Faculty Profiles - TOYOKUNI Shinya

Papers - TOYOKUNI Shinya

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女性器へのタルクの曝露は鉄過剰環境を形成し卵巣がんの発がんに関わる

本岡大社, 伊藤文哉, 田代浩徳, 片渕秀隆, 豊國伸哉

日本癌学会総会記事 Vol. 80回 page： [E1 - 6] 2021.9

変革する病理学:形態診断から普遍的研究プラットフォームへ実験病理学に起源を持つがんのフェロトーシス抵抗性

豊國伸哉, Zheng Hao, Kong Yingyi, Yaguang Luo, 本岡大社

日本癌学会総会記事 Vol. 80回 page： [S10 - 6] 2021.9

BRCA1欠損は腎臓における鉄代謝の変化と酸化ストレスによる腎発がんに関わる

孔穎怡, 本岡大社, 赤塚慎也, 真下知士, 今岡達彦, 豊國伸哉

日本癌学会総会記事 Vol. 80回 page： [P2 - 1] 2021.9

Pericentromeric noncoding RNA changes DNA binding of CTCF and inflammatory gene expression in senescence and cancer. International journal

Kenichi Miyata, Yoshinori Imai, Satoshi Hori, Mika Nishio, Tze Mun Loo, Ryo Okada, Liying Yang, Tomoyoshi Nakadai, Reo Maruyama, Risa Fujii, Koji Ueda, Li Jiang, Hao Zheng, Shinya Toyokuni, Toyonori Sakata, Katsuhiko Shirahige, Ryosuke Kojima, Mizuho Nakayama, Masanobu Oshima, Satoshi Nagayama, Hiroyuki Seimiya, Toru Hirota, Hideyuki Saya, Eiji Hara, Akiko Takahashi

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 118 ( 35 ) 2021.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Cellular senescence causes a dramatic alteration of chromatin organization and changes the gene expression profile of proinflammatory factors, thereby contributing to various age-related pathologies through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Chromatin organization and global gene expression are maintained by the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF); however, the molecular mechanism underlying CTCF regulation and its association with SASP gene expression remains unclear. We discovered that noncoding RNA (ncRNA) derived from normally silenced pericentromeric repetitive sequences directly impairs the DNA binding of CTCF. This CTCF disturbance increases the accessibility of chromatin and activates the transcription of SASP-like inflammatory genes, promoting malignant transformation. Notably, pericentromeric ncRNA was transferred into surrounding cells via small extracellular vesicles acting as a tumorigenic SASP factor. Because CTCF blocks the expression of pericentromeric ncRNA in young cells, the down-regulation of CTCF during cellular senescence triggers the up-regulation of this ncRNA and SASP-related inflammatory gene expression. In this study, we show that pericentromeric ncRNA provokes chromosomal alteration by inhibiting CTCF, leading to a SASP-like inflammatory response in a cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous manner and thus may contribute to the risk of tumorigenesis during aging.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.2025647118

Prenatal Molecular Hydrogen Administration Ameliorates Several Findings in Nitrofen-Induced Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. International journal

Mayo Miura, Kenji Imai, Hiroyuki Tsuda, Rika Miki, Sho Tano, Yumiko Ito, Shima Hirako-Takamura, Yoshinori Moriyama, Takafumi Ushida, Yukako Iitani, Tomoko Nakano-Kobayashi, Shinya Toyokuni, Hiroaki Kajiyama, Tomomi Kotani

International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 22 ( 17 ) 2021.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Oxidative stress plays a pathological role in pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). This study investigated the effect of molecular hydrogen (H2), an antioxidant, on CDH pathology induced by nitrofen. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, CDH, and CDH + hydrogen-rich water (HW). Pregnant dams of CDH + HW pups were orally administered HW from embryonic day 10 until parturition. Gasometric evaluation and histological, immunohistochemical, and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed. Gasometric results (pH, pO2, and pCO2 levels) were better in the CDH + HW group than in the CDH group. The CDH + HW group showed amelioration of alveolarization and pulmonary artery remodeling compared with the CDH group. Oxidative stress (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine-positive-cell score) in the pulmonary arteries and mRNA levels of protein-containing pulmonary surfactant that protects against pulmonary collapse (surfactant protein A) were significantly attenuated in the CDH + HW group compared with the CDH group. Overall, prenatal H2 administration improved respiratory function by attenuating lung morphology and pulmonary artery thickening in CDH rat models. Thus, H2 administration in pregnant women with diagnosed fetal CDH might be a novel antenatal intervention strategy to reduce newborn mortality due to CDH.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms22179500

Role and management of oxidative stress in human disease. International journal

Rahul Checker, Deepak Sharma, Santosh K Sandur, Shinya Toyokuni

Free radical research Vol. 55 ( 8 ) page： 755 - 757 2021.8

Non-thermal plasma-induced DMPO-OH yields hydrogen peroxide. International journal

Yasumasa Okazaki, Hiromasa Tanaka, Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto, Masaru Hori, Shinya Toyokuni

Archives of biochemistry and biophysics Vol. 705 page： 108901 - 108901 2021.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Recent developments in electronics have enabled the medical applications of non-thermal plasma (NTP), which elicits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as hydroxyl radical (●OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide (O2●-), ozone, and nitric oxide at near-physiological temperatures. In preclinical studies or human clinical trials, NTP promotes blood coagulation, eradication of bacterial, viral and biofilm-related infections, wound healing, and cancer cell death. To elucidate the solution-phase biological effects of NTP in the presence of biocompatible reducing agents, we employed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to quantify ●OH using a spin-trapping probe, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO); 1O2 using a fluorescent probe; and O2●- and H2O2 using luminescent probes in the presence of thiols or tempol. NTP-induced ●OH was significantly scavenged by dithiothreitol (DTT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in 2 or 5 mM DMPO. NTP-induced O2●- was significantly scavenged by 10 μM DTT and GSH, while 1O2 was not efficiently scavenged by these compounds. GSSG degraded H2O2 more effectively than GSH and DTT, suggesting that the disulfide bonds reacted with H2O2. In the presence of 1-50 mM DMPO, NTP-induced H2O2 quantities were unchanged. The inhibitory effect of tempol concentration (50 and 100 μM) on H2O2 production was observed in 1 and 10 mM DMPO, whereas it became ineffective in 50 mM DMPO. Furthermore, DMPO-OH did not interact with tempol. These results suggest that DMPO and tempol react competitively with O2●-. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the interaction between NTP-induced ROS and biomolecules.

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108901

Lysosomal nitric oxide determines transition from autophagy to ferroptosis after exposure to plasma-activated Ringer's lactate. International journal

Li Jiang, Hao Zheng, Qinying Lyu, Shotaro Hayashi, Kotaro Sato, Yoshitaka Sekido, Kae Nakamura, Hiromasa Tanaka, Kenji Ishikawa, Hiroaki Kajiyama, Masaaki Mizuno, Masaru Hori, Shinya Toyokuni

Redox biology Vol. 43 page： 101989 - 101989 2021.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Redox Biology

Non-thermal plasma (NTP), an engineered technology to generate reactive species, induces ferroptosis and/or apoptosis specifically in various-type cancer cells. NTP-activated Ringer's lactate (PAL) is another modality for cancer therapy at preclinical stage. Here we found that PAL induces selective ferroptosis of malignant mesothelioma (MM) cells, where non-targeted metabolome screening identified upregulated citrulline-nitric oxide (.NO) cycle as a PAL target. .NO probe detected biphasic peaks transiently at PAL exposure with time-dependent increase, which was responsible for inducible . NO synthase (iNOS) overexpression through NF-κB activation. .NO and lipid peroxidation occupied lysosomes as a major compartment with increased TFEB expression. Not only ferrostatin-1 but inhibitors for . NO and/or iNOS could suppress this ferroptosis. PAL-induced ferroptosis accompanied autophagic process in the early phase, as demonstrated by an increase in essential amino acids, LC3B-II, p62 and LAMP1, transforming into the later phase with boosted lipid peroxidation. Therefore, .NO-mediated lysosomal impairment is central in PAL-induced ferroptosis.

DOI： 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101989

L-Dehydroascorbate efficiently degrades non-thermal plasma-induced hydrogen peroxide International journal

Okazaki Y.

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Vol. 700 2021.3

Preclinical Verification of the Efficacy and Safety of Aqueous Plasma for Ovarian Cancer Therapy. International journal

Kae Nakamura, Nobuhisa Yoshikawa, Yuko Mizuno, Miwa Ito, Hiromasa Tanaka, Masaaki Mizuno, Shinya Toyokuni, Masaru Hori, Fumitaka Kikkawa, Hiroaki Kajiyama

Cancers Vol. 13 ( 5 ) page： 1 - 15 2021.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Cancers

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. The major cause of EOC's lethality is that intraperitoneal recurrence occurs with high frequency due to occult metastasis. We had demonstrated that plasma-activated medium (PAM) exerts a metastasis-inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. Here we investigated how PAM inhibits intraperitoneal metastasis. We studied PAM's inhibition of micro-dissemination onto the omentum by performing in vivo imaging in combination with a sequential histological analysis. The results revealed that PAM induced macrophage infiltration into the disseminated lesion. The iNOS-positive signal was co-localized at the macrophages in the existing lesion, indicating that PAM might induce M1-type macrophages. This may be another mechanism of the antitumor effect through a PAM-evoked immune response. Intraperitoneal lavage with plasma-activated lactate Ringer's solution (PAL) significantly improved the overall survival rate in an ovarian cancer mouse model. Our results demonstrated the efficiency and practicality of aqueous plasma for clinical applications.

DOI： 10.3390/cancers13051141

Role of ferroptosis in carcinogenesis and tumor biology

Toyokuni Shinya

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Vol. 165 2021.3

Tim4 recognizes carbon nanotubes and mediates phagocytosis leading to granuloma formation. International journal

Satoshi Omori, Misato Tsugita, Yasuto Hoshikawa, Masanobu Morita, Fumiya Ito, Shin-Ichiro Yamaguchi, Qilin Xie, Osamu Noyori, Tomoya Yamaguchi, Ayato Takada, Tatsuya Saitoh, Shinya Toyokuni, Hisaya Akiba, Shigekazu Nagata, Kengo Kinoshita, Masafumi Nakayama

Cell reports Vol. 34 ( 6 ) page： 108734 - 108734 2021.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Macrophage recognition and phagocytosis of crystals is critical for the associated fibrosis and cancer. Of note, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), the highly representative products of nanotechnology, induce macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cause asbestosis-like pathogenesis. However, it remains largely unknown how macrophages efficiently recognize MWCNTs on their cell surfaces. Here, we identify by a targeted screening of phagocyte receptors the phosphatidylserine receptors T cell immunoglobulin mucin 4 (Tim4) and Tim1 as the pattern-recognition receptors for carbon crystals. Docking simulation studies reveal spatiotemporally stable interfaces between aromatic residues in the extracellular IgV domain of Tim4 and one-dimensional carbon crystals. Further, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of Tim4 and Tim1 reveals that Tim4, but not Tim1, critically contributes to the recognition of MWCNTs by peritoneal macrophages and to granuloma development in a mouse model of direct mesothelium exposure to MWCNTs. These results suggest that Tim4 recognizes MWCNTs through aromatic interactions and mediates phagocytosis leading to granulomas.

DOI： 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108734

Mechanism of asbestos-induced carcinogenesis via dysregulation of redox-active iron International journal

Ito Fumiya, Toyokuni Shinya

CANCER SCIENCE Vol. 112 page： 998 - 998 2021.2

Mechanism of asbestos-induced carcinogenesis via dysregulation of redox-active iron International journal

Ito Fumiya, Toyokuni Shinya

CANCER SCIENCE Vol. 112 page： 998 - 998 2021.2

Signature analysis of genomic mutations in asbestos-induced rat mesothelioma

Akatsuka Shinya, Jiang Li, Elzawahry Asmaa, Kato Mamoru, Totsuka Yukari, Shibata Tatsuhiro, Toyokuni Shinya

CANCER SCIENCE Vol. 112 page： 610 - 610 2021.2

Asbestos and talc contribute to ovarian carcinogenesis via iron overload

Motooka Yashiro, Ito Fumiya, Tashiro Hironori, Katabuchi Hidetaka, Toyokuni Shinya

CANCER SCIENCE Vol. 112 page： 245 - 245 2021.2

Role of redox-active metals for the prevention and treatment of cancer in the era of precision medicine

Toyokuni Shinya, Richardson Des R.

CANCER SCIENCE Vol. 112 page： 996 - 996 2021.2

Defective biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in Sod1-deficient mice results in lethal damage to lung tissue International journal

Homma T.

Free Radical Biology and Medicine Vol. 162 page： 255 - 265 2021.1

Prognostic significance of the MDM2/HMGA2 ratio and histological tumor grade in dedifferentiated liposarcoma International journal

Yamashita K.

