary battery with energy densities of 0.8.3.4 Wh kg-1, power densities of 9.5-258.9 W kg-1, and as a fuel cell with power densities of 0.001-0.26 W cm-3. Based on the performance and degradation data, the limitations of this RFCB and directions for future research are discussed.

DOI： 10.1149/2.0611504jes

Rechargeable PEM Fuel-Cell Batteries Using Porous Carbon Modified with Carbonyl Groups as Anode Materials 査読有り

Kobayashi Kazuyo, Nagao Masahiro, Yamamoto Yuta, Heo Pilwon, Hibino Takashi

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 162 巻 ( 8 ) 頁： F868 - F877 2015年

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Journal of the Electrochemical Society

Rechargeable fuel-cell batteries (RFCBs) operate by hydrogen storage and release at the anode, while oxygen evolution and reduction reactions occur at the cathode. High-surface-area porous carbon was treated with HNO3 to produce an anode material with carbonyl and phenol groups on the surface, thereby providing redox sites for hydrogen storage and release. The HNO3-activated carbon anodes were characterized with respect to use in a RFCB operated from room temperature to 75°C with a voltage range of 0-2.0 V. The quantity of carbonyl groups and the corresponding reduced phenol groups increased with the O/C atomic ratio of the oxygenated carbon, by which the electrical capacity was increased to reach a maximum of 125 mAh g-1 at an O/C atomic ratio of 0.114. The optimal temperature and charge voltage for performance and cyclability were determined to be 50°C and 1.25 V, respectively. The charge and discharge times remained at ca. 93% of the respective initial values after 300 cycles. The RFCB with the modified porous carbon anode provided energy densities of 2.5-13.8 Wh kg-1 and power densities of 46.4-296.3 W kg-1 (normalized according to the mass of the entire cell).

DOI： 10.1149/2.0581508jes

An IrSi oxide film as a highly active water-oxidation catalyst in acidic media 査読有り

Viet-Ha Tran, Yatabe Takeshi, Matsumoto Takahiro, Nakai Hidetaka, Suzuki Kazuharu, Enomoto Takao, Hibino Takashi, Kaneko Kenji, Ogo Seiji

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS 51 巻 ( 63 ) 頁： 12589 - 12592 2015年

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Chemical Communications

We report an acid-stable Si oxide-doped Ir oxide film (IrSi oxide film), made by metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) of an IrV complex for electrochemical water-oxidation. This is a successful improvement of catalytic ability and stability depending upon the pH of Ir oxide by doping of Si oxide. The turnover frequency (TOF) of the electrochemical water-oxidation by the IrSi oxide film is the highest of any Si oxide-doped Ir oxide materials and higher even than that of Ir oxide in acidic media.

DOI： 10.1039/c5cc04286k

Low-temperature Sintering of Yttria-stabilized Zirconia Using Bismuth-Vanadium Oxide as a Sintering Aid at 800 degrees C 査読有り

Nagao Masahiro, Kobayashi Kazuyo, Hibino Takashi

CHEMISTRY LETTERS 43 巻 ( 12 ) 頁： 1887 - 1889 2014年12月

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Chemistry Letters

The effect of the addition of copper-doped bismuth-vanadium oxide to yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) on the sinterability and electrical conductivity, especially in reducing atmospheres, has been investigated. When Bi2Cu0.1V0.9O5.35 was used as a sintering aid, the sintering temperature could be reduced to 800°C, whereas the conventional sintering process requires temperatures above 1300°C. Although the conductivity of YSZ with 1.5 mol% Bi2Cu0.1V0.9O5.35 was slightly lower than that of pure YSZ si ntered at 1300°C, no PO2 dependence was observed under reducing conditions (e.g., PO2 = 10-5-10-24 atm), which indicates that the electrolyte is applicable to solid-oxide fuel cells.

