記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

The direct measurement of the universe's expansion history and the search for terrestrial planets in habitable zones around solar-type stars require extremely high-precision radial-velocity measures over a decade. This study proposes an approach for enabling high-precision radial-velocity measurements from space. The concept presents a combination of a high-dispersion densified pupil spectrograph and a novel line-of-sight monitor for telescopes. The precision of the radial-velocity measurements is determined by combining the spectrophotometric accuracy and the quality of the absorption lines in the recorded spectrum. Therefore, a highly dispersive densified pupil spectrograph proposed to perform stable spectroscopy can be utilized for high-precision radial-velocity measures. A concept involving the telescope's line-of-sight monitor is developed to minimize the change of the telescope's line of sight over a decade. This monitor allows the precise measurement of long-term telescope drift without any significant impact on the Airy disk when the densified pupil spectra are recorded. We analytically derive the uncertainty of the radial-velocity measurements, which is caused by the residual offset of the lines of sight at two epochs. We find that the error could be reduced down to approximately 1 cm s-1, and the precision will be limited by another factor (e.g., wavelength calibration uncertainty). A combination of the high-precision spectrophotometry and the high spectral resolving power could open a new path toward the characterization of nearby non-transiting habitable planet candidates orbiting late-type stars. We present two simple and compact highly dispersed densified pupil spectrograph designs for cosmology and exoplanet sciences.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/ac397b

Scopus

出版者・発行元：Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems  

Infrared space interferometers can surpass the spatial resolution limitations of single-dish space telescopes. However, stellar interferometers from space have not been realized because of technical difficulties. Two beams coming from individual satellites separated by more than a few tens of meters should precisely interfere such that the optical-path and angular differences between the two beams are reduced at the wavelength level. Herein, we propose a unique beam combiner for space interferometers that records the spectrally resolved interferometric fringes using the densified pupil spectroscopic technique. As the detector plane is optically conjugated to a plane, on which the two beams interfere, we can directly measure the relative phase difference between the two beams. Additionally, when an object within the field of view is obtained with a modest signal-to-noise ratio, we can extract the true complex amplitude from a continuous broadband fringe (i.e., one exposure measurement), without scanning a delay line and chopping interferometry. We discovered that this spectral imaging method is validated for observing the solar system objects by simulating the reflected light from Europa with a small stellar interferometer. However, because the structure of the object spectrum may cause a systematic error in the measurement, this method may be limited in extracting the true complex amplitude for other astronomical objects. Applying this spectral imaging method to general astrophysics will facilitate further research. The beam combiner and spectral imaging method are applied to a formation flying stellar interferometer with multiple small satellites in a Sun-synchronous orbit, named Space Experiment of InfraRed Interferometric Observation Satellite (SEIRIOS), for observation of the solar system objects in visible and near-infrared. We present an overview of SEIRIOS and the optimized optical design for a limited-volume spacecraft.

DOI： 10.1117/1.JATIS.8.1.015001

Scopus

出版者・発行元：Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering  

The balloon-borne Japan-United States Infrared Interferometry Experiment (JUStIInE) is a pathfinder for the first space-based far-IR interferometer. JUStIInE will mature the system-level technology readiness of spatio-spectral far-IR interferometry and demonstrate this technique with scientific observations. Operating at wavelengths from 30 to 90 μm, JUStIInE will provide unprecedented sub-Arcsecond angular resolution and spectroscopic data. Our plan is to develop a cryogenic Michelson beam combiner and integrate it with an existing and tested telescope optical system and gondola from the Japanese Far-infrared Interferometric Telescope Experiment (FITE). With two JUStIInE balloon flights we plan to collect, calibrate, analyze, and publish scientific results based on the first far-IR spatio-spectral observations of young stellar objects, evolved stars, and the active galactic nucleus of NGC 1068. The NASA Astrophysics Roadmap envisages a future in which interferometry is applied across the electromagnetic spectrum, starting in the far-infrared. The Far-IR Probe recommended in the 2021 Decadal Survey presents an opportunity to take that important step. A Far-IR Probe mission based on this concept will enable us to understand terrestrial planet formation and spectroscopically study individual distant galaxies to understand the astrophysical processes that govern their evolution.

DOI： 10.1117/12.2629426

Scopus

出版者・発行元：Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering  

Recently, we have proposed a fourth-order coronagraph with inner working angles (IWA) of ∼1λ/D applicable with segmented telescopes, by deriving some complex-valued focal-plane mask patterns with the value between the interval [-1,1]. The mask pattern is implementable achromatically with a custom-patterned half-waveplate sandwiched between two linear polarizers orthogonal to each other. To enhance the system's spectral bandwidth, we are now investigating the methods from various perspectives. One method to widen the system's spectral bandwidth is to disperse point spread functions (PSF) incident to the focal-plane mask to the direction orthogonal to the mask pattern using a diffraction grating. Because the mask pattern is one-dimensional, we can optimize the mask pattern for each PSF dispersed by each wavelength (spectroscopic coronagraph). Another method focuses on the fact that the stellar leak due to a wide spectral bandwidth is flat at the Lyot stop and thus reducible with the successive use of the multiple coronagraph systems. Because the practical successive use of the multiple coronagraph systems requires a high off-axis throughput of the focal-plane mask, we derived new mask patterns by modifying the original pattern. This method can bring additional enhance of spatial resolution, although the current optimization limits the working angle to the separation angles of 0.7-1.4λ/D (super-resolution coronagraph or double coronagraph). Our fundamental simulation shows that both the methods can deliver a contrast of 10-10 at wavelengths of 650-750nm.

DOI： 10.1117/12.2629087

Scopus

出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

Future high-contrast imaging spectroscopy with a large segmented telescope will be able to detect atmospheric molecules of Earth-like planets around G- or K-type main-sequence stars. Increasing the number of target planets will require a coronagraph with a small inner working angle (IWA), and wide spectral bandwidth is required if we enhance a variety of detectable atmospheric molecules. To satisfy these requirements, in this paper, we present a coronagraphic system that provides an IWA less than 1λ 0/D over a moderate wavelength band, where λ 0 is the design-center wavelength and D denotes the full width of the rectangular aperture included in the telescope aperture. A performance simulation shows that the proposed system approximately achieves a contrast below 10-10 at 1λ 0/D over the wavelengths of 650-750 nm. In addition, this system has a core throughput ≥10% at input separation angles of ∼0.7-1.4λ 0/D; to reduce telescope time, we need prior information on the target's orbit by other observational methods to a precision higher than the width of the field of view. For some types of aberration including tilt aberration, the proposed system has a sensitivity less than ever-proposed coronagraphs that have IWAs of approximately 1λ 0/D. In future observations of Earth-like planets, the proposed coronagraphic system may serve as a supplementary coronagraphic system dedicated to achieving an extremely small IWA.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/ac658a

Scopus

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：Astronomy and Astrophysics  

Context. The discovery of an extrasolar planet with an ocean has crucial importance in the search for life beyond Earth. The polarimetric detection of specularly reflected light from a smooth liquid surface is anticipated theoretically, though the polarimetric signature of Earth's oceans has not yet been conclusively detected in disk-integrated planetary light. Aims. We aim to detect and measure the polarimetric signature of the Earth's oceans. Methods. We conducted near-infrared polarimetry for lunar Earthshine and collected data on 32 nights with a variety of ocean fractions in the Earthshine-contributing region. Results. A clear positive correlation was revealed between the polarization degree and ocean fraction. We found hourly variations in polarization in accordance with rotational transition of the ocean fraction. The ratios of the variation to the typical polarization degree were as large as ~0.2-1.4. Conclusions. Our observations provide plausible evidence of the polarimetric signature attributed to Earth's oceans. Near-infrared polarimetry may be considered a prospective technique in the search for exoplanetary oceans.

DOI： 10.1051/0004-6361/202039331

Scopus

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

Motivated by the development of high-dispersion spectrographs in the mid-infrared (MIR) range, we study their application to the atmospheric characterization of nearby nontransiting temperate terrestrial planets around M-type stars. We examine the detectability of CO2, H2O, N2O, and O3 features in high-resolution planetary thermal emission spectra at 12-18 μm assuming an Earth-like profile and a simplified thermal structure. The molecular line width of such planets can be comparable to or broader than the Doppler shift due to the planetary orbital motion. Given the likely difficulty in knowing the high-resolution MIR spectrum of the host star with sufficient accuracy, we propose observing the target system at two quadrature phases and extracting the differential spectra as the planetary signal. In this case, the signals can be substantially suppressed compared with the case where the host star spectrum is perfectly known, as some parts of the spectral features do not remain in the differential spectra. Despite this self-subtraction, the CO2 and H2O features of nearby (≲5 pc) systems with mid-/late-M host stars would be feasible with a 6.5 m class cryogenic space telescope, and orbital inclination could also be constrained for some of them. For CO2 and N2O in a 1 bar Earth-like atmosphere, this method would be sensitive when the mixing ratio is 1-103 ppm. The detectability of molecules except O3 is not significantly improved when the spectral resolution is higher than R10,000, although the constraint on the orbital inclination is improved. This study provides some benchmark cases useful for assessing the value of MIR high-resolution spectroscopy in terms of characterization of potentially habitable planets.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/abe129

Scopus

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abe129

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

We propose a new approach for high-contrast imaging at the diffraction limit using segmented telescopes in a modest observation bandwidth. This concept, named "spectroscopic fourth-order coronagraphy,"is based on a fourth-order coronagraph with a focal-plane mask that modulates the complex amplitude of the Airy disk along one direction. While coronagraphs applying the complex amplitude mask can achieve the theoretical limit performance for any arbitrary pupils, the focal-plane mask severely limits the bandwidth. Here, focusing on the fact that the focal-plane mask modulates the complex amplitude along one direction, we noticed that the mask can be optimized for each spectral element generated by a spectrograph. We combine the fourth-order coronagraph with two spectrographs to produce a stellar spectrum on the focal plane and reconstruct a white pupil on the Lyot stop. Based on the wave-front analysis of an optical design applying an Offner-type imaging spectrograph, we found that the achievable contrast of this concept is 10-10-10 at 1.2-1.5 times the diffraction limit over the wavelength range of 650-750 nm for the entrance pupil of the LUVOIR telescope. Thus, this coronagraph concept could bring new habitable planet candidates not only around G- and K-type stars beyond 20-30 pc but also around very nearby M-type stars. This approach potentially promotes the characterization of the atmospheres of nearby terrestrial planets with future on- and off-axis segmented large telescopes.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/abd248

Web of Science

Scopus

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems  

The mid-infrared spectrometer and camera transit spectrometer (MISC-T) is one of the three baseline instruments for Origins Space Telescope (Origins) and provides the capability to assess the habitability of nearby exoplanets and search for signs of life. MISC-T employs a densified pupil optical design, and HgCdTe and Si:As detector arrays. This optical design allows the instrument to be relatively insensitive to minor line-of-sight pointing drifts and telescope aberrations, and the detectors do not require a sub-Kelvin refrigerator. MISC-T has three science spectral channels that share the same field-of-view by means of beam splitters, and all channels are operated simultaneously to cover the full spectral range from 2.8 to 20 μm at once with exquisite stability and precision (<5 ppm between 2.8 to 11 μm, <20 ppm between 11 and 20 μm). A Lyot-coronagraph-based tip-tilt sensor located in the instrument fore-optics uses the light reflected by a field stop, which corresponds to 0.3% of the light from the target, to send fine pointing information to the field steering mirror in the Origins telescope. An additional MISC Wide Field Imager (WFI) is studied as an upscope option for the Origins. MISC-WFI offers a wide field imaging (3′ × 3′) and low-resolution spectroscopic capability with filters and grating-prisms (grisms) covering 5 to 28 μm. The imaging capability of the MISC-WFI will be used for general science objectives. The low-resolution spectroscopic capability in MISC-WFI with a resolving power R (= λ/Δλ) of a few hundreds will be used to measure the mid-infrared dust features and ionic lines at z up to 1/41 in the Origins mission's Rise of Metals and Black Hole Feedback programs. The MISC-WFI also serves as a focal plane pointing and guiding instrument for the observatory, including when the MISC-T channel is performing its exoplanet spectroscopy observations.