Genes Chromosomes and Cancer Vol. 60 ( 1 ) page： 26 - 37 2021.1

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1. International journal

Daniel J Klionsky, Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz, Sara Abdelfatah, Mahmoud Abdellatif, Asghar Abdoli, Steffen Abel, Hagai Abeliovich, Marie H Abildgaard, Yakubu Princely Abudu, Abraham Acevedo-Arozena, Iannis E Adamopoulos, Khosrow Adeli, Timon E Adolph, Annagrazia Adornetto, Elma Aflaki, Galila Agam, Anupam Agarwal, Bharat B Aggarwal, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostinis, Javed N Agrewala, Alexander Agrotis, Patricia V Aguilar, S Tariq Ahmad, Zubair M Ahmed, Ulises Ahumada-Castro, Sonja Aits, Shu Aizawa, Yunus Akkoc, Tonia Akoumianaki, Hafize Aysin Akpinar, Ahmed M Al-Abd, Lina Al-Akra, Abeer Al-Gharaibeh, Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali, Simon Alberti, Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez, Cristiano Alessandri, Muhammad Ali, M Abdul Alim Al-Bari, Saeb Aliwaini, Javad Alizadeh, Eugènia Almacellas, Alexandru Almasan, Alicia Alonso, Guillermo D Alonso, Nihal Altan-Bonnet, Dario C Altieri, Élida M C Álvarez, Sara Alves, Cristine Alves da Costa, Mazen M Alzaharna, Marialaura Amadio, Consuelo Amantini, Cristina Amaral, Susanna Ambrosio, Amal O Amer, Veena Ammanathan, Zhenyi An, Stig U Andersen, Shaida A Andrabi, Magaiver Andrade-Silva, Allen M Andres, Sabrina Angelini, David Ann, Uche C Anozie, Mohammad Y Ansari, Pedro Antas, Adam Antebi, Zuriñe Antón, Tahira Anwar, Lionel Apetoh, Nadezda Apostolova, Toshiyuki Araki, Yasuhiro Araki, Kohei Arasaki, Wagner L Araújo, Jun Araya, Catherine Arden, Maria-Angeles Arévalo, Sandro Arguelles, Esperanza Arias, Jyothi Arikkath, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen R Ariosa, Darius Armstrong-James, Laetitia Arnauné-Pelloquin, Angeles Aroca, Daniela S Arroyo, Ivica Arsov, Rubén Artero, Dalia Maria Lucia Asaro, Michael Aschner, Milad Ashrafizadeh, Osnat Ashur-Fabian, Atanas G Atanasov, Alicia K Au, Patrick Auberger, Holger W Auner, Laure Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Yenniffer Ávalos, Sanja Aveic, Célia Alexandra Aveleira, Tamar Avin-Wittenberg, Yucel Aydin, Scott Ayton, Srinivas Ayyadevara, Maria Azzopardi, Misuzu Baba, Jonathan M Backer, Steven K Backues, Dong-Hun Bae, Ok-Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H Baehrecke, Ahruem Baek, Seung-Hoon Baek, Sung Hee Baek, Giacinto Bagetta, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xiyuan Bai, Yidong Bai, Nandadulal Bairagi, Shounak Baksi, Teresa Balbi, Cosima T Baldari, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Maria Ballester, Salma Balazadeh, Rena Balzan, Rina Bandopadhyay, Sreeparna Banerjee, Sulagna Banerjee, Ágnes Bánréti, Yan Bao, Mauricio S Baptista, Alessandra Baracca, Cristiana Barbati, Ariadna Bargiela, Daniela Barilà, Peter G Barlow, Sami J Barmada, Esther Barreiro, George E Barreto, Jiri Bartek, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto Bartolome, Gaurav R Barve, Suresh H Basagoudanavar, Diane C Bassham, Robert C Bast Jr, Alakananda Basu, Henri Batoko, Isabella Batten, Etienne E Baulieu, Bradley L Baumgarner, Jagadeesh Bayry, Rupert Beale, Isabelle Beau, Florian Beaumatin, Luiz R G Bechara, George R Beck Jr, Michael F Beers, Jakob Begun, Christian Behrends, Georg M N Behrens, Roberto Bei, Eloy Bejarano, Shai Bel, Christian