Faculty Profiles - ISHII Keiko

Preferences for facial femininity/masculinity across culture and the sexual orientation spectrum. Reviewed International coauthorship

R. Thora Bjornsdottir, Iris J. Holzleitner, Keiko Ishii

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2025.1

Self-Enhancement in Latin America: Is It Linked to Interdependence? Reviewed International coauthorship Open Access

Cristina E. Salvador, Sandra Idrovo Carlier, Keiko Ishii, Carolina Torres Castillo, Kevin Nanakdewa, Fernanda Canale Segovia, Alvaro San Martin, Krishna Savani, Shinobu Kitayama

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin page： 1461672241309387 2025.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：SAGE Publications

Although individuals of Latin American heritage ( Latin Americans in short) are considered interdependent, they also value traits like uniqueness and positivity, like individuals of European American cultural heritage, who are considered independent. It remains unclear whether this inclination toward positivity extends to a bias in self-perception known as self-enhancement. Moreover, if Latin Americans are indeed self-enhancing, it is uncertain how these tendencies align with their interdependent cultural orientation. In this article, we report three studies ( N = 1,246) with three operationalizations of self-enhancement. We found that Mexicans, Colombians, and Ecuadorians show self-enhancement that is mostly similar in magnitude to European Americans. Notably, Study 3 found that self-enhancement is related to interdependence in Latin America: Unlike European Americans, Latin Americans in Ecuador exhibited stronger self-enhancement when interdependence is primed rather than independence. Our findings suggest that among Latin American individuals, self-enhancement not only exists but also reinforces interdependence.

DOI： 10.1177/01461672241309387

The impact of online course medium on perceived learning: evidence from a retrospective panel data study of Japanese university students Reviewed

Other Link： https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1177/01461672241309387

Yuji Utsumi, Adam Smith, Yang Li, Rika Kokubun, Keiko Ishii

Educational Psychology Vol. 45 ( 1 ) page： 43 - 66 2025.1

Overcoming low status or maintaining high status? A multinational examination of the association between socioeconomic status and honour Reviewed International coauthorship

Ángel Sánchez‐Rodríguez, Conor O'Dea, Ayse K. Uskul, Alexander Kirchner‐Häusler, Vivian Vignoles, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Rendy Alfiannoor Achmad, Sonny Andrianto, Andreas Agung Kristanto, Rahkman Ardi, Cokorda Bagus Jaya Lesmana, Vanessa A. Castillo, Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon, Alfred Chan Huan Zhi, Bovornpoch Choompunuch, Susan E. Cross, Son Duc Nguyen, Elaine Frances Fernandez, Fredrick Dermawan Purba, Marc Eric S. Reyes, Meral Gezici Yalçın, Ahmad Gimmy Prathama Siswadi, Charles Harb, Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim, Shenel Husnu, Bonar Hutapea, The Huy Le Hoang, Keiko Ishii, Rozmi Ismail, Kenichi Ito, Luh Ketut Suryani, Tinnaphat Kaewyodthiwat, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Panagiota Karamaouna, Evangelia Kateri, Aqeel Khan, Nuannut Khieowan, Galang Lufityanto, Ma. Elizabeth J. Macapagal, Deviga a/p Marappan, Juan Matamoros‐Lima, Rania Miniesy, Ahmad Mustaqim Yusoff, Jinkyung Na, Zafer Özkan, Stefano Pagliaro, Charis Psaltis, Dina Rabie, Mitchell Reinhart, Ahmad Ridfah, Rosa Rodriguez‐Bailón, Mai Sumiyati Ishak, