Faculty Profiles - NAGAOKA Katsutoshi

Papers - NAGAOKA Katsutoshi

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Rh/Ce 0.25 Zr 0.75 O 2 Catalyst for Steam Reforming of Propane at Low Temperature Reviewed

Lin Yu, Katsutoshi Sato, Katsutoshi Nagaoka

ChemCatChem Vol. 11 ( 5 ) page： 1472 - 1479 2019.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) show high energy-conversion efficiency and thus emit less CO2 than conventional combustion engines. Although SOFCs can directly convert hydrocarbons such as liquefied petroleum gas, these fuels readily induce coking on the electrodes of fuel cell stacks. To avoid coking, hydrocarbons can be subjected to a preliminary endothermic steam-reforming step at a relatively low temperature using waste heat from the stack. Herein, we report that a Rh/Ce0.25Zr0.75O2 catalyst exhibited higher propane-steam-reforming activity than other Rh/Ce1-xZrxO2 catalysts and Rh/gamma-Al2O3. Catalyst characterization revealed that Rh/Ce0.25Zr0.75O2 had excellent redox property and high H2O-adsorption activity, which contributed to the activation of steam and thus enhanced the propane-steam-reforming activity of this catalyst.

DOI： 10.1002/cctc.201801824

Electron Donation by Low-Crystalline Ba-La-Ce Oxygen-Deficient Composite Oxide Accumulating on Ru Nanoparticles for Ammonia Synthesis under Mild Conditions Reviewed

Katsutoshi Sato, Shin-ichiro Miyahara, Yuta Ogura, Kotoko Tsujimaru, Yuichiro Wada, Takaaki Toriyama, Tomokazu Yamamoto, Syo Matsumura, Katsutoshi Nagaoka

2019.2

A CO Adsorption Site Change Induced by Copper Substitution in a Ruthenium Catalyst for Enhanced CO Oxidation Activity. Reviewed International journal

Bo Huang, Hirokazu Kobayashi, Tomokazu Yamamoto, Takaaki Toriyama, Syo Matsumura, Yoshihide Nishida, Katsutoshi Sato, Katsutoshi Nagaoka, Masaaki Haneda, Wei Xie, Yusuke Nanba, Michihisa Koyama, Fenglong Wang, Shogo Kawaguchi, Yoshiki Kubota, Hiroshi Kitagawa

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) Vol. 58 ( 8 ) page： 2230 - 2235 2019.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Ru is an important catalyst in many types of reactions. Specifically, Ru is well known as the best monometallic catalyst for oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) and has been practically used in residential fuel cell systems. However, Ru is a minor metal, and the supply risk often causes violent fluctuations in the price of Ru. Performance-improved and cost-reduced solid-solution alloy nanoparticles of the Cu-Ru system for CO oxidation are now presented. Over the whole composition range, all of the Cux Ru1-x nanoparticles exhibit significantly enhanced CO oxidation activities, even at 70 at % of inexpensive Cu, compared to Ru nanoparticles. Only 5 at % replacement of Ru with Cu provided much better CO oxidation activity, and the maximum activity was achieved by 20 at % replacement of Ru by Cu. The origin of the high catalytic performance was found as CO site change by Cu substitution, which was investigated using in situ Fourier transform infrared spectra and theoretical calculations.

DOI： 10.1002/anie.201812325

Preparation of Noble-metal Nanoparticles by Microwave-assisted Chemical Reduction and Evaluation as Catalysts for Nitrile Hydrogenation under Ambient Conditions Open Access

Yoshihide NISHIDA, Yuichiro WADA, Chandan CHAUDHARI, Katsutoshi SATO, Katsutoshi NAGAOKA

Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute Vol. 62 ( 5 ) page： 220 - 227 2019

