Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：University of Chicago Press  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1086/727718

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1086/727718

Other Link： https://isiscb.org/special-issue-on-pandemics/essay.html?essayID=16

Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrac027

Other Link： https://academic.oup.com/jhmas/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jhmas/jrac027/6628706

Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Social History of Alcohol and Drugs  

This article charts the public health argument in international drug control through the activities of the World Health Organization (WHO), an underaddressed actor in histories of global drug policy. From the postwar period to the 1980s, the aims of international drug control and international health became deeply interlinked. This realization dawned slowly on both WHO and United Nations drug agencies as they faced complex and urgent problems without clear answers. WHO was most influential in the years leading up to and just after the Single Convention, critically establishing that people dependent on drugs were patients. In the 1970s, the agency’s role declined due to the United States declaring its “war on drugs” foreign policy and the rise of pharmaceutical lobbying. By the 1980s, WHO found itself on the front lines of the HIV crisis through injecting drug use, constructing ad hoc policy and initiating interventions in collaboration with country governments and health professionals.

DOI： 10.1086/718332

Scopus

Publisher：Isis  

This paper surveys the historiography of the global response to HIV/AIDS. Since 1981, when the disease was first identified, there have been great strides in the medical and biological sciences in understanding the impact of the new virus on the human immune system. Although there is still no successful vaccine, antiretroviral (ART) treatment continues to improve the likelihood of HIV-positive people living long and healthy lives. We have also seen a few exciting cases of full recovery, which will allow scientists to explore new avenues towards a cure. Yet the AIDS pandemic is by no means over: 40 million have died and over 35 million individuals still live with HIV. More importantly, as historians and scholars in the humanities and social sciences have been pointing out since the early 1980s, HIV brought to light how non-medical factors play a critical role in a successful disease response. As the global community faces the aftermath of a new pandemic, it is timely to examine how broader social, economic, political, and cultural factors influence individual experiences of disease at local, national, international, and global scales. This essay examines how scholars have written historically about the HIV pandemic, using a variety of methods and approaches: from traditional histories of medicine to anthropologies of development. While HIV has sparked a massive corpus of historical reflection from a variety of disciplines, its contemporaneity means that “global AIDS historiography” cannot yet be described as a cohesive academic conversation. Yet what unites the scholarship, this essay argues, is its use of HIV to examine how and why post-war social and economic systems have achieved health objectives for some populations and not others.

DOI： 10.1086/726985

Web of Science

Scopus

Language：English   Publisher：Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences  

In spring 1987, British pharmaceutical company Wellcome PLC released azidothymidine (AZT) sold under trade name Retrovir, the first successful treatment for AIDS. In the context of a global public health emergency and with no competing products, Wellcome invested heavily in upfront costs to bring Retrovir to market, reflected in the original launch price of $188 (US dollars), applied to all other markets. Retrovir subsequently faced backlash in the United States for its high cost and Wellcome's profits became a target of debates about prescription drugs in the American healthcare system. As a result, the company agreed to two price reductions within the first two years of market release. Events in the US had global impact, discouraging the company from providing AZT via commercial channels in African countries. Drawing from new archival material, this article explores how Retrovir's pricing reflected the uncertainties of the global AIDS crisis as well as the unique risks Wellcome faced as a foreign company in its most important market of the US. It argues that, contrary to critical opinion, Wellcome's pricing of Retrovir did reflect an underlying principle regarding the appropriate role of for-profit research-intensive pharmaceutical companies during an unprecedented pandemic.

DOI： 10.1093/jhmas/jrac027

Web of Science

Scopus

PubMed

Language：English Book type：Scholarly book

Event date： 2023.12

Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：Shanghai   Country：China  

Event date： 2022.2

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Zoom-University of Tokyo   Country：Japan  

Other Link： https://sites.google.com/site/modernjapanhistoryworkshop/home

Event date： 2021.10

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Zoom  

Event date： 2022.9

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：Online   Country：India  

Event date： 2021.11

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Zoom  

A Mini Workshop Series held in April 2021, UEdinburgh, CBSS, Beyond Global theme: links to workshop recordings

https://www.ed.ac.uk/usher/biomedicine-self-society/centre-news/scotland-in-the-global-hiv-through-injecting-drugs

Audience： High school students,　College students,　General

Type：Other

Author：Myself