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DOI： 10.3390/en16083309

Other Link： https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/8/3309

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It is not always the technical, financial, and environmental aspects of power projects that decisions are based on. There are many other political, social, and local issues shaping the decision-making processes. This research shows how political and social issues challenged the decision-making process of a high-voltage transmission line routing and how to avoid such unwanted consequences in similar projects. Our insights reveal the importance of risk, conflict, and stakeholder management techniques and strategies in successfully delivering power projects. When planning large energy projects, it is of utmost importance to engage and consult stakeholders, especially direct recipients, civil society, political parties, people’s representatives, and experts, in addition to the techno-economic considerations. Finally, it is suggested that there should be an authority at the country level responsible for deciding on routing, siting, prioritizing, and the strategic planning of power projects.

DOI： 10.3390/su142214933

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In recent years, owing to the effect of fossil fuels on global warming, the exhaustion of oil fields, and the lucrative impacts of renewable energy resources (RESs), the penetration of RESs has been increasing significantly in power systems. An effective way to benefit from all RESs advantages is by applying them in microgrid systems (MGS). Furthermore, MGS can ease the way for utilizing a large amount of RESs, if its economic-environmental-technical aspects of it are taken into account. In this regard, this paper proposes an optimal solution for the energy management of a microgrid by considering a comprehensive study. In the proposed methodology, different distributed energy resources such as wind turbines generator (WTG), energy storage (ES), combined heat and power (CHP), rubbish burning agent (RBA), and diesel generators (DG) are modeled. In addition, electric vehicles (EVs) are considered a load with uncertainty. The objective function of the proposed method is to minimize the microgrid’s total cost by considering the microgrid’s emission cost and technical constraints. In this study, the microgrid’s technical, environmental, and economic aspects are investigated. In addition, the optimization problem is converted into a mixed-integer linear programming method by using the proper linearization method. In this paper, the increasing effect of wind energy penetration rate on the total price also has been studied. The simulation results show that by increasing the wind energy penetration rate by up to 30% of total power, the total cost will decrease by up to 30.9%.

DOI： 10.3390/su142215036

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Energy scarcity and environmental degradation have developed into major worldwide challenges. Electro-microbiology has the potential to turn trash into environmentally friendly and sustainable resources. Low power density MFCs remain a viable option for disposing of organic waste, as they are more cost-effective than previous methods. Coordination between researchers with diverse backgrounds is required to issues look at the new gates in waste to energy issues. Biocathodes are necessary for electrosynthesis because they require microorganisms to function as an electron source and then catalyze chemical synthesis. Organic compounds may be synthesized using discarded CO2 as a carbon source, reducing the requirement for considerable quantities of arable land. Additionally, the proposed approach can be sustainable and carbon neutral when a renewable energy source is explored. An additional benefit of microbial-assisted chemical synthesis with MECs is that it enables the production of valuable chemicals from wastewater while producing electricity. This study examines the sustainable approaches for green energy by discussing bioelectrochemical and electrochemical resources and technologies.

DOI： 10.3390/su141710676

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Among the most notable nanotechnology applications is its employment in environmental remediation and biomedical applications. Nonetheless, there is a need for cleaner and sustainable methods in preparing nanomaterials that use cheaper, more environment‐friendly precursors than the conventional synthesis process. The green chemistry approach for the preparation of nanoparticles is becoming more attractive as it uses non‐toxic chemicals and reagents. It also offers cost-effective synthesis process as it uses readily available plant sources and microbe as redox mediators in converting metallic cations to metal or metal oxide nanoparticles. The extracts of these plants and microbe sources contain phytochemicals and metabolites in variable quantities, which serve as redox mediators and capping agents that stabilize the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The present article reviews the recent studies on the fabrication of silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2O‐NPs) via plant-mediated and microbe‐mediated green synthesis, giving a concise discussion on the green preparation of Ag2O‐NPs employing extracts of different plants and microbial sources. The performances of the biosynthesized Ag2O‐NPs are also reviewed, highlighting their potential use in photocatalysis and biomedical applications.

DOI： 10.3390/met12050769

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An analysis of environmental and economic efficiency, risks, and prospects for the development of energy based on various types of energy carriers, starting from the 1960s, is carried out. It is shown that the decline in the share of nuclear power in the global energy balance cannot yet be compensated by renewable energy sources and leads to an increase in the use of fossil energy carriers. It is concluded that in order to achieve sustainable development of non-carbon energy, it is necessary to develop renewable and nuclear energy where the risks of environmental consequences of energy production are minimal. The purpose of this work is to identify and compare the role of nuclear power plants (NPPs) and various types of renewable energy sources (RES) in the formation of a non-carbon energy system, the growth of ecological and economic efficiency and to analyze the risks and prospects for the development of multipolar energy. Based on statistical and analytical data, this article examines the dynamics of global non-carbon energy development in the second half of the year XX—the beginning XXI V., comparative assessment of trends and patterns of development, correlation of nuclear power development with changes in environmental parameters and environmental efficiency of various types of energy. Comparative estimates of the economic efficiency of energy based on various energy sources are presented, with a discussion of uncertainties and risks in relation to nuclear power plants and renewable energy sources and their impact on the prospects for the development of energy based on non-carbon energy sources. A comparative assessment of the economic and environmental-economic parameters of nuclear and RES power plants indicates the continued high competitiveness of nuclear power plants both in the economic sense and in terms of minimizing environmental damage. The identified trends and analysis of environmental and economic indicators indicate that nuclear energy is a necessary component, along with renewable energy, of the process of transition to a non-carbon regime and reducing risks to the environment. Analysis of data from the last 50–55 years and current trends indicates the feasibility of developing both renewable and nuclear energy on the basis of mutual complementarity rather than confrontation.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-031-12958-2_10