DOI： 10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.011013

Scopus

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1117/1.JATIS.6.4.041503

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

We report the discovery and analysis of the planetary microlensing event OGLE-2017-BLG-0406, which was observed both from the ground and by the Spitzer satellite in a solar orbit. At high magnification, the anomaly in the light curve was densely observed by ground-based-survey and follow-up groups, and it was found to be explained by a planetary lens with a planet/host mass ratio of q = 7.0 × 10-4 from the light-curve modeling. The ground-only and Spitzer-"only"data each provide very strong one-dimensional (1D) constraints on the 2D microlens parallax vector πE. When combined, these yield a precise measurement of πE and of the masses of the host equation presented and planet M planet = 0.41 ± 0.05 M Jup. The system lies at a distance D L = 5.2 ± 0.5 kpc from the Sun toward the Galactic bulge, and the host is more likely to be a disk population star according to the kinematics of the lens. The projected separation of the planet from the host is a? = 3.5 ± 0.3 au (i.e., just over twice the snow line). The Galactic-disk kinematics are established in part from a precise measurement of the source proper motion based on OGLE-IV data. By contrast, the Gaia proper-motion measurement of the source suffers from a catastrophic 10σ error.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/ab9ac3

Web of Science

Scopus

arXiv

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

We propose a coronagraphic system with fourth-order null for off-axis segmented telescopes, which is sufficiently insensitive to the telescope pointing errors and finite angular diameter of the host star to enable high-contrast imaging of potentially habitable planets. The inner working angle of the coronagraphic system is close to 1λ/D, and there is no outer limit. The proposed coronagraphic system is made up of a new focal plane mask and an optimized Lyot stop with the second-order null. The new focal plane mask is an extension of the band-limited masks with a phase modulation. We construct a coronagraphic system with fourth-order null by placing two of the new coronagraph systems in succession to be orthogonal to each other. The proposed system is limited to narrow-band usage. The characteristics of the proposed coronagraph system are derived analytically, which includes (1) the leak of stellar lights due to the finite stellar diameter and pointing jitter of a telescope, and (2) the peak throughput. We achieve the performance simulations of this coronagraphic system based on these analytical expressions, considering a monochromatic light of 0.75 μm and an off-axis primary mirror with a diameter of 8.5 m. Thanks to the wide working area of the mask, the result shows that terrestrial planets orbiting K and G dwarfs can be detected under the condition that the telescope pointing jitter is less than 0.01λ/D ≈ 240 as. The proposed coronagraphic system is promising for the detection of potentially habitable planets with future space off-axis hexagonally segmented telescopes.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/ab811c

Web of Science

Scopus

arXiv

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD  

We have developed a balloon-borne far-infrared interferometer, the Far-infrared Interferometric Telescope Experiment (FITE). The final goal of spatial resolution was one arcsec at 100 mu m. As a first step, we aimed to achieve a spatial resolution of five arcsecs at 155 mu m with a 6-m baseline. FITE is a two-beam interferometer like Michelsons stellar interferometer. Positions and attitudes of all mirrors required to have their alignment checked and possibly adjusted before launch and were checked during observation. We had to satisfy three requirements: the coincidence of the phases of each beam (wavefront error), image quality of the two beams at the (common) focus, and no optical path difference between the two beams for celestial objects. In order to achieve the former two requirements, we developed an interferometer adjustment system that used a newly-developed interferometer measurement instrument. This instrument adopted a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor to measure wavefront errors of the two off-axis parabolic mirrors, simultaneously. With this system, the adjustment of the FITE interferometer was carried out at the Alice Springs balloon base in Australia as the JAXA's Australia balloon experiment campaign of 2018. On-site adjustment was successful; wavefront errors of the two off-axis parabolic mirrors were 1.78 mu m and 4.99 mu m (peak-to-valley), and the Hartmann constant was 13 arcsecs. As for the optical path difference, we achieved the requirement by step-wise displacement of a folding plane mirror. Results satisfied the requirements for an interferometer designed for a wavelength of 155 mu m. Improvement of spatial resolution at far-infrared wavelengths is undoubtedly important for research on protoplanetary disks, circumstellar dust shells of late-type stars, and star-forming galaxies. The method we have developed is also useful for future space interferometers.

DOI： 10.1142/S2251171720500026

Web of Science

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

We present the analysis of the binary-lens microlensing event OGLE-2013-BLG-0911. The best-fit solutions indicate the binary mass ratio of q ? 0.03, which differs from that reported in Shvartzvald et al. The event suffers from the well-known close/wide degeneracy, resulting in two groups of solutions for the projected separation normalized by the Einstein radius of s ? 0.15 or s ? 7. The finite source and the parallax observations allow us to measure the lens physical parameters. The lens system is an M dwarf orbited by a massive Jupiter companion at very close separation. Although the mass ratio is slightly above the planet-brown dwarf (BD) mass-ratio boundary of q = 0.03, which is generally used, the median physical mass of the companion is slightly below the planet-BD mass boundary of 13MJup. It is likely that the formation mechanisms for BDs and planets are different and the objects near the boundaries could have been formed by either mechanism. It is important to probe the distribution of such companions with masses of ?13MJup in order to statistically constrain the formation theories for both BDs and massive planets. In particular, the microlensing method is able to probe the distribution around low-mass M dwarfs and even BDs, which is challenging for other exoplanet detection methods.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/ab64de

Web of Science

Scopus

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

We analyzed the young (2.8 Myr-old) binary system FS Tau A using near-infrared (H-band) high -contrast polarimetry data from Subaru/HiCIAO and submillimeter CO (J = 2-1) line emission data from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). Both the near-infrared and submillimeter observations reveal several clear structures extending to similar to 240 au from the stars. Based on these observations at different wavelengths, we report the following discoveries. One arm-like structure detected in the near-infrared band initially extends from the south of the binary with a subsequent turn to the northeast, corresponding to two bar-like structures detected in ALMA observations with an local standard of rest kinematic (LSRK) velocity of 1.19-5.64 km s(-1). Another feature detected in the near-infrared band extends initially from the north of the binary, relating to an arm-like structure detected in ALMA observations with an LSRK velocity of 8.17-16.43 km s(-1). From their shapes and velocities, we suggest that these structures can mostly be explained by two streamers that connect the outer circumbinary disk and the central binary components. These discoveries will be helpful for understanding the evolution of streamers and circumstellar disks in young binary systems.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-4357/ab64f9

Web of Science

arXiv

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering  

The Mid-Infrared Spectrometer (Camera) transit spectrometer (MISC-T) is one of the baseline instruments studied for the Origins Space Telescope. MISC-T employs a novel densified pupil optical design and achieves exquisite stability and precision (<5ppm in 2.8 - 11μm, <20ppm in 11 - 20μm). It provides the Origins with the capability to assess the habitability of nearby exoplanets and search for signs of life. An additional MISC Wide Field Imager (MISC-WFI) is studied as an upsope option for the Origins. MISC-WFI offers an imaging and low-resolution spectroscopic capability for 5 - 28μm. The MISC WFI also serves as the focal plane pointing and guiding for the observatory.