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Petroleum Institute

<p>Herein, we report a protocol for rapid preparation of uniformly sized Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt nanoparticles stabilized by poly(<i>N</i>-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) via microwave-assisted chemical reduction with ethanol. Although the boiling point of ethanol, which has high reduction ability, is much lower than the temperature required for metal cation reduction, this solvent could be used as a reductant because the preparation was carried out in a sealed vessel. All metal nanoparticles showed similar sizes and amounts of poly(<i>N</i>-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone). The crystallite size of the Pd and Pt nanoparticles could be controlled by changing the ethanol concentration. The catalytic performance of the prepared metal nanoparticles was evaluated for the hydrogenation of benzonitrile under ambient conditions (25 °C, 1 bar H<sub>2</sub>). Rh nanoparticles showed the highest benzonitrile conversion and highest selectivity for secondary imine product. Interestingly, the particle-size dependence of the catalytic activity of the Rh nanoparticles showed volcano-type behavior; that is, the second smallest Rh nanoparticles (3.3 nm) showed the highest activity, which was attributed to high metal surface area and high turnover frequency. Notably, this is the first report of nitrile hydrogenation to afford a secondary imine under ambient conditions.</p>

DOI： 10.1627/jpi.62.220

Analysis for Local Structure of Rh Nanoparticles Prepared via Microwave-assisted Liquid Phase Reduction Reviewed

Nishida Yoshihide, Wada Yuichiro, Sato Katsutoshi, Nagaoka Katsutoshi

Journal of the Japan Society of Electromagnetic Wave Energy Applications Vol. 3 ( 0 ) page： 1 - 5 2019

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Society of Electromagnetic Wave Energy Applications

Rh nanoparticle catalysts were prepared via liquid phase reduction assisted by microwave-heating. Different kinds of alcohols as reductant including Rh precursor and stabilizer (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) were equally and quickly heated by microwave-heating. Conventional liquid phase reduction using electric heater requires long-heating time (2-3 h) . However,microwave-heating leads to formation of uniform Rh nanoparticles within 15 min. In EXAFS analyses, local structure of prepared Rh nanoparticles was identical to that of pure Rh powder, indicating that Rh atoms were reduced to metallic state.Coordination number (Rh-Rh) decreased from 12.5±1.1 to 9.4±0.7 when Rh particle size determined by TEM decreased from 6.7 nm to 3.3 nm. It was revealed that smaller Rh nanoparticles which have low coordination number (i.e., many dangling bond)show higher catalytic activity in CO oxidation reaction

DOI： 10.32304/jemeajournal.3.0_1

Ru/La0.5Pr0.5O1.75 Catalyst for Low-Temperature Ammonia Synthesis Reviewed

Yuta Ogura, Kotoko Tsujimaru, Katsutoshi Sato, Shin-ichiro Miyahara, Takaaki Toriyama, Tomokazu Yamamoto, Syo Matsumura, Katsutoshi Nagaoka

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Vol. 6 ( 12 ) page： 17258 - 17266 2018.12

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：American Chemical Society ({ACS})

© 2018 American Chemical Society. To exploit the use of hydrogen as a source of sustainable energy, development of an efficient process for synthesizing an energy carrier such as ammonia under mild conditions will be necessary. Here, we show that Ru/La0.5Pr0.5O1.75 prereduced at an extraordinary high temperature of 650 °C catalyzes high NH3-synthesis rates under mild conditions. At 400 °C under 1.0 MPa, the synthesis rate was comparable with that of most active oxide-supported Ru catalysts. Kinetic analysis revealed that hydrogen poisoning, which is a typical drawback for oxide-supported Ru catalysts such as Cs+/Ru/MgO, was effectively suppressed over Ru/La0.5Pr0.5O1.75. The high activity induced by high-temperature reduction was attributable to the good thermal stability of the support and a phase change of the La0.5Pr0.5O1.75 support during prereduction. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy measurements after N2 adsorption on the catalyst revealed that electrons were efficiently donated from trigonal La0.5Pr0.5O1.5 to the antibonding π orbital of the N≡N bond of N2 via Ru atoms. Cleavage of the N≡N bond, the rate-determining step for ammonia synthesis, was thus accelerated. Our results expand the range of possibilities for developing more effective ammonia synthesis catalysts under mild conditions. Such catalysts will be needed to enable development of hydrogen-based sustainable energy resources.