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Capacitive coupling and inductive coupling are the two main factors in the occurrence of crosstalk fault in the communication bus. Among the various methods for reducing crosstalk fault, Crosstalk Avoidance Codes (CAC) codes are effective. However, with technology scaling, CACs are not able to prevent inductive effects. The proposed CACs methods are mainly based on capacitive coupling and do not consider inductive effects. To overcome this issue, a coding method is presented to avoid crosstalk fault called Joint Capacitive and Inductive CAC (JCI-CAC). The JCI-CAC coding reduces crosstalk faults by removing patterns of inductive coupling as '11111' and '00000' and capacitive coupling as '10101' and '01010'. The JCI-CAC offers a new method to generate a new numerical system for data encoding that has a low computational overhead so that it can be used for any desired width of the communication bus. The simulation results of the proposed JCI-CAC mechanism are investigated in different criteria of delay, power consumption and area overhead. The simulation results provide less power consumption in JCI-CAC than other recent approaches. There have also been improvements in overhead area and critical paths in JCI-CAC coding. The main novelty of this paper is to provide a new numerical system and a new coding algorithm with minimum cell area overhead and power consumption, considering inductance coupling in addition to capacitive coupling. Based on simulation results, power consumption of JCI-CAC in the 8-bit and 16-bit bus is reduced by up to 20% compared to SOTA and FPF (PS-Fibo, S2AP, Improved Fibo-CAC, Fibo-CAC) codings. Also, cell area overhead in JCI-CAC compared to SOTA coding in an 8-bit bus is reduced by 4.8%.

DOI： 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3206039

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A smart city is fundamentally intended to reduce the consumption of resources and optimize efficiencies. In almost any area, efficiency results in energy saving, reduced energy intensity, sustainable economic development, enhanced productivity, a protected environment, and most importantly, cooperation with the climate change battle. Although budget, technology, and the required infrastructure are major constraints for poor cities to achieve smart and sustainable city goals, the benefits of smart cities are multiple for poor cities compared to developing and developed cities. Poor cities achieve improved living environments, security, safety, economic development, governance, and quality of life in addition to achieving sustainable energy goals, and this study seeks to identify those smart renewable energy and energy efficiency strategies that are economically feasible and technically applicable in poor cities. The findings of this research would help poor and low-income, developing cities take the initial steps towards becoming smart cities by applying smart, innovative, and economically feasible sustainable energy projects and initiatives. As a result, these cities will be able to enhance their environment, economy, and employment by transitioning to smart ones.

DOI： 10.3390/su132111984

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The research paper is devoted to developing a mathematical approach for dealing with time-varying parameters in rolling window logit models for credit risk assessment. Forecasting coefficients yields a better model accuracy than a trivial approach of using computed past statistics parameters for the next time period. In this paper, a new method of dealing with time-varying parameters of scoring models is proposed, which is aimed at computing the default probability of a borrower. It was empirically shown that in a continuously changing economic environment factors’ influence on a target variable is also changing. Therefore, forecasting coefficients yields a better financial result than simply applying parameters obtained by accumulated statistics over past time periods. The paper develops a new theoretical approach, incorporating a combination of the ARIMA class model, the DCC-GARCH model and the state–space model, which is more accurate, than using only the ARIMA model. Rigorous simulation testing is provided to confirm the efficiency of the proposed method.

DOI： 10.3390/math9192423

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Aquaponics systems and technologies are growing primary industries in many countries, with high environmental and socio-economic advantages. Aquaponics is a closed-loop system that produces aquatic animals and plants in a new way using recirculated water and nutrients. With a growing world population expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, food production sustainability is a primary issue in today’s world agenda, and aquaponics and aquaculture systems can be potential contributors to the challenge. Observing the climate changes and global warming’s impact on the ecosystem, decreasing aqua animal stocks, and responding to increasing demand are turning points in the sustainability era. In the past 15 years, fish production has doubled, thus denoting that aquaponics transforms into commercial scales with a revolutionized production, high efficiency, and fewer resources’ utilization, thus requiring proper operation and management standards and practices. Therefore, this study aims to shape a new framework for sustainable aquaponics modeling and utilization as the all-in-one solution platform covering technical, managerial, socio-economic, institutional, and environmental measures within the suitability requirements. The proposed model in this study offers a systematic approach to the design and implementation of sustainability-efficient aquaponics and aquaculture systems. Through an exhaustive coverage of the topic, this research effort can be counted as a practical reference for researchers, scholars, experts, practitioners, and students in the context of aquaponics and aquaculture studies.

DOI： 10.3390/su13169313

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Population growth and city expansion in developing countries require traditional urban planning practices to be transformed in order to tackle climate change and follow Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agendas. Almost every expert in the urban sector believes that future cities should be sustainable, smart, and environmentally friendly, where energy is one of the most critical factors to achieve these goals. They also agree that smart and sustainable energy provision for cities requires a comprehensive and responsive legal and policy framework to be in place at the national level. However, this research’s findings reveal a lack of such frameworks for this group of countries. Considering the challenges and unique nature of Low-Income-Developing (LID) countries, there should be a framework based on the realities in these countries. In this research, key challenges of urban and energy sectors of LID countries, specifically Afghanistan, are identified, and a framework for the integration of sustainable and smart energy in the urban planning processes for LID countries is proposed. To make it easily replicable and adaptable for LID countries, the proposed framework is studied and analyzed around Afghanistan’s urban and energy sectors. This is one of the few frameworks of its kind for LID economies to the best of the authors’ knowledge. This framework lays a solid foundation for sustainable and smart energy integration in the urban planning process of developing countries. This study highlights that sustainable and smart energy systems could ensure climate change mitigation and economic growth enhancement but require close cross-sectoral coordination and policy maker’s commitments and involvement. This research will help many existing and emerging cities in the LID countries’ worldwide use and benefit from the proposed framework in their urban planning processes. It also enables policymakers, urban planners and designers, municipalities leadership, and other stakeholders of the urban, energy, and environment sectors to work together and make smart and rational decisions for the future of their cities and lead them towards smart and sustainable cities.