DOI： 10.1117/12.2561949

Scopus

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering  

Recently, the amount of data obtained from astronomical instruments has been increasing explosively, and data science methods such as Machine Learning/Deep Learning gain attention on the back of the growth in demand for automatic analysis. Using these methods, the number of applications to the target sources that have clear boundaries with the background i.e., stars, planets, and galaxies is increasing year by year. However, there are a few studies which applied the data science methods to the interstellar medium (ISM) distributed in the Galactic plane, which have complicated and ambiguous silhouettes. We aim to develop classifiers to automatically extract various structures of the ISM by Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that is strong in image recognition even in deep learning. In this study, we focus on the infra-red (IR) ring structures distributed in the Galactic plane. Based on the catalog of Churchwell et al. (2006, 2007), we created a "Ring"dataset from the Spitzer/GLIMPSE 8 μm and Spitzer/MIPSGAL 24 μm data and optimized the parameters of the CNN model. We applied the developed model to a range of 16.5° ≤ l ≤ 19.5°, |b| ≤ 1°. As a result, 234 "Ring"candidates are detected. The "Ring"candidates were matched with 75%Milky Way Project (MWP, Simpson et al. 2012) "Ring"and 65%WISE Hii region catalog (Anderson et al. 2014). In addition, new"Ring"and Hii region candidate objects were also found. For these results, we conclude that the CNN model may have a recognition accuracy equal to or better than that of human eyes.

DOI： 10.1117/12.2560830

Scopus

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering  

We report on the laboratory experiments of a densified pupil spectrograph designed for mid-infrared transit spectroscopy of exoplanets. We developed a testbed consisting of a blackbody infrared light source, a densified pupil spectrograph, and a prototype JWST Si:As Impurity Band Conduction (IBC) detector array to simulate observations of a planet's host star. In order to thermally stabilize the measurement system, we installed all of the components in a large cryogenic dewar and controlled the temperatures of the thermal source and the Si:As IBC detector. The characteristics of the spectrum formed on the detector were consistent with the designed values. The photometric precision of the densified pupil spectrograph was 14 ppm on average over the whole observing wavelength range of 8.5 to 10.5 μm. The systematic noise component of the spectrograph hidden behind the transit spectrograph was 11 ppm.

DOI： 10.1117/12.2560421

Scopus

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Transit spectroscopy is the most promising path toward characterizing nearby terrestrial planets at mid-infrared (3?30 ?m) wavelengths in the next 20 yr. The Spitzer Space telescope has achieved moderately good mid-infrared photometric precision in observations of transiting planets, but the intrinsic photometric stability of mid-IR detectors themselves has not been reported in the scientific or technical literature. Here, we evaluated the photometric precision of a James Webb Space Telescope Mid-Infrared Instrument prototype mid-infrared Si:As impurity band conduction detector, using time-series data taken under flood illumination. These measurements of photometric precision were conducted over periods of ?10 hr, representative of the time required to observe an exoplanet transit. After selecting multiple sub-regions with a size of 10 & xfffd;& x5e0;10 pixels and compensating for a gain change caused by our warm detector control electronics for the selected sub-regions, we found that the photometric precision was limited to 26.3 ppm at high co-added signal levels due to a gain variation caused by our warm detector control electronics. The photometric precision was improved up to 12.8 ppm after correcting for the gain drift. We also translated the photometric precision to the expected spectro-photometric precision (i.e., relative photometric precision between wavelengths), assuming that an optimized densified pupil spectrograph is used in transit observations. We found that the spectro-photometric precision of an optimized densified pupil spectrograph when used in transit observations is expected to be improved by the square root of the number of pixels per a spectral resolution element. At the high co-added signal levels, the total noise could be reduced down to 7 ppm, which was larger by a factor of 1.3 than the ideal performance that was limited by the Poisson noise and readout noise. The systematic noise hidden behind the simulated transit spectroscopy was 1.7 ppm.

DOI： 10.1088/1538-3873/ab42f1

Web of Science

arXiv

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

We report the discovery of an exoplanet from the analysis of the gravitational microlensing event OGLE-2015BLG-1649 that challenges the core accretion model of planet formation and appears to support the disk instability model. The planet/host-star mass ratio is q = 7.2 × 10−3 and the projected separation normalized to the angular Einstein radius is s = 0.9. We conducted high-resolution follow-up observations using the Infrared Camera and Spectrograph (IRCS) camera on the Subaru telescope and are able to place an upper limit on the lens flux. From these measurements we are able to exclude all host stars greater than or equal in mass to a G-type dwarf. We conducted a Bayesian analysis with these new flux constraints included as priors resulting in estimates of the masses of the host star and planet. These are ML = 0.34 ± 0.19 M☉ and Mp = 2.5-1.4+1.5 MJup, respectively. The distance to the system is DL = 4.23-1.64+1.51 kpc. The projected star–planet separation is a⊥ = 2.07-0.77+0.65 au. The estimated relative lens-source proper motion, ∼7.1 mas yr−1, is fairly high and thus the lens can be better constrained if additional follow-up observations are conducted several years after the event.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/ab4881