DOI： 10.1246/cl.140712

[NiFe]Hydrogenase from Citrobacter sp S-77 Surpasses Platinum as an Electrode for H-2 Oxidation Reaction 査読有り

Matsumoto Takahiro, Eguchi Shigenobu, Nakai Hidetaka, Hibino Takashi, Yoon Ki-Seok, Ogo Seiji

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION 53 巻 ( 34 ) 頁： 8895 - 8898 2014年8月

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Angewandte Chemie - International Edition

Reported herein is an electrode for dihydrogen (H2) oxidation, and it is based on [NiFe]Hydrogenase from Citrobacter sp. S-77 ([NiFe] S77). It has a 637 times higher mass activity than Pt (calculated based on 1 mg of [NiFe]S77 or Pt) at 50 mV in a hydrogen half-cell. The [NiFe]S77 electrode is also stable in air and, unlike Pt, can be recovered 100% after poisoning by carbon monoxide. Following characterization of the [NiFe]S77 electrode, a fuel cell comprising a [NiFe] S77 anode and Pt cathode was constructed and shown to have a a higher power density than that achievable by Pt. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

DOI： 10.1002/anie.201404701

Fe0.4Ta0.5P2O7-based composite membrane for high-temperature, low-humidity proton exchange membrane fuel cells 査読有り

Heo Pilwon, Shen Yanbai, Kojima Keijiro, Pak Chanho, Choi Kyoung Hwan, Hibino Takashi

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA 128 巻頁： 287 - 291 2014年5月

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Electrochimica Acta

An inorganic-organic composite membrane composed of Fe0.4Ta 0.5P2O7 (FTPO) and sulfonated polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/butylene)-b-polystyrene (sSEBS) is prepared and characterized. To gain satisfaction of both the proton conductivity and mechanical strength in composite membranes, the optimal content of sSEBS was determined to be 30 wt%, which resulted in high proton conductivities of approximately 0.01 S cm-1 between 50 and 150 °C even under an unhumidified condition, a tensile strength of 4.1 MPa, and an elongation at break of 613%. A homogeneous distribution of the FTPO particles in the matrix was achieved at the composite membrane thickness greater than 50 μm, providing gas-impermeability and low area-specific resistance (ASR) of the membrane (0.17 Ω cm2 at 150 °C and H2O vapor concentration of 30.8 vol%). Fuel cell tests using the composite membrane provided peak power densities of 265 and 303 mW cm-2 at 150 °C under an unhumidified condition and at a H2O vapor concentration of 30.8 vol%, respectively. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.107

Mixed Potential Response for Hydrocarbons in a Proton-Conductive Electrochemical Cell Operated at Room Temperature 査読有り

Hibino Takashi, Kobayashi Kazuyo

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 161 巻 ( 5 ) 頁： H326 - H331 2014年

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Journal of the Electrochemical Society

Themixed potential response for various hydrocarbons at room temperaturewas investigated using proton-conductive Sn0.9In0.1P 2O7 as an electrolyte. Among the tested electrodes, Pt/C exhibited the most negative potential in a feed mixture of 1000 ppm propene, 10% oxygen, and ca. 3% water vapor. The potential of this electrode was further shifted to a more negative value by the addition of Sn0.9In 0.1P2O7 to the electrode. The resultant potential vs. an air electrode reached ?78 mV at 1000 ppm propene, which is a significant deviation from that calculated from the Nernst equation. This non-Nernstian potential also became enhanced as the concentration and carbon number of the hydrocarbon increased, with the C-C linkage unsaturated, and with a branched chain structure. These enhancement effects could be explained by the polarization curves for hydrocarbon and oxygen, where CO2 formation through hydrocarbon oxidation and water vapor formation through oxygen reduction were in competition with each other. It should be emphasized that the heterogeneous catalytic reaction of the hydrocarbon with oxygen did not occur over the electrode, which allowed not only for a simple mixed potential theory, but also for the potential properties to be independent of the supply gas flow rate. © 2014 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1149/2.054405jes

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