DOI： 10.3390/su13158428

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Buildings are one of the major consumers of energy and producers of greenhouse gases globally. Reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from buildings helps de-crease global warming and enhances the natural environment. This can only happen by transition-ing from traditional to sustainable architecture and urban planning. For decades, sustainable architecture and urban planning have been applied in many countries' building sectors, but others among the poor and least developed countries are left behind. Kabul, the capital of one of the least developed countries, Afghanistan, has experienced a remarkable growth rate in population and building since 2001. This rapid and uncontrolled growth of building construction caused problems from different perspectives, especially from the sustainability perspective. In this paper, the current state of the building industry in Kabul is evaluated from a sustainability perspective, especially those con-structed after the year 2000. This assessment helps to rate and see how sustainable each type of building is. Analysis of the collected data clarifies that buildings’ sustainability level in Kabul city is significantly low. Based on the results, recommendations provide a better future for the building industry and ensure that existing and future buildings are sufficiently sustainable to protect the environment of Kabul city and of the globe.

DOI： 10.3390/su13147833

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The main goal of this study is to evaluate the impact of restrictive measures introduced in connection with COVID-19 on consumption in renewable energy markets. The study will be based on the hypothesis that similar changes in human behavior can be expected in the future with the further spread of COVID-19 and/or the introduction of additional quarantine measures around the world. The analysis also yielded additional results. The strongest reductions in energy generation occurred in countries with a high percentage (more than 80%) of urban population (Brazil, USA, the United Kingdom and Germany). This study uses two models created with the Keras Long Short-Term Memory (Keras LSTM) Model, and 76 and 10 parameters are involved. This article suggests that various restrictive strategies reduced the sustainable demand for renewable energy and led to a drop in economic growth, slowing the growth of COVID-19 infections in 2020. It is unknown to what extent the observed slowdown in the spread from March 2020 to September 2020 due to the policy’s impact and not the interaction between the virus and the external environment. All renewable energy producers decreased the volume of renewable energy market supply in 2020 (except China).

DOI： 10.3390/su13084418

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The need for energy and environmental sustainability as a result of the significant concern for mitigating the effects of climate changes has notedly encouraged the deployment of more renewable energy resources towards mitigating greenhouse gas emission crisis. However, there is a need for proper planning of variable renewable energy sources penetration to meet the techno-economic criteria for reliable operation of a distribution network which includes loss reduction, voltage stability improvement, voltage profile enhancement and so on. Hence, optimally coordinated planning of dispersed and centralized renewable energy resources-based power generations can provide a better solution approach. In this study, a two-stage optimal coordination of localized and centralized generation is proposed using multi-objective multi-verse optimization (MOMVO) technique for simultaneous minimization of investment cost and voltage profile enhancement. The first optimization stage determines the optimal locations and sizes of the dispersed generation units. The capacity size of pre-located centralized generation units is determined in the second stage with adequate consideration of the results of the first stage. The real 68-bus distribution network with three main distribution feeders in Kabul city, is considered as the test case for simulation on MATLAB® environment.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106458

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Along with industrialization and rapid urbanization, environmental remediation is globally a perpetual concept to deliver a sustainable environment. Various organic and inorganic wastes from industries and domestic homes are released into water systems. These wastes carry contaminants with detrimental effects on the environment. Consequently, there is an urgent need for an appropriate wastewater treatment technology for the effective decontamination of our water systems. One promising approach is employing nanoparticles of metal oxides as photocatalysts for the degradation of these water pollutants. Transition metal oxides and their composites exhibit excellent photocatalytic activities and along show favorable characteristics like non-toxicity and stability that also make them useful in a wide range of applications. This study discusses some characteristics of metal oxides and briefly outlined their various applications. It focuses on the metal oxides TiO2, ZnO, WO3, CuO, and Cu2O, which are the most common and recognized to be cost-effective, stable, efficient, and most of all, environmentally friendly for a sustainable approach for environmental remediation. Meanwhile, this study highlights the photocatalytic activities of these metal oxides, recent developments, challenges, and modifications made on these metal oxides to overcome their limitations and maximize their performance in the photodegradation of pollutants.

DOI： 10.3390/met11010080

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The objective of this study was to investigate the level of development Russian financial market. The data array reflects volume of the financial market and macroeconomic indicators. The article offers a comprehensive approach for ensuring the competitiveness of financial institutions. In this article proved that now the share is growing inter-company agreement interactions. From the point of view of consumers, easy to get financial institutions services, increasing their expectations relative speed, quality and availability. In this one connection is growing demand for large company’s aggregators, the so-called financial institution-supermarkets, where is the consumer it has the following features by set parameters keywords find financial resources services and compare their attractiveness for myself. Results confirm the conclusion of the revitalization of the financial market development. Development modern financial market (and domestic, and global) due to power growth the consumer, click through economy to a new way of life, where significant part of gross internal product description service sector thanks to intensive scientific and technical progress.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-76783-9_4

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Since environmental issues have become a priority for everyone on the planet, and the fact that growing demand for fossil fuels will soon lead to a reduction in world reserves, except for climate change due to their use and greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this work was to assess the potential for the introduction of biofuels and find the optimal conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis of Japonica Rice husk. In addition, evaluate the positive and negative consequences because of the use and implementation of this technology. The methodology used variables: substrate FPU, pH, time, temperature and concentration surfactants using the screening construct obtained statistically, all variables are significant. Then an optimization plan was applied for the variables: pH, FPU and time, dropping those with a lower level of significance. Finally, the best conditions found in previous projects were (pH 5.0, 13 h, and 30 FPU/g of substrate); later, these conditions were applied in experiments to assess the effect of an increase in hydrolyzed cellulose. They use 6%; 8% and 10% of pulp is available with a recycling yield of 74%, 42% and 16%. The community has its own interests in the use of biofuels; therefore, this study provides an opportunity for biofuel producers to reduce environmental, economic, and social costs.

DOI： 10.32479/ijeep.10686

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In recent years, balance of power supply and demand as control and smoothing of peak load demand has been one of the major concerns of utilities. Hence, peak load shaving is a preferred approach to cut peak load and smooth the load curve. This paper presents a novel and fast algorithm to evaluate optimal capacity of energy storage system within charge/discharge intervals for peak load shaving in a distribution network. This method is based on reshaping of aggregated load profile (historical load profile), which observed from the main distribution substation to calculate required BESS size by simple and fast mathematical procedures. A case study of 22-bus model is analyzed in MATLAB® environment to determine optimal location of the selected BESS. Main contribution of this paper is (ⅰ) to find the optimal size (capacity and power) of BESS, (ⅱ) determine the optimal location of BESS, and (ⅲ) propose the BESS control strategy and scheduling for optimum operation. Different scenarios including the baseline case (without BESS), centralized BESS, and centralized BESS with PV are considered to reduce peak load demand and power losses, as well as to improve voltage profile during peak load hours. Simulation results indicate that all cases of BESS installation can significantly improve the operation of the distribution network. Simulation results highlight centralized BESS and PV as a compelling case to shave demand peak. All told, findings indicate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for peak load shaving by giving optimum location and sizing of BESS.

DOI： 10.1016/j.est.2020.101823

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Energy is the fundamental requirement of all physical, chemical, and biological processes which are utilized for better living standards. The toll that the process of development takes on the environment and economic activity is evident from the arising concerns about sustaining the industrialization that has happened in the last centuries. The increase in carbon footprint and the large-scale pollution caused by industrialization has led researchers to think of new ways to sustain the developmental activities, whilst simultaneously minimizing the harming effects on the enviroment. Therefore, decarbonization strategies have become an important factor in industrial expansion, along with the invention of new catalytic methods for carrying out non-thermal reactions, energy storage methods and environmental remediation through the removal or breakdown of harmful chemicals released during manufacturing processes. The present article discusses the structural features and photocatalytic applications of a variety of metal oxide-based materials. Moreover, the practical applicability of these materials is also discussed, as well as the transition of production to an industrial scale. Consequently, this study deals with a concise framework to link metal oxide application options within energy, environmental and economic sustainability, exploring the footprint analysis as well.

DOI： 10.3390/met10121604

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Penetration level of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy in the utility network is steadily increasing. This changes the fault level and causes protection problems. Furthermore, multi-tapped structure of distribution network deployed to integrate solar PV energy to the grid and supplying loads at the same time also raised the protection challenges. Hence, this manuscript is aimed at introducing an algorithm to identify and classify the faults incident on the network of utilities where penetration level of the solar PV energy is high. This fault recognition algorithm is implemented in four steps: (1) calculation of Stockwell transform-based fault index (STFI) (2) calculation of Wigner distribution function-based fault index (WDFI) (3) calculation of combined fault index (CFI) by multiplying STFI and WDFI (4) calculation of index for ground fault (IGF) used to recognize the involvement of ground in a fault event. The STFI has the merits that its performance is least affected by the noise associated with the current signals and it is effective in identification of the waveform distortions. The WDFI employs energy density of the current signals for estimation of the faults and takes care of the current magnitude. Hence, CFI has the merit that it considers the current magnitude as well as waveform distortion for recognition of the faults. The classification of faults is achieved using the number of faulty phases. An index for ground fault (IGF) based on currents of zero sequence is proposed to classify the two phase faults with and without the ground engagement. Investigated faults include phase to ground, two phases fault without involving ground, two phases fault involving ground and three phase fault. Fault recognition algorithm is tested for fault recognition with the presence of noise, various angles of fault incidence, different impedances involved during faulty event, hybrid lines consisting of overhead line (OHL) and underground cable (UGC) sections, and location of faults on all nodes of the test grid. Fault recognition algorithm is also tested to discriminate the transients due to switching operations of feeders, loads and capacitor banks from the faulty transients. Performance of the fault recognition algorithm is compared with the algorithms based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT), Stockwell transform (ST) and hybrid combination of alienation coefficient and Wigner distribution function (WDF). Effectiveness of the fault recognition algorithm is established using a detailed study on the IEEE-13 nodes test feeder modified to incorporate solar PV plant of capacity 1 MW in MATLAB/Simulink. Algorithm is also validated on practical utility grid of Rajasthan State of India.