Web of Science

Scopus

arXiv

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

There are two planetary formation scenarios: core accretion and gravitational disk instability. Based on the fact that gaseous objects are preferentially observed around metal-rich host stars, most extrasolar gaseous objects discovered to date are thought to have been formed by core accretion. Here, we present 569 samples of gaseous planets and brown dwarfs found in 485 planetary systems that span three mass regimes with boundary values at 4 and 25 Jupiter-mass masses through performing cluster analyses of these samples regarding the host-star metallicity, after minimizing the impact of the selection effect of radial-velocity measurement on the cluster analysis. The larger mass is thought to be the upper mass limit of the objects that were formed during the planetary formation processes. In contrast, the lower mass limit appears to reflect the difference between planetary formation processes around early-type and G-type stars; disk instability plays a greater role in the planetary formation process around early-type stars than that around G-type stars. Populations with masses between 4 and 25 Jupiter masses that orbit early-type stars comprise planets formed not only via the core-accretion process but also via gravitational disk instability because the population preferentially orbits metal-poor stars or is independent of the host-star metallicity. Therefore, it is essential to have a hybrid scenario for the planetary formation of the diverse systems.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-4357/ab0f9c

Web of Science

arXiv

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

We present H-band polarized scattered light imagery and JHK high-contrast spectroscopy of the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296 observed with the High-Contrast Coronographic Imager for Adaptive Optics (HiCIAO) and Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics (SCExAO)/Coronagraphic High Angular Resolution Imaging Spectrograph (CHARTS) instruments at Subaru Observatory. The polarimetric imagery resolve a broken ring structure surrounding HD 163296 that peaks at a distance along the major axis of 0 ''.65 (66 au) and extends out to 0 ''.98 (100 au) along the major axis. Our 2011 H-band data exhibit clear axisymmetry, with the NW and SE side of the disk exhibiting similar intensities. Our data are clearly different from 2016 epoch H-band observations of the Very Large Telescope (VLT)/Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch (SPHERE), which found a strong 2.7 x asymmetry between the NW and SE side of the disk. Collectively, these results indicate the presence of time-variable, non-azimuthally symmetric illumination of the outer disk. While our SCExAO/CHARIS data are sensitive enough to recover the planet candidate identified from NIRC2 in the thermal infrared (IR), we fail to detect an object with JHK brightness nominally consistent with this object. This suggests that the candidate is either fainter in JHK bands than model predictions, possibly due to extinction from the disk or atmospheric dust/clouds, or that it is an artifact of the data set/data processing, such as a residual speckle or partially subtracted disk feature. Assuming standard hot-start evolutionary models and a system age of 5 Myr, we set new, direct mass limits for the inner (outer) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)-predicted protoplanet candidate along the major (minor) disk axis of of 1.5 (2) M-J.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-4357/ab0f3b

Web of Science

arXiv

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

We report the discovery of a gas-giant planet orbiting a low-mass host star in the microlensing event MOA-bin-29 that occurred in 2006. We find five degenerate solutions with the planet/host-star mass ratio of q~10-2. The Einstein radius crossing time of all models are relatively short (~4-7 days), which indicates that the mass of host star is likely low. The measured lens-source proper motion is 5-9 mas yr-1depending on the models. Since only finite source effects are detected, we conduct a Bayesian analysis in order to obtain the posterior probability distribution of the lens physical properties. As a result, we find the lens system is likely to be a gas-giant orbiting a brown dwarf or a very late M-dwarf in the Galactic bulge. The probability distributions of the physical parameters for the five degenerate models are consistent within the range of error. By combining these probability distributions, we conclude that the lens system is a gas giant with a mass of Mp= 0.63+1.13-0.39MJuporbiting a brown dwarf with a mass of Mh= 0.06+0.11-0.04Modot;at a projected star-planet separation of r = 0.53+0.89-0.18au. The lens distance is DL= 6.89+1.19-1.19kpc, i.e., likely within the Galactic bulge.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/AB4E9E

Web of Science

Scopus

arXiv

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Transit spectroscopy of habitable planets orbiting late-type stars requires high relative spectrophotometric accuracy between wavelengths during transit/eclipse observation. The spectrophotometric signal is affected not only by image movement and deformation due to wavefront error but also by electrical variation in the detector system. These time-variation components, coupled to the transit signal, distort the measurements of atmospheric composition in transit spectroscopy. Here we propose a new concept for improvement of spectrophotometric accuracy through the calibration of the time-variation components in the detector system by developing densified pupil spectroscopy that provides multiple spectra of the star-planet system. Owing to a group of pixels exposed by the object light (i.e., science pixels), pixel-to-pixel variations can be smoothed out through an averaging operation; thus, only common time-variation components over the science pixels remain. In addition, considering that the detector plane is optically conjugated to the pupil plane, a pupil mask can completely block astronomical light coming into residual pixels. The common time-variation components are reconstructed with the residual pixels and reduced into a random term. Applying the densified pupil spectrograph with a mid-infrared detector system to a large space cryogenic telescope such as the Origins Space Telescope, we show that the system nearly achieves photon noise-limited performance and detects absorption features through transmission spectroscopy and secondary eclipse of terrestrial planets orbiting M-type stars at 10 pc with 60 transit observations. Thus, the proposed method contributes to the measurement of planetary habitability and biosignatures of the nearby transiting habitable candidates.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/aaeb29

Web of Science

arXiv

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Thousands of exoplanets have now been discovered with a huge range of masses, sizes and orbits: from rocky Earth-like planets to large gas giants grazing the surface of their host star. However, the essential nature of these exoplanets remains largely mysterious: there is no known, discernible pattern linking the presence, size, or orbital parameters of a planet to the nature of its parent star. We have little idea whether the chemistry of a planet is linked to its formation environment, or whether the type of host star drives the physics and chemistry of the planet's birth, and evolution. ARIEL was conceived to observe a large number (1000) of transiting planets for statistical understanding, including gas giants, Neptunes, super-Earths and Earth-size planets around a range of host star types using transit spectroscopy in the 1.25-7.8m spectral range and multiple narrow-band photometry in the optical. ARIEL will focus on warm and hot planets to take advantage of their well-mixed atmospheres which should show minimal condensation and sequestration of high-Z materials compared to their colder Solar System siblings. Said warm and hot atmospheres are expected to be more representative of the planetary bulk composition. Observations of these warm/hot exoplanets, and in particular of their elemental composition (especially C, O, N, S, Si), will allow the understanding of the early stages of planetary and atmospheric formation during the nebular phase and the following few million years. ARIEL will thus provide a representative picture of the chemical nature of the exoplanets and relate this directly to the type and chemical environment of the host star. ARIEL is designed as a dedicated survey mission for combined-light spectroscopy, capable of observing a large and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. Transit, eclipse and phase-curve spectroscopy methods, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allow us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of 10-100 part per million (ppm) relative to the star and, given the bright nature of targets, also allows more sophisticated techniques, such as eclipse mapping, to give a deeper insight into the nature of the atmosphere. These types of observations require a stable payload and satellite platform with broad, instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect many molecular species, probe the thermal structure, identify clouds and monitor the stellar activity. The wavelength range proposed covers all the expected major atmospheric gases from e.g. H2O, CO2, CH4 NH3, HCN, H2S through to the more exotic metallic compounds, such as TiO, VO, and condensed species. Simulations of ARIEL performance in conducting exoplanet surveys have been performed - using conservative estimates of mission performance and a full model of all significant noise sources in the measurement - using a list of potential ARIEL targets that incorporates the latest available exoplanet statistics. The conclusion at the end of the Phase A study, is that ARIEL - in line with the stated mission objectives - will be able to observe about 1000 exoplanets depending on the details of the adopted survey strategy, thus confirming the feasibility of the main science objectives.

DOI： 10.1007/s10686-018-9598-x

Web of Science

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

We report on the discovery and analysis of the short-timescale binary-lens microlensing event, MOA-2015-BLG-337. The lens system could be a planetary system with a very low-mass host, around the brown dwarf (BD)/planetary-mass boundary, or a BD binary. We found two competing models that explain the observed light curves with companion/host mass ratios of q ∼ 0.01 and ∼0.17, respectively. A significant finite source effect in the best-fit planetary model (q ∼ 0.01) reveals a small angular Einstein radius of θ E ≃ 0.03 mas, which favors a low-mass lens. We obtain the posterior probability distribution of the lens properties from a Bayesian analysis. The results for the planetary models strongly depend on a power-law index in planetary-mass regime, pl, in the assumed mass function. In summary, there are two solutions of the lens system: (1) a BD/planetary-mass boundary object orbited by a super-Neptune (the planetary model with α pl = 0.49) and (2) a BD binary (the binary model). If the planetary models are correct, this system can be one of a new class of planetary system, having a low host mass and also a planetary-mass ratio (q < 0.03) between the companion and its host. The discovery of the event is important for the study of planetary formation in very low-mass objects. In addition, it is important to consider all viable solutions in these kinds of ambiguous events in order for the future comprehensive statistical analyses of planetary/binary microlensing events.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/aad5ee

Web of Science

Scopus

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

We present H- and K-s-bands observations of the LkH alpha 330 disk with a multi-band detection of the large gap and spiral-like structures. The morphology of the outer disk (r similar to 0."3) at PA = 0 degrees-45 degrees and PA degrees = 180-290 degrees is likely density wave-induced spirals, and comparison between our observational results and simulations suggests a planet formation. We have also investigated the azimuthal profiles at the ring and the outer-disk regions as well as radial profiles in the directions of the spiral-like structures and semimajor axis. Azimuthal analysis shows a large variety in wavelength and implies that the disk has non-axisymmetric dust distributions. The radial profiles in the major-axis direction (PA = 271 degrees) suggest that the outer region (r >= 0."25) may be influenced by shadows of the inner region of the disk. The spiral-like directions (PA = 10 degrees and 230 degrees) show different radial profiles, which suggests that the surfaces of the spiral-like structures are highly flared and/or have different dust properties. Finally, a color map of the disk shows a lack of an outer eastern region in the H-band disk, which may hint at the presence of an inner object that casts a directional shadow onto the disk.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/aacbd1

Web of Science

arXiv

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

We conducted high-contrast polarimetry observations of T Tau in the H-band, using the High Contrast Instrument for the Subaru Next Generation Adaptive Optics instrument mounted on the Subaru Telescope, revealing structures as near as 0 1 from the stars T Tau N and T Tau S. The whole T Tau system is found to be surrounded by nebulalike envelopes, and several outflow-related structures are detected in these envelopes. We analyzed the detailed polarization patterns of the circumstellar structures near each component of this triple young star system and determined constraints on the circumstellar disks and outflow structures. We suggest that the nearly face-on circumstellar disk of T Tau N is no larger than 0.''8, or 117 au, in the northwest, based on the existence of a hole in this direction, and no larger than 0.''27, or 40 au, in the south. A new structure, "N5," extends to about 0.''42, or 59 au, southwest of the star, and is believed to be part of the disk. We suggest that T Tau S is surrounded by a highly inclined circumbinary disk with a radius of about 0.''3, or 44 au, with a position angle of about 30 degrees, that is misaligned with the orbit of the T Tau S binary. After analyzing the positions and polarization vector patterns of the outflow-related structures, we suggest that T Tau S should trigger the well-known E-W outflow, and is also likely to be responsible for a southwest precessing outflow "coil" and a possible south outflow.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-4357/aac6c8

Web of Science

arXiv

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING  

The Infrared Doppler (IRD) instrument is a fiber-fed high-resolution NIR spectrometer for the Subaru telescope covering the Y,J,H-bands simultaneously with a maximum spectral resolution of 70,000. The main purpose of IRD is a search for Earth-mass planets around nearby M-dwarfs by precise radial velocity measurements, as well as a spectroscopic characterization of exoplanet atmospheres. We report the current status of the instrument, which is undergoing commissioning at the Subaru Telescope, and the first light observation successfully done in August 2017. The general description of the instrument will be given including spectrometer optics, fiber injection system, cryogenic system, scrambler, and laser frequency comb. A large strategic survey mainly focused on late-type M-dwarfs is planned to start from 2019.