Behl, Amine Belaid, Naïma Belgareh-Touzé, Cristina Bellarosa, Francesca Belleudi, Melissa Belló Pérez, Raquel Bello-Morales, Jackeline Soares de Oliveira Beltran, Sebastián Beltran, Doris Mangiaracina Benbrook, Mykolas Bendorius, Bruno A Benitez, Irene Benito-Cuesta, Julien Bensalem, Martin W Berchtold, Sabina Berezowska, Daniele Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Andreas Bergmann, Laura Berliocchi, Clarisse Berlioz-Torrent, Amélie Bernard, Lionel Berthoux, Cagri G Besirli, Sebastien Besteiro, Virginie M Betin, Rudi Beyaert, Jelena S Bezbradica, Kiran Bhaskar, Ingrid Bhatia-Kissova, Resham Bhattacharya, Sujoy Bhattacharya, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan, Sujit Kumar Bhutia, Lanrong Bi, Xiaolin Bi, Trevor J Biden, Krikor Bijian, Viktor A Billes, Nadine Binart, Claudia Bincoletto, Asa B Birgisdottir, Geir Bjorkoy, Gonzalo Blanco, Ana Blas-Garcia, Janusz Blasiak, Robert Blomgran, Klas Blomgren, Janice S Blum, Emilio Boada-Romero, Mirta Boban, Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia, Philippe Boeuf, Barry Boland, Pascale Bomont, Paolo Bonaldo, Srinivasa Reddy Bonam, Laura Bonfili, Juan S Bonifacino, Brian A Boone, Martin D Bootman, Matteo Bordi, Christoph Borner, Beat C Bornhauser, Gautam Borthakur, Jürgen Bosch, Santanu Bose, Luis M Botana, Juan Botas, Chantal M Boulanger, Michael E Boulton, Mathieu Bourdenx, Benjamin Bourgeois, Nollaig M Bourke, Guilhem Bousquet, Patricia Boya, Peter V Bozhkov, Luiz H M Bozi, Tolga O Bozkurt, Doug E Brackney, Christian H Brandts, Ralf J Braun, Gerhard H Braus, Roberto Bravo-Sagua, José M Bravo-San Pedro, Patrick Brest, Marie-Agnès Bringer, Alfredo Briones-Herrera, V Courtney Broaddus, Peter Brodersen, Jeffrey L Brodsky, Steven L Brody, Paola G Bronson, Jeff M Bronstein, Carolyn N Brown, Rhoderick E Brown, Patricia C Brum, John H Brumell, Nicola Brunetti-Pierri, Daniele Bruno, Robert J Bryson-Richardson, Cecilia Bucci, Carmen Buchrieser, Marta Bueno, Laura Elisa Buitrago-Molina, Simone Buraschi, Shilpa Buch, J Ross Buchan, Erin M Buckingham, Hikmet Budak, Mauricio Budini, Geert Bultynck, Florin Burada, Joseph R Burgoyne, M Isabel Burón, Victor Bustos, Sabrina Büttner, Elena Butturini, Aaron Byrd, Isabel Cabas, Sandra Cabrera-Benitez, Ken Cadwell, Jingjing Cai, Lu Cai, Qian Cai, Montserrat Cairó, Jose A Calbet, Guy A Caldwell, Kim A Caldwell, Jarrod A Call, Riccardo Calvani, Ana C Calvo, Miguel Calvo-Rubio Barrera, Niels Os Camara, Jacques H Camonis, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Edward M Campbell, François-Xavier Campbell-Valois, Silvia Campello, Ilaria Campesi, Juliane C Campos, Olivier Camuzard, Jorge Cancino, Danilo Candido de Almeida, Laura Canesi, Isabella Caniggia, Barbara Canonico, Carles Cantí, Bin Cao, Michele Caraglia, Beatriz Caramés, Evie H Carchman, Elena Cardenal-Muñoz, Cesar Cardenas, Luis Cardenas, Sandra M Cardoso, Jennifer S Carew, Georges F Carle, Gillian Carleton, Silvia Carloni, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez, Leticia A Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Julian M Carosi, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier, Lucie Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, A Brent Carter, Andreia Neves Carvalho, Magali Casanova, Caty Casas, Josefina Casas, Chiara Cassioli, Eliseo F Castillo, Karen Castillo, Sonia Castillo-Lluva, Francesca Castoldi, Marco