DOI： 10.3390/en13143519

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Within the framework of this study, the inductive analysis of voltage stability indices' theoretical formulation, functionality, and overall performances are introduced. The prominence is given to investigate and compare the original indices from three main dimensions (formulation, assessment, and application) standpoints, which have been frequently used and recently attracted. The generalizability of an exhaustive investigation on comparison of voltage stability indices seems problematic due to the multiplicity of the indices, and more importantly, their variety in theoretical foundation and performances. This study purports the first-ever framework for voltage stability indices classification for power system analysis. The test results found that indices in the same category are coherent to their theoretical foundation. The paper highlights the fact that each category of the indices is functional for a particular application irrespective of the drawback ranking, and negated the application of the Jacobian matrix-based indices for online application. Finally, the research efforts put forward a novel classification of voltage stability indices within the main three aspects of formulation, assessment, and behavior analysis in a synergistic manner as an exhaustive reference for students, researchers, scholars, and practitioners related to voltage stability analysis. The simulation tools used were MATLAB® and PowerWorld®.

DOI： 10.3390/app10051639

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Recent global trends in societies modernization and lifestyle change alter a dramatic concern about global collaboration in term of climate change mitigation and sustainable development. Overcome these challenges, viable strategies are known exigence. Historically, strategy-making, policy-development, procedures-shaping, and future outlook have been a matter of interest since many decades ago. At the edge of transition in the 21st century within competitive energy production markets, optimum strategy inevitably requires at various levels from single corporate (utility) to national and international levels. However, strategy-making and sustainable energy have been studied from different perspectives, but still, there is little attention paid for a multi-dimensional strategy-development. This study tried to cover managerial, technical, economic, sustainability and efficiency dimensions, to put forward with a viable-competitive framework. The proposed framework can be a concise guideline for policymakers, energy practitioners, and researchers at this domain. In addition to the proposed framework, this study explores a systematic approach that how to initiate and deliver it to a success plan. As well as this study differs strategy from policy in term of development and application.

DOI： 10.1016/j.egyr.2019.11.039

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Energy is one of the fundamental factors for socio-economic development. At the age of climate change and global warming, energy generation and utilization oblige energy producers and consumers to put forward within sustainability requirements. Global socio-economic development considering interrelated standardized roadmaps of energy looks a complicated process. In which, shareability of natural and renewable energy resources and these resources availability for a reliable supply of clean energy remains a bottleneck for policymakers and environmentalists. Managing an interdisciplinary endeavor is a complicated task that requires an exhaustive overview of various dimensions of energy and environmental sustainability. This study offers a concise overview of the main factors influencing energy and environmental sustainability systematically. That followed by energy indicators and sustainability performances. This study put forward with a series of emerging information, explored energy-efficient strategies, low carbon technologies, and efficiency indicators interactions.

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-15-7179-4_2

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Afghanistan Government Administrative Complex (GAC) is a component of a new district that will relocate 30 governmental offices from the city center to Dar Ul-Aman (located about 16 km southwest of Kabul city). Dar Ul-Aman is a strategic and historical area suitable for both public and governmental facilities. Many urban planning professionals and criticizes are concerned with accessibility problems to reach this complex from north, west, and east parts of Kabul city, as well as it will create environmental and aggregation issues in the future. These problems suggest that such a congested area may generate a lot of air and sound pollutions and affect underground water in the area. This study tries to explore key sustainability factors from urban planning and development perspectives to overcome the problems mentioned above. The pros and cons of this plan are analyzed, followed by some specific recommendations for the government of Afghanistan. This chapter adopts the GAC plan with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) towards or in opposition to their implementation in Afghanistan. Furthermore, this chapter compares the GAC existing plan with the Urban Design Framework for Kabul City. This study is based on the available information and real-world case study from the Ministry of Urban Development and Land (MUDL).

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-15-7179-4_6

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Citizens living in rapidly-growing cities are adversely affected by infrastructure constraints such as urbanization. While digital technology promises to help manage these challenges, new models must be evaluated to meet citizens’ anticipations and problems. One widely-accepted plan is the smart city model that is consistent with the principles of sustainable development and the development of information and communication technology (ICT) for city planning. The purpose of this article is to identify any driver requirements toward smart city and to evaluate smart city indicators in different aspects in Kabul City. Data were collected using library studies and a questionnaire. Excel software is used for data analysis. The results show that while Kabul City is in poor condition in terms of the smart indicators, its requirements are aligned with the global requirements of other smart cities. This research may help the government and international authorities involved in urban planning and development to focus on specific cases and achieve their smart city goals more quickly.

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-15-7179-4_3

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Even now, contemplation of an exhaustive roadmap to consider all aspects of well-management and efficient-conversion of MSW to sustainable energy in the 21st century has remained a central issue. Whereas, its generalizability in term of soil and underground water contamination, air pollution, and combating global warming is renowned a complex and problematic endeavor. The study presents a critical exposition in terms of efficiency (technical, technological, and ecological), sustainability pillars, and recent world-wide management practices to establish a new paradigm for MSW to energy. A primary objective of this study is to identify influencing factors and set forth viable indicators and metrics in term of MSW from different standpoints hiring innovative tangible and non-tangible tools and techniques. An inclusive strategy and model in term of an exhaustive paradigm is demonstrated with a real-world application with some significant implications for future practice as a multilateral planning and design reference for students, researchers, scholars, and practitioners in the context of MSW to energy. This is the first ever effort that designed a novel-integrated paradigm framework for MSW to energy within multidisciplinary-oriented approaches of engineering, management, business, and social. Therefore, this study demonstrates important implications for real-world application in a synergistic manner as a multilateral design and implementation references for students, researchers, scholars, and practitioners in the related field.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.402