DOI： 10.1117/12.2311836

Web of Science

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING  

This paper describes the transit spectrograph designed for the Origins Space Telescope mid-infrared imager, spectrometer, coronagraph (MISC) and its performance derived through analytical formulation and numerical simulation. The transit spectrograph is designed based on a densified pupil spectroscopy design that forms multiple independent spectra on the detector plane and minimizes the systematic noise in the optical system. This design can also block any thermal light incoming into pixels around the transit spectra. The gain fluctuations occurring in the detector and readout electronics are accurately corrected by use of a number of blanked-off pixels. We found that the transit spectrograph for the OST concept 1 with a diameter of 9.3m potentially achieves the photon-noise-limited performance and allows detection of biosignature gases through transmission spectroscopy of transiting planets orbiting late- and middle-M type stars at 10 pc with 60 transit observations.

DOI： 10.1117/12.2311896

Web of Science

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING  

The Mid-infrared Imager, Spectrometer, Coronagraph (MISC) is one of the instruments studied both for the Origins Space Telescope (OST) Mission Concept 1 and 2. The highest ever spectro-photometric stability achieved by MISC transit spectrometer module (MISC TRA) enables to detect bio-signatures (e.g., ozone, water, and methane) in habitable worlds in both primary and secondary transits of exoplanets and makes the OST a powerful tool to bring a revolutionary progress in exoplanet sciences. Combined with the spectroscopic capability in the FIR provided by other OST instruments, the MISC widens the wavelength coverage of OST down to 4 mu m, which makes the OST a powerful tool to diagnose the physical and chemical condition of the ISM using dust features, molecules lines and atomic and ionic lines. The MISC also provides the OST with a focal plane guiding function for the other OST science instruments as well as its own use.

DOI： 10.1117/12.2314177

Web of Science

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Large exoplanet surveys have successfully detected thousands of exoplanets to-date. Utilizing these detections and non-detections to constrain our understanding of the formation and evolution of planetary systems also requires a detailed understanding of the basic properties of their host stars. We have determined the basic stellar properties of F, K and G stars in the Strategic Exploration of Exoplanets and Disks with Subaru (SEEDS) survey from Echelle spectra taken at the Apache Point Observatory's 3.5m telescope. Using ROBOSPECT to extract line equivalent widths and TemperatureGravity microtrubulentVelocity ITerations to calculate the fundamental parameters, we have computed T-eff, log(g), v(t), [Fe/H], chromospheric activity and the age for our sample. Our methodology was calibrated against previously published results for a portion of our sample. The distribution of [Fe/H] in our sample is consistent with that typical of the Solar neighbourhood. Additionally, we find the ages of most of our sample are < 500 Myr, but note that we cannot determine robust ages from significantly older stars via chromospheric activity age indicators. The futuremeta-analysis of the frequency ofwide stellar and sub-stellar companions imaged via the SEEDS survey will utilize our results to constrain the occurrence of detected comoving companions with the properties of their host stars.

DOI： 10.1093/mnras/stx2051

Web of Science

arXiv

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Spectrophotometric stability, which is crucial in the spectral characterization of transiting exoplanets, is affected by photometric variations arising from field-stop loss in space telescopes with pointing jitter or primary mirror deformation. This paper focuses on a new method for removing slit-loss or field-stop-loss photometric variation through the use of a pupil mask. Two types of pupil function are introduced: the first uses conventional (e.g., Gaussian or hyper-Gaussian) apodizing patterns; whereas the second, which we call a block-shaped mask, employs a new type of pupil mask designed for high photometric stability. A methodology for the optimization of a pupil mask for transit observations is also developed. The block-shaped mask can achieve a photometric stability of 10(-5) for a nearly arbitrary field-stop radius when the pointing jitter is smaller than approximately 0.7 lambda/D and a photometric stability of 10(-6) at a pointing jitter smaller than approximately 0.5 lambda/D. The impact of optical aberrations and mask imperfections upon mask performance is also discussed.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/aa8304

Web of Science

arXiv

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

We report the discovery and the analysis of the planetary microlensing event, OGLE-2013-BLG-1761. There are some degenerate solutions in this event because the planetary anomaly is only sparsely sampled. However, the detailed light-curve analysis ruled out all stellar binary models and shows the lens to be a planetary system. There is the so-called close/wide degeneracy in the solutions with the planet/host mass ratio of q ∼ (7.0 ±2.0) ×10-3 and q ∼ (8.1 ±2.6) ×10-3 with the projected separation in Einstein radius units of s = 0.95 (close) and s = 1.18 (wide), respectively. The microlens parallax effect is not detected, but the finite source effect is detected. Our Bayesian analysis indicates that the lens system is located DL = 6.9+1.0-1.2. away from us and the host star is an M/K dwarf with a mass of ML = 0.33+0.32-0.19 M⊙ orbited by a super-Jupiter mass planet with a mass of mp = 2.7+2.5-1.5 MJup at the projected separation of a⊥ = 1.8+0.5-0.5 au. The preference of the large lens distance in the Bayesian analysis is due to the relatively large observed source star radius. The distance and other physical parameters may be constrained by the future high-resolution imaging by large ground telescopes or HST. If the estimated lens distance is correct, then this planet provides another sample for testing the claimed deficit of planets in the Galactic bulge.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/aa73da

Web of Science

Scopus

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

We report the discovery of a super-Earth-mass planet in the microlensing event MOA-2012-BLG-505. This event has the second shortest event timescale of t E = 10 ± 1 days where the observed data show evidence of a planetary companion. Our 15 minute high cadence survey observation schedule revealed the short subtle planetary signature. The system shows the well known close/wide degeneracy. The planet/host-star mass ratio is q = 2.1 times; 10-4 and the projected separation normalized by the Einstein radius is s = 1.1 or 0.9 for the wide and close solutions, respectively. We estimate the physical parameters of the system by using a Bayesian analysis and find that the lens consists of a super-Earth with a mass of 6.7 10.7-3.6 M⊕ orbiting around a brown dwarf or late-M-dwarf host with a mass of 0.10 +0.16-0.05 M⊙ with a projected star-planet separation of 0.9+0.30.2. The system is at a distance of 7.2 ± 1.1 kpc, i.e., it is likely to be in the Galactic bulge. The small angular Einstein radius (θ E = 0.12 ± 0.02 mas) and short event timescale are typical for a low-mass lens in the Galactic bulge. Such low-mass planetary systems in the Bulge are rare because the detection efficiency of planets in short microlensing events is relatively low. This discovery may suggest that such low-mass planetary systems are abundant in the Bulge and currently on-going high cadence survey programs will detect more such events and may reveal an abundance of such planetary systems.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/aa74b2