DOI： 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04683

Combined theoretical and experimental studies of CO oxidation on PdRu nanoalloys Reviewed Open Access

Nor Diana Bt. Zulkifli, Takayoshi Ishimoto, Katsutoshi Sato, Takaaki Eboshi, Katsutoshi Nagaoka, Michihisa Koyama

APPLIED CATALYSIS A-GENERAL Vol. 568 page： 176 - 182 2018.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

The oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) over PdRu solid solution nanoparticles was studied by the combined theoretical and experimental approaches. In this work, CO and O adsorptions on PdRu alloy surface models were theoretically investigated to understand the kinetics of CO oxidation reaction. It was found that CO adsorption on Pd atom in the PdRu alloy surfaces is weaker than on monometallic surfaces. From the experiment, reaction order of CO on the PdRu surface was observed to be smaller than that on Pd surface. While, the positive first order with respect to O-2 obtained for both Pd and PdRu alloy surfaces. Catalytic reaction mechanism is discussed on the basis of both theoretical and experimental observations.

DOI： 10.1016/j.apcata.2018.10.002

Photocatalytic chemoselective cleavage of C-O bonds under hydrogen gas- and acid-free conditions

Imamura, Kazuya, Kato, Hiroko, Wada, Yuichiro, Makabe, Kazuhiro, Onda, Ayumu, Tanaka, Atsuhiro, Kominami, Hiroshi, Sato, Katsutoshi, Nagaoka, Katsutoshi

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS Vol. 54 ( 53 ) page： 7298 - 7301 2018.7

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY

In the presence of a palladium-loaded TiO2 photocatalyst, the cleavage of benzyl phenyl ether in low-molecular-weight alcohol solvents under de-aerated conditions afforded toluene and phenol simultaneously in a 1:1 molar ratio.

DOI： 10.1039/c8cc03362e

Selective hydrogenation of nitriles to secondary imines over Rh-PVP catalyst under mild conditions Open Access

Yoshihide Nishida, Chandan Chaudhari, Hirotaka Imatome, Katsutoshi Sato, Katsutoshi Sato, Katsutoshi Nagaoka

Chemistry Letters Vol. 47 ( 7 ) page： 938 - 940 2018.7

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Chemical Society of Japan

© 2018 The Chemical Society of Japan. Various metal nanoparticle catalysts (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt) were prepared via liquid-phase reduction and their activity was studied for selective hydrogenation of benzonitrile to corresponding secondary imine under mild conditions (3bar H2and 30°C). The Rh catalyst with particle size of 2.7 nm exhibited excellent activity for the hydrogenation of benzonitrile to secondary imine. The catalyst was reused and applied to transform various nitriles to corresponding secondary imines.

DOI： 10.1246/cl.180349

Influence of the Crystal Structure of Titanium Oxide on the Catalytic Activity of Rh/TiO2 in Steam Reforming of Propane at Low Temperature Reviewed

Yu Lin, Sato Katsutoshi, Toriyama Takaaki, Yamamoto Tomokazu, Matsumura Syo, Nagaoka Katsutoshi

CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL Vol. 24 ( 35 ) page： 8742-8746 2018.6

Efficient ammonia synthesis over a Ru/La0.5Ce0.5O1.75 catalyst pre-reduced at high temperature Open Access

Yuta Ogura, Katsutoshi Sato, Shin-Ichiro Miyahara, Yukiko Kawano, Takaaki Toriyama, Tomokazu Yamamoto, Syo Matsumura, Saburo Hosokawa, Katsutoshi Nagaoka