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A number of studies realized operation of power systems are unstable in developing countries due to misconfiguration of distribution systems, limited power transfer capability, inconsistency of renewable resources integration, paucity of control and protection measures, timeworn technologies, and disproportionately topology. This study underlines an Afghanistan case study with 40% power losses that is mainly pertinent from old distribution systems. The long length of distribution systems, low-power transfer capability, insufficient control and protection strategy, peak-demand elimination, and unstable operation (low energy quality and excessive voltage deviations) are perceived pre-eminent challenges of Afghanistan distribution systems. Some attainable solutions that fit challenges are remodeling (network reduction), networks reinforcement, optimum compensation strategy, reconfiguration options, improving, and transfer capability. This paper attempts to propose a viable solution using multiobjective optimization method of auto-tap-changer pole transformer (ATCTr). The proposed methodology in terms of optimal numbers and placement of ATCTr can be known as a novel two-dimensional solution. For this purpose, a real case of Kabul City distribution system is evaluated. Simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method in reducing system losses and improving system overall performance. This approach tends to regulate the voltage deviation in a proper and statutory range with minimum number and optimum placement of ATCTrs. The proposed method is simulated using MATLAB® environment to compare and evaluate performance of the proposed network under different situations and scenarios.

DOI： 10.3390/app9142813

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Power sector, as one of the least progressed division, is limiting the socioeconomic development in Afghanistan. Although the country has a vast solar energy potential with a bright prospect for growth, however inadequate endorsement and attention have prevented its proper use. Meanwhile, Kabul the capital city and one of the fastest growing cities in the world, is suffering severe challenges to supply its energy needs. Presently, Kabul electrical system is subjected to insecure and insufficient supply due to the lack of integrated networks and deployment of Renewable Energy (RE) sources. This research investigates an appropriate approach by introducing two Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) plants with a total capacity of 120 MW to overcome the present challenges in Kabul city. The proposed LFR units are incorporated with an energy storage system of full capacity production for five hours to cover the power shortage at night. The design aspect of LFR is specified by using of System Adviser Model (SAM). Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and the total annual output of the proposed LFR units are estimated as 0.2508$/kWh and 294,657.28 kWh respectively. To minimize the total operating costs of the integrated model and mitigate CO2 emissions, an optimal Unit Commitment is (UC) fulfilled as well. UC is accomplished by using MATLAB INTLINPROG optimization toolbox.

DOI： 10.1515/ijeeps-2018-0264

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Extension of renewable energies in power system planning and operation especially distribution networks is not limited to power sustainability. It also encompasses many significant contributions such as eliminating electricity shortages by diversifying energy supply, improving reliability with power quality, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and providing energy independence, which is the most crucial aspect for both developed and developing countries power sector. The extraction of such benefits in the best manner can be achieved by considering storage and control devices, aiding well-configured electricity networks through competitive optimisation techniques. By taking such points into consideration, optimal multi-configuration and allocation of step-voltage regulators (SVRs), capacitor banks, and energy storage system along with centralised wind-power generation integrating to distribution network are investigated and applied, using a novel and Pareto based epsilon multiobjective genetic algorithm. The proposed methodology is applied to an extensive and real 162-bus distribution network in Kabul city to validate its sturdiness. The simulations are performed in MATLAB® environment with six configuration scenarios to compare the effect of multiple arrangements in the distribution network, and to discover the best configuration fulfilling the optimisation criteria with the objective functions being as power loss, voltage deviation, and violation cost.

DOI： 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5057

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Increasing demand for electricity and the modernization of power systems within competitive markets has induced power systems to operate close to their stability limits. Therefore, the continuous monitoring and control of power systems through voltage stability indices is urgently needed. This is the first-ever effort to examine more than 40 voltage stability indices based on their formulation, application, performance, and assessment measures. These indices are sorted based on a logical and chronological order considering the most recent indices to be applied worldwide. However, the generalizability of these indices in terms of multivariable objectives is limited. Despite its limitation, this study systematically reviews available indices in the literature within the past three decades to compile an integrated knowledge base with an up-to-date exposition. This is followed by a comparative analysis in terms of their similarity, functionality, applicability, formulation, merit, demerit, and overall performance. Also, a broad categorization of voltage stability indices is addressed. This study serves as an exhaustive roadmap of the issue and can be counted as a reference for planning and operation in the context of voltage stability for students, researchers, scholars, and practitioners.

DOI： 10.3390/en12081544

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Due to the interconnected scheme of multiple components, such as distributed generators, storage systems, and loads through converters to a common bus in DC microgrids, the possibility of fault occurrence is increasing significantly. Meanwhile, due to the huge and rapid increase of short-circuit currents, the development of a small- and large-scale DC system requires a reliable and fast protection system to ensure fault clearance and maintain safety for the rest of the system. Thus, fault protection has been focused on as one of the most critical issues in a direct current network. The application of traditional circuit-breakers for DC fault protection has the drawback of slow operation, which requires a high rating power equipment. Recently, the high speed and excellent performance capabilities of semiconductor breakers have attracted a lot of attention and been considered as an optimal solution for fast DC fault interruption. In this study, a bidirectional Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) semiconductor breaker, suitable for the fault protection of low-voltage DC networks, is proposed. The operating characteristics of this breaker are based on changes in the circuit current and terminal voltage of IGBTs. It detects the abrupt change of the terminal voltage as an abnormal condition and isolates the faulted branch in a short time to prevent the operation disturbance in the healthy part of the network. Therefore, for the entire protection of a typical 400V DC-microgrid cluster, breakers need to be integrated and examined in each branch and the interconnected lines. The proposed protection method in this study is examined in a Simulink R /MATLAB environment to analyze and assess its operation.