Web of Science

Scopus

arXiv

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

We report the discovery of a microlensing planet - MOA-2016-BLG-227Lb - with a large planet/host mass ratio of q ≃ 9 ×10-3. This event was located near the K2 Campaign 9 field that was observed by a large number of telescopes. As a result, the event was in the microlensing survey area of a number of these telescopes, and this enabled good coverage of the planetary light-curve signal. High angular resolution adaptive optics images from the Keck telescope reveal excess flux at the position of the source above the flux of the source star, as indicated by the light-curve model. This excess flux could be due to the lens star, but it could also be due to a companion to the source or lens star, or even an unrelated star. We consider all these possibilities in a Bayesian analysis in the context of a standard Galactic model. Our analysis indicates that it is unlikely that a large fraction of the excess flux comes from the lens, unless solar-type stars are much more likely to host planets of this mass ratio than lower mass stars. We recommend that a method similar to the one developed in this paper be used for other events with high angular resolution follow-up observations when the follow-up observations are insufficient to measure the lens-source relative proper motion.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/aa72e0

Web of Science

Scopus

arXiv

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

We present high-contrast observations of 68 young stellar objects (YSOs) that have been explored as part of the Strategic Exploration of Exoplanets and Disks with Subaru (SEEDS) survey on the Subaru telescope. Our targets are very young (<10Myr) stars, which often harbor protoplanetary disks where planets may be forming. We achieve a typical contrast of similar to 10(-4)-10(-5.5) at an angular distance of 1" from the central star, corresponding to typical mass sensitivities (assuming hot-start evolutionary models) of similar to 10 M-J at 70 au and similar to 6 M-J at 140 au. We detected a new stellar companion to HIP 79462 and confirmed the substellar objects GQ Lup b and ROXs 42B b. An additional six companion candidates await follow-up observations to check for common proper motion. Our SEEDS YSO observations probe the population of planets and brown dwarfs at the very youngest ages; these may be compared to the results of surveys targeting somewhat older stars. Our sample and the associated observational results will help enable detailed statistical analyses of giant planet formation.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/106

Web of Science

arXiv

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Astronomy and Astrophysics  

We present H-band (1.6 μm) scattered light observations of the transitional disk RX J1615.3-3255, located in the ∼1 Myr old Lupus association. From a polarized intensity image, taken with the HiCIAO instrument of the Subaru Telescope, we deduce the position angle and the inclination angle of the disk. The disk is found to extend out to 68 ± 12 AU in scattered light and no clear structure is observed. Our inner working angle of 24 AU does not allow us to detect a central decrease in intensity similar to that seen at 30 AU in the 880 μm continuum observations. We compare the observations with multiple disk models based on the spectral energy distribution (SED) and submm interferometry and find that an inner rim of the outer disk at 30 AU containing small silicate grains produces a polarized intensity signal which is an order of magnitude larger than observed. We show that a model in which the small dust grains extend smoothly into the cavity found for large grains is closer to the actual H-band observations. A comparison of models with different dust size distributions suggests that the dust in the disk might have undergone significant processing compared to the interstellar medium.

DOI： 10.1051/0004-6361/201628696

Web of Science

Scopus

arXiv

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Astronomical Journal  

We report the discovery of a microlensing planet OGLE-2012-BLG-0950Lb with a planet/host mass ratio of q ≃ 2 10-4. A long term distortion detected in both MOA and OGLE light curve can be explained by the microlens parallax due to the Earths orbital motion around the Sun. Although the finite source effect is not detected, we obtain the lens flux by the high resolution Keck AO observation. Combining the microlens parallax and the lens flux reveal the nature of the lens: a planet with mass of = Mp=35+17-9is orbiting around an M-dwarf with mass of =Mhost=0.56+0.12-0.16Ṁwith a planet-host projected separation of = r⊥=2.7+0.6-0.7 au located at = - DL 3.0+ 0.8-1.1kpc from us. This is the first mass measurement from only microlens parallax and the lens flux without the finite source effect. In the coming space observation-era with Spitzer, K2, Euclid, and WFIRST, we expect many such events for which we will not be able to measure any finite source effect. This work demonstrates an ability of mass measurements in such events.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/1

Web of Science

Scopus

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

By performing non-masked polarization imaging with Subaru/HiCIAO, polarized scattered light from the inner region of the disk around the GG Tau A system was successfully detected in the H band, with a spatial resolution of approximately 0 07, revealing the complicated inner disk structures around this young binary. This paper reports the observation of an arc-like structure to the north of GG Tau Ab, and part of a circumstellar structure that is noticeable around GG Tau Aa, extending to a distance of approximately 28 au from the primary star. The speckle noise around GG Tau Ab constrains its disk radius to < 13 au. Based on the size of the circumbinary ring and the circumstellar disk around GG Tau Aa, the semimajor axis of the binary's orbit is likely to be 62 au. A comparison of the present observations with previous Atacama Large Millimeter Array and near-infrared H-2 emission observations suggests that the north arc could be part of a large streamer flowing from the circumbinary ring to sustain the circumstellar disks. According to the previous studies, the circumstellar disk around GG Tau Aa has enough mass and can sustain itself for a duration sufficient for planet formation; thus, our study indicates that planets can form within close (separation. 100 au) young binary systems.

DOI： 10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/7

Web of Science

arXiv

開催年月日： 2022年11月 - 2022年12月

記述言語：英語   会議種別：シンポジウム・ワークショップ パネル（指名）  

開催地：Caltech   国名：アメリカ合衆国  

開催年月日： 2022年11月 - 2022年12月

記述言語：英語   会議種別：シンポジウム・ワークショップ パネル（指名）  

開催地：Caltech   国名：アメリカ合衆国  

開催年月日： 2022年10月 - 2022年11月

記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

開催地：熊本   国名：日本国  

開催年月日： 2022年10月 - 2022年11月

記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

開催地：熊本   国名：日本国  

開催年月日： 2022年9月

記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

開催地：新潟大学   国名：日本国  

開催年月日： 2022年9月

記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

開催地：新潟大学   国名：日本国