Chemical Science Vol. 9 ( 8 ) page： 2230 - 2237 2018.2

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Royal Society of Chemistry

Ammonia is an important feedstock for producing fertiliser and is also a potential energy carrier. However, the process currently used for ammonia synthesis, the Haber-Bosch process, consumes a huge amount of energy
therefore the development of new catalysts for synthesising ammonia at a high rate under mild conditions (low temperature and low pressure) is necessary. Here, we show that Ru/La0.5Ce0.5O1.75 pre-reduced at an unusually high temperature (650 °C) catalysed ammonia synthesis at extremely high rates under mild conditions
specifically, at a reaction temperature of 350 °C, the rates were 13.4, 31.3, and 44.4 mmol g-1 h-1 at 0.1, 1.0, and 3.0 MPa, respectively. Kinetic analysis revealed that this catalyst is free of hydrogen poisoning under the conditions tested. Electron energy loss spectroscopy combined with O2 absorption capacity measurements revealed that the reduced catalyst consisted of fine Ru particles (mean diameter &lt
2.0 nm) that were partially covered with partially reduced La0.5Ce0.5O1.75 and were dispersed on a thermostable support. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectra measured after N2 addition to the catalyst revealed that N2 adsorption on Ru atoms that interacted directly with the reduced La0.5Ce0.5O1.75 weakened the NN bond and thus promoted its cleavage, which is the rate-determining step for ammonia synthesis. Our results indicate that high-temperature pre-reduction of this catalyst, which consists of Ru supported on a thermostable composite oxide with a cubic fluorite structure and containing reducible cerium, resulted in the formation of many sites that were highly active for N2 reduction by hydrogen.

DOI： 10.1039/c7sc05343f

Facile Synthesis of Size-controlled Rh Nanoparticles via Microwave-assisted Alcohol Reduction and Their Catalysis of CO Oxidation Open Access

Yoshihide Nishida, Katsutoshi Sato, Tomokazu Yamamoto, Dongshuang Wu, Kohei Kusada, Hirokazu Kobayashi, Syo Matsumura, Hiroshi Kitagawa, Katsutoshi Nagaoka

CHEMISTRY LETTERS Vol. 46 ( 8 ) page： 1254 - 1257 2017.8

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN

Size-controlled Rh nanoparticles stabilized by poly(vinylpyrrolidone) were quickly synthesized via alcohol reduction. Microwave-assisted synthesis in closed vessels allowed alcohols with low-to-high boiling points to be used as reductants under the same preparation conditions. Pure ethanol has not been used previously because its boiling point is lower than the temperature required for Rh3+ reduction. Alcohols with relatively strong reduction ability were found to lead to smaller Rh nanoparticles. The ability to oxidize CO was enhanced as the Rh particle size decreased.

DOI： 10.1246/cl.170440

Solid-Solution Alloying of Immiscible Ru and Cu with Enhanced CO Oxidation Activity Reviewed

Bo Huang, Hirokazu Kobayashi, Tomokazu Yamamoto, Syo Matsumura, Yoshihide Nishida, Katsutoshi Sato, Katsutoshi Nagaoka, Shogo Kawaguchi, Yoshiki Kubota, Hiroshi Kitagawa

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY Vol. 139 ( 13 ) page： 4643 - 4646 2017.4

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC

We report on novel solid-solution alloy nanoparticles (NPs) of Ru and Cu that are completely immiscible even above melting point in bulk phase. Powder X-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray measurements demonstrated that Ru and Cu atoms were homogeneously distributed in the alloy NPs. Ru0.5Cu0.5 NPs demonstrated higher CO oxidation activity than fcc-Ru NPs, which are known as one of the best monometallic CO oxidation catalysts.

DOI： 10.1021/jacs.7b01186

Other Link： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-1537

Carbon-free H-2 production from ammonia triggered at room temperature with an acidic RuO2/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst Reviewed Open Access

Katsutoshi Nagaoka, Takaaki Eboshi, Yuma Takeishi, Ryo Tasaki, Kyoko Honda, Kazuya Imamura, Katsutoshi Sato

SCIENCE ADVANCES Vol. 3 ( 4 ) page： e1602747 2017.4

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE

Ammonia has been suggested as a carbon-free hydrogen source, but a convenient method for producing hydrogen from ammonia with rapid initiation has not been developed. Ideally, this method would require no external energy input. We demonstrate hydrogen production by exposing ammonia and O-2 at room temperature to an acidic RuO2/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst. Because adsorption of ammonia onto the catalyst is exothermic, the catalyst bed is rapidly heated to the catalytic ammonia autoignition temperature, and subsequent oxidative decomposition of ammonia produces hydrogen. A differential calorimeter combined with a volumetric gas adsorption analyzer revealed a large quantity of heat evolved both with chemisorption of ammonia onto RuO2 and acidic sites on the gamma-Al2O3 and with physisorption of multiple ammonia molecules.

DOI： 10.1126/sciadv.1602747

Supported Ni catalysts prepared from hydrotalcite-like compounds for the production of hydrogen by ammonia decomposition Reviewed

Katsutoshi Sato, Naruhiko Abe, Takafumi Kawagoe, Shin-ichiro Miyahara, Kyoko Honda, Katsutoshi Nagaoka

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY Vol. 42 ( 10 ) page： 6610 - 6617 2017.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD

Ni catalysts with high surface areas were prepared from Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like compounds containing Ni with different Mg-to-Al ratios for the production of hydrogen via ammonia decomposition. At atomic ratios of Mg-to-Al from 3:1 to 6:1, Ni reduction was greater than 90%, and the amounts of Ni-0 exposed were kept at more than 200 mu mol g(-1). With the increase in Mg-to-Al ratio, turnover frequency was increased due to an increase in the basicity of the support. Of the catalysts examined, Ni_MgAl(6:1) exhibited the highest NH3 conversion, which was attributed to its relatively high basicity and large amount of Ni exposed. (C) 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.11.150

Other Link： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-1537

Electronic Structure Evolution with Composition Alteration of RhxCuy Alloy Nanoparticles Open Access

Natalia Palina, Osami Sakata, L. S. R. Kumara, Chulho Song, Katsutoshi Sato, Katsutoshi Nagaoka, Tokutaro Komatsu, Hirokazu Kobayashi, Kohei Kusada, Hiroshi Kitagawa

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Vol. 7 ( 7 ) page： 41264 2017.1

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP

The change in electronic structure of extremely small RhxCuy alloy nanoparticles (NPs) with composition variation was investigated by core-level (CL) and valence-band (VB) hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A combination of CL and VB spectra analyses confirmed that intermetallic charge transfer occurs between Rh and Cu. This is an important compensation mechanism that helps to explain the relationship between the catalytic activity and composition of RhxCuy alloy NPs. For monometallic Rh and Rh-rich alloy (Rh0.77Cu0.23) NPs, the formation of Rh surface oxide with a non-integer oxidation state (Rh(3-delta)+) resulted in high catalytic activity. Conversely, for alloy NPs with comparable Rh: Cu ratio (Rh0.53Cu0.47 and Rh0.50Cu0.50), the decreased fraction of catalytically active Rh(3-delta)+ oxide is compensated by charge transfer from Cu to Rh. As a result, ensuring negligible change in the catalytic activities of the NPs with comparable Rh: Cu ratio to those of Rh-rich and monometallic Rh NPs.