DOI： 10.3390/app9040723

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In this paper, a holistic approach in the context of energy management and efficiency is utilized, integrating different standpoints and best recent world-wide practices to establish a sustainable framework for an energy-efficient building. Managing energy in buildings is a complicated task; every building is unique from application and behavior standpoints, which relies on a series of factors. The study presents a critical exposition in both energy efficiency and management within a viable framework for building sustainability. The article then explores innovations in a systematic manner of energy-efficient building implementations, as well as sustainable decision-making is preferred to facilitate the conflicting nature of both energy efficiency and management performance indices. Finally, the research efforts put forward a series of procedures paradigm within management, engineering, and business domains in a synergistic manner as a multilateral design and implementation references for students, researchers, scholars, and practitioners related to a sustainable building. The findings of this study have some overriding implications for future practice in term of high-quality building.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jobe.2018.10.013

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

The energy utility sector's transition to an automated and managed energy endeavor in term of microgrid has hastened around the globe. Referring to the literature, the microgrid had been a matter of focus since decades ago. An exhaustive and customized project management methodology (framework) for microgrid projects can assure successful implementation and reliable operation. Such framework indispensably requires a multi-disciplinary investigation to cover technical, managerial, and sustainability aspects in a real-world application. For the first time, this study deals with these three domains also propounds a novel and customized framework for microgrid projects proper management, that comprising an optimum intersection of these certain measures. In addition to a glance review of the literature, this study tries to merge the project management principles and best practices into the microgrid lifecycle as an innovative practice that is emerging in the profession. The proposed methodology consists of the three main influential factors namely management, technical, and sustainability measures. Besides, this paper identifies the main challenges faced a microgrid project from initiation to sign-off (operation), as well as propound feasible solutions fit the identified problems.

DOI： 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.12.045

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This study evaluates the inconveniences raised by the installation of Shunt Capacitor Banks (SCB) along the North East Power System (NEPS) in Afghanistan. Besides the numerous advantages, a capacitor bank usually has some drawbacks in terms of transient currents which affect the quality of power supply and exceed the withstand capability of associated equipment. In this study, transient outrush current injects by installed SCB into the nearby faulted point at Pule Khumri and Chimtala substations is investigated. Outrush transient is produced by SCB when the breaker is operating to disconnect the faulted circuit. By applying different methods can mitigate outrush transient and protect the system which Current Limiting Inductance (CLI) is preferred in this study. Integrating CLI in series with SCB is the most relevant method which can limit the amplitude, frequency, and the rate of rise of the outrush transient. The use of inductance could otherwise create some excessive voltage which might exceeds the withstand capability of circuit breakers. Hence sensitivity analysis based on Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) to confirm the robustness of the proposed approach is carried out. The evaluation is accomplished based on the result derived from the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP), ATP package.

DOI： 10.3934/energy.2019.4.493

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In this study, optimal methodologies including multi-objective optimization are proposed for allocation of automatic and fixed capacitors in the real distribution system on a daily basis. Minimizing the cost of energy loss and switching operation of the capacitors as the significant factors are considered correspondingly. Capacitors as a reactive power compensator have been recognized in the power system for a long time before. Their impact on voltage improvement as well as the loss of energy reduction significantly has been investigated to not only enhance the network's power quality but provides profit by cost savings for utility managers. Such an approach could be obtainable via their optimum consideration in power system planning and operation. In this research, two methodologies are proposed for placement and sizing of both automatic and fixed types of capacitors. The first methodology exploits two steps mechanism for capacitor allocation in which, optimum locations and sizes are identified via inexpensive sensitivity analysis and epsilon multi-objective genetic algorithm (ε-MOGA), respectively. However, successful application results are obtained, the second methodology utilizing only ε-MOGA for both sizing and placement is compared to the first methodology to prioritize each method. The simulations are performed in MATLAB® through its efficient application on the complex real 162-bus distribution network. The detailed discussions and conclusion based on the obtained results are extended in this paper accordingly.

DOI： 10.3934/energy.2019.6.792

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The main focus of the proposed framework is to examine the importance of electricity interconnections with a high share of intermittent Renewable Energy (RE) sources and attempts to link the gap between planning model and operation with considering realistic operating details. Therefore optimal Unit Commitment (UC) is considered to analyze how operational aspects are appropriately done over the planning period. More specifically, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is developed to address the specific challenges of the underlying UC problem. For modelling purposes, demand forecast, applicable RE potentials and the cost of RE technologies are estimated. To reduce the expenses and improve system stability, energy storage systems (pump storage hydro and thermal energy storage) are considered as well. For optimal UC, a typical day (24 h) is employed to determine the capacity expansion and daily operational planning. Each selected day expresses a part of the year (e.g., a season). Incorporation of short-term decisions into the long-term planning framework can strengthen the accuracy of the decisions and guaranty the stability of power networks. The proposed approach can provide valuable insights into the appropriate energy strategies followed by the investors and policymakers at a national and regional level.

DOI： 10.3934/energy.2019.4.441

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The voltage collapse phenomenon is one of the serious concerns for power system stable operation. Power system blackout can take place in a part or entire system due to severe voltage instability and inadequate power transfer capability. Therefore, power system operation continuous monitoring and enhancement of the power transmission capability are major concerns for power system planning, design and operation. This study proposes an improved voltage stability index by drawing analogy from existing indices, which are based on active and reactive power changes in a power system. The objective of the employed computational technique is to measure the critical boundaries, therefore, the proposed index is called Critical Boundary Index CBI. The Lagrange Constant computational method is employed to derive the improved index. Then a comparative analysis of the similar indices are presented to show the advantage of the proposed index. Lastly, proposed and conventional indices are evaluated using IEEE 5, 14, and 57 bus test systems. The results indicate some advantages of the proposed index compared to the conventional indices in the same way. Such as applicability of the proposed index for various types of power system topologies with high accuracy.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.02.010