Castori, Ariel F Castro, Margarida Castro-Caldas, Javier Castro-Hernandez, Susana Castro-Obregon, Sergio D Catz, Claudia Cavadas, Federica Cavaliere, Gabriella Cavallini, Maria Cavinato, Maria L Cayuela, Paula Cebollada Rica, Valentina Cecarini, Francesco Cecconi, Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko, Simone Cenci, Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré, João J Cerqueira, Janete M Cerutti, Davide Cervia, Vildan Bozok Cetintas, Silvia Cetrullo, Han-Jung Chae, Andrei S Chagin, Chee-Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Oishee Chakrabarti, Tapas Chakraborty, Trinad Chakraborty, Mounia Chami, Georgios Chamilos, David W Chan, Edmond Y W Chan, Edward D Chan, H Y Edwin Chan, Helen H Chan, Hung Chan, Matthew T V Chan, Yau Sang Chan, Partha K Chandra, Chih-Peng Chang, Chunmei Chang, Hao-Chun Chang, Kai Chang, Jie Chao, Tracey Chapman, Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand, Samrat Chatterjee, Shail K Chaube, Anu Chaudhary, Santosh Chauhan, Edward Chaum, Frédéric Checler, Michael E Cheetham, Chang-Shi Chen, Guang-Chao Chen, Jian-Fu Chen, Liam L Chen, Leilei Chen, Lin Chen, Mingliang Chen, Mu-Kuan Chen, Ning Chen, Quan Chen, Ruey-Hwa Chen, Shi Chen, Wei Chen, Weiqiang Chen, Xin-Ming Chen, Xiong-Wen Chen, Xu Chen, Yan Chen, Ye-Guang Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongqiang Chen, Yu-Jen Chen, Yue-Qin Chen, Zhefan Stephen Chen, Zhi Chen, Zhi-Hua Chen, Zhijian J Chen, Zhixiang Chen, Hanhua Cheng, Jun Cheng, Shi-Yuan Cheng, Wei Cheng, Xiaodong Cheng, Xiu-Tang Cheng, Yiyun Cheng, Zhiyong Cheng, Zhong Chen, Heesun Cheong, Jit Kong Cheong, Boris V Chernyak, Sara Cherry, Chi Fai Randy Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung, King-Ho Cheung, Eric Chevet, Richard J Chi, Alan Kwok Shing Chiang, Ferdinando Chiaradonna, Roberto Chiarelli, Mario Chiariello, Nathalia Chica, Susanna Chiocca, Mario Chiong, Shih-Hwa Chiou, Abhilash I Chiramel, Valerio Chiurchiù, Dong-Hyung Cho, Seong-Kyu Choe, Augustine M K Choi, Mary E Choi, Kamalika Roy Choudhury, Norman S Chow, Charleen T Chu, Jason P Chua, John Jia En Chua, Hyewon Chung, Kin Pan Chung, Seockhoon Chung, So-Hyang Chung, Yuen-Li Chung, Valentina Cianfanelli, Iwona A Ciechomska, Mariana Cifuentes, Laura Cinque, Sebahattin Cirak, Mara Cirone, Michael J Clague, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Eliana M Coccia, Patrice Codogno, Ehud Cohen, Mickael M Cohen, Tania Colasanti, Fiorella Colasuonno, Robert A Colbert, Anna Colell, Miodrag Čolić, Nuria S Coll, Mark O Collins, María I Colombo, Daniel A Colón-Ramos, Lydie Combaret, Sergio Comincini, Márcia R Cominetti, Antonella Consiglio, Andrea Conte, Fabrizio Conti, Viorica Raluca Contu, Mark R Cookson, Kevin M Coombs, Isabelle Coppens, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Dale P Corkery, Nils Cordes, Katia Cortese, Maria do Carmo Costa, Sarah Costantino, Paola Costelli, Ana Coto-Montes, Peter J Crack, Jose L Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, Valeria Crippa, Riccardo Cristofani, Tamas Csizmadia, Antonio Cuadrado, Bing Cui, Jun Cui, Yixian Cui, Yong Cui, Emmanuel Culetto, Andrea C Cumino, Andrey V Cybulsky, Mark J Czaja, Stanislaw J Czuczwar, Stefania D'Adamo, Marcello D'Amelio, Daniela D'Arcangelo, Andrew C D'Lugos, Gabriella D'Orazi, James A da Silva, Hormos Salimi Dafsari, Ruben K Dagda, Yasin Dagdas, Maria Daglia, Xiaoxia Dai, Yun Dai, Yuyuan Dai, Jessica Dal Col, Paul Dalhaimer, Luisa Dalla Valle, Tobias Dallenga, Guillaume Dalmasso, Markus Damme, Ilaria Dando, Nico P Dantuma, April L Darling, Hiranmoy Das, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Santosh K Dasari, Srikanta Dash, Oliver Daumke, Adrian N Dauphinee, Jeffrey S Davies, Valeria A Dávila, Roger J Davis, Tanja Davis, Sharadha Dayalan Naidu, Francesca De Amicis, Karolien De Bosscher, Francesca De Felice, Lucia De Franceschi, Chiara De Leonibus, Mayara G de Mattos Barbosa, Guido R Y De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Cosimo De Nunzio, Clara De Palma, Mauro De Santi, Claudio De Virgilio, Daniela De Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Brian J DeBosch, Jean-Paul Decuypere, Mark A Deehan, Gianluca Deflorian, James DeGregori, Benjamin Dehay, Gabriel Del Rio, Joe R Delaney, Lea M D Delbridge, Elizabeth Delorme-Axford, M Victoria Delpino, Francesca Demarchi, Vilma Dembitz, Nicholas D Demers, Hongbin Deng, Zhiqiang Deng, Joern Dengjel, Paul Dent, Donna Denton, Melvin L DePamphilis, Channing J Der, Vojo Deretic, Albert Descoteaux, Laura Devis, Sushil Devkota, Olivier Devuyst, Grant Dewson, Mahendiran Dharmasivam, Rohan Dhiman, Diego di Bernardo, Manlio Di Cristina, Fabio Di Domenico, Pietro Di Fazio, Alessio Di Fonzo, Giovanni Di Guardo, Gianni M Di Guglielmo, Luca Di Leo, Chiara Di Malta, Alessia Di Nardo, Martina Di Rienzo, Federica Di Sano, George Diallinas, Jiajie Diao, Guillermo Diaz-Araya, Inés Díaz-Laviada, Jared M Dickinson, Marc Diederich, Mélanie Dieudé, Ivan Dikic, Shiping Ding, Wen-Xing Ding, Luciana Dini, Jelena Dinić, Miroslav Dinic, Albena T Dinkova-Kostova, Marc S Dionne, Jörg H W Distler, Abhinav Diwan, Ian M C Dixon, Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny, Ina Dobrinski, Oxana Dobrovinskaya, Radek Dobrowolski, Renwick C J Dobson, Jelena Đokić, Serap Dokmeci Emre, Massimo Donadelli, Bo Dong, Xiaonan Dong, Zhiwu Dong, Gerald W Dorn Ii, Volker Dotsch, Huan Dou, Juan Dou, Moataz Dowaidar, Sami Dridi, Liat Drucker, Ailian Du, Caigan Du, Guangwei Du, Hai-Ning Du, Li-Lin Du, André du Toit, Shao-Bin Duan, Xiaoqiong Duan, Sónia P Duarte, Anna Dubrovska, Elaine A Dunlop, Nicolas Dupont, Raúl V Durán, Bilikere S Dwarakanath, Sergey A Dyshlovoy, Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L Edelstein, Thomas Efferth, Eftekhar Eftekharpour, Ludwig Eichinger, Nabil Eid, Tobias Eisenberg, N Tony Eissa, Sanaa Eissa, Miriam Ejarque, Abdeljabar El Andaloussi, Nazira El-Hage, Shahenda El-Naggar, Anna Maria Eleuteri, Eman S El-Shafey, Mohamed Elgendy, Aristides G Eliopoulos, María M Elizalde, Philip M Elks, Hans-Peter Elsasser, Eslam S Elsherbiny, 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Zientara-Rytter, Christine M Zimmermann, Elena Ziviani, Teresa Zoladek, Wei-Xing Zong, Dmitry B Zorov, Antonio Zorzano, Weiping Zou, Zhen Zou, Zhengzhi Zou, Steven Zuryn, Werner Zwerschke, Beate Brand-Saberi, X Charlie Dong, Chandra Shekar Kenchappa, Zuguo Li, Yong Lin, Shigeru Oshima, Yueguang Rong, Judith C Sluimer, Christina L Stallings, Chun-Kit Tong

Autophagy Vol. 17 ( 1 ) page： 1 - 382 2021.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Autophagy

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

DOI： 10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280

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