DOI： 10.1038/srep41264

A low-crystalline ruthenium nano-layer supported on praseodymium oxide as an active catalyst for ammonia synthesis Reviewed Open Access

Katsutoshi Sato, Kazuya Imamura, Yukiko Kawano, Shin-ichiro Miyahara, Tomokazu Yamamoto, Syo Matsumura, Katsutoshi Nagaoka

CHEMICAL SCIENCE Vol. 8 ( 1 ) page： 674 - 679 2017.1

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY

Ammonia is a crucial chemical feedstock for fertilizer production and is a potential energy carrier. However, the current method of synthesizing ammonia, the Haber-Bosch process, consumes a great deal of energy. To reduce energy consumption, a process and a substance that can catalyze ammonia synthesis under mild conditions (low temperature and low pressure) are strongly needed. Here we show that Ru/Pr2O3 without any dopant catalyzes ammonia synthesis under mild conditions at 1.8 times the rates reported with other highly active catalysts. Scanning transmission electron micrograph observations and energy dispersive X-ray analyses revealed the formation of low-crystalline nano-layers of ruthenium on the surface of Pr2O3. Furthermore, CO2 temperature-programmed desorption revealed that the catalyst was strongly basic. These unique structural and electronic characteristics are considered to synergistically accelerate the rate-determining step of NH3 synthesis, cleavage of the N N bond. We expect that the use of this catalyst will be a starting point for achieving efficient ammonia synthesis.

DOI： 10.1039/c6sc02382g

Other Link： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-1537

First-Principles Calculation, Synthesis, and Catalytic Properties of Rh-Cu Alloy Nanoparticles Reviewed Open Access

Tokutaro Komatsu, Hirokazu Kobayashi, Kohei Kusada, Yoshiki Kubota, Masaki Takata, Tomokazu Yamamoto, Syo Matsumura, Katsutoshi Sato, Katsutoshi Nagaoka, Hiroshi Kitagawa

CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL Vol. 23 ( 1 ) page： 57 - 60 2017.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH

The first synthesis of pure Rh1-xCux solid-solution nanoparticles is reported. In contrast to the bulk state, the solid-solution phase was stable up to 750 degrees C. Based on facile density-functional calculations, we made a prediction that the catalytic activity of Rh1-xCux can be maintained even with 50 at% replacement of Rh with Cu. The prediction was confirmed for the catalytic activities on CO and NOx conversions.

DOI： 10.1002/chem.201604286

Other Link： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-1537

Catalyst using Pd-Ru solid solution alloy fine particles Reviewed

Kitagawa Hiroshi, Kusada Kohei, Nagaoka Katsutoshi, Sato Katsutoshi, Kutubi M, Shahajahan

2016.9

A Synthetic Pseudo-Rh: NOx Reduction Activity and Electronic Structure of Pd-Ru Solid-solution Alloy Nanoparticles Reviewed Open Access

Katsutoshi Sato, Hiroyuki Tomonaga, Tomokazu Yamamoto, Syo Matsumura, Nor Diana Binti Zulkifli, Takayoshi Ishimoto, Michihisa Koyama, Kohei Kusada, Hirokazu Kobayashi, Hiroshi Kitagawa, Katsutoshi Nagaoka

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Vol. 6 ( 6 ) page： 28265 2016.6

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP

Rh is one of the most important noble metals for industrial applications. A major fraction of Rh is used as a catalyst for emission control in automotive catalytic converters because of its unparalleled activity toward NOx reduction. However, Rh is a rare and extremely expensive element; thus, the development of Rh alternative composed of abundant elements is desirable. Pd and Ru are located at the right and left of Rh in the periodic table, respectively, nevertheless this combination of elements is immiscible in the bulk state. Here, we report a Pd-Ru solid-solution-alloy nanoparticle (PdxRu1-x NP) catalyst exhibiting better NOx reduction activity than Rh. Theoretical calculations show that the electronic structure of Pd0.5Ru0.5 is similar to that of Rh, indicating that Pd0.5Ru0.5 can be regarded as a pseudo-Rh. Pd0.5Ru0.5 exhibits better activity than natural Rh, which implies promising applications not only for exhaust-gas cleaning but also for various chemical reactions.

DOI： 10.1038/srep28265

Other Link： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-1537

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