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INT JOURNAL COMPUTER SCIENCE & NETWORK SECURITY-IJCSNS  

Real-world datasets are not perfect and always suffer from noise that may affect classifiers built under the effect of such type of disturbance. Different types of noise are existing in almost any real-world problem, but not always known. Existence of noise decreases the accuracy of a classifier and increases its training time and complexity of the induced model. Most of existing machine learning algorithms have integrated different approaches to enhance their learning abilities in presence of noise, but noise still can make negative impacts. Therefore noise robustness of a classifier is an important issue in noisy environments and should be studied. This paper evaluates the robustness of different machine learning algorithms against class noise. The Equalized Loss of Accuracy (ELA) is the robustness metric which is used in this study. Ten benchmark datasets with 0-20% of noise level are used in experiments and finally ELA results of algorithms are compared.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

A landlocked country, Afghanistan, located between energy surplus regions and energy deficit areas is blessed with abundant renewable energy sources (RESs) which can exploit not only to cover its power demand but also to earn remarkable export revenue. This paper focuses on generation scheduling problem along with the optimal sizing of the hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) integrated with the northeast power system (NEPS) of Afghanistan to electrify northeast region of Afghanistan as well as to meet power shortages of Afghanistan's longest shared border neighbor, Pakistan. The NEPS of Afghanistan is an isolated power system supplied by Afghanistan's own generations and imported powers from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to schedule all units’ output power as well as to find the on/off status of thermal units and the optimal values of the total area occupied by the set of photovoltaic (PV) panels, total swept area by the rotating turbines’ blades and the volume of the upper reservoir of pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) system. The objective of this research is to minimize the total operation cost of thermal units, aggregate imports power tariffs, and the total net present cost of HRES and to maximize the income from selling electricity to Pakistan.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.11.672

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This paper presents the historical developments (since 1893) and opportunities for the future direction of water resources and hydropower in Afghanistan. The importance of water resources for hydropower energy production and irrigation, to ensure national security and prosperous socioeconomic development, is also addressed. At present, Afghanistan relies heavily on electricity imported from neighboring countries (80%, Breshna Sherkat, 2016). However, Afghanistan is endowed with substantial renewable energy resources. Among these, water potential is the main clean source available for electricity generation and irrigation. The water resources of Afghanistan mainly comprise five major basins (36 sub-rivers), and the rivers of three of these basins flow into neighboring countries, which has caused water resource trans-boundary disputes and is a challenge for the government of Afghanistan. The lessons learned from past trends, and recommendations for future development related to Afghan water resources and hydropower, are discussed. The establishment of sustainable development practices that account for social, technical, technological, political, and environmental concerns for long-term sustainability is evaluated. In the future, renewable energy technology exploitation will contribute to emerging economies. This study is the first of its kind to address water resources and hydropower development in Afghanistan.

DOI： 10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.090

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Afghanistan is a key country between energy surplus areas (Central Asian Republics and Iran) and energy deficit regions (Pakistan and India). It is in a position that can facilitate and launch regional electricity trade for the benefit of the region also derive significant gains for its own economy from energy imports and exports. On the other hand, Afghanistan is endowed with large renewable energy resources (RERs), which it could exploit not only to satisfy its domestic power demand but also to earn significant export revenue. This paper firstly explains the methodology and framework for the power trade and then presents an optimization framework for profit maximization in the short-run trading and cost minimization in the long-run trading. The proposed methodology is applied to a real case between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The objective functions, parameters, variables and constraints are described for both optimization models. System sizing, simulation and optimization are carried out using genetic algorithm (GA) technique. The results in the short-run model represent optimality of about 2654 MW electricity export from Afghanistan to Pakistan during summer. Moreover, results derived from running long-run model depict that by utilizing its RERs such as solar, wind and hydro, Afghanistan can not only meet its power demand but also can export to Pakistan during its deficit periods and gain remarkable energy profits.

DOI： 10.3934/energy.2017.4.691

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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A blackout can take place in entire power system or a part of the system due to extreme voltage instability (voltage collapse) that can appear abruptly. Instability prediction and continuous monitoring of the power system performance is, therefore, known exigent. This paper is conducted with a broad overview of the voltage stability indices, which are previously studied in the literature, and have the same foundation during their formulation. Afterward, an improved voltage stability indicator is introduced as a result of the multi-criteria integration and enhancement of the original indices by employing linear algebra methods. It is found that the proposed algorithm can overcome on the probable limitations from calculating point view. Then comparative analysis of the indices is presented in order to reach a unique consensus about the typical techniques of modal analysis (sensitivity, eigenvalue, right eigenvectors, and bus participation factor) as a precise algorithm. Finally, the IEEE 14-bus, and 30-bus test systems are selected to verify the algorithm, and compare the performance of the improved indicator approach with the existing indices.

DOI： 10.1515/ijeeps-2014-0167

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INST ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-IET  

In view of the present situation of the Afghanistan electricity sector, the photovoltaic and diesel generator stand-alone hybrid power system is increasingly attractive for application in rural and remote communities. Thousands of rural communities in Afghanistan depend solely on traditional kerosene for illumination and rarely have access to electricity sources such as DC battery for radio and other small appliances. This study is conducted to offer real-life solution to this problem. The hybrid system is investigated to meet the domestic load demand that is estimated based on the communities' electricity consumption culture. At first, customary pre-design is pursued. Afterwards, the breakeven point and net present value algorithms are applied for economic analysis. That makes this study differ from the previous academic literature. The concepts developed in this study are targeted for a cost-effective hybrid system, which is appropriate for rural and remote residents' lifestyle change and improvement. Based on the academic research methods, overall analysis procedures can fit as an analogy, especially for developing countries.

DOI： 10.1049/joe.2014.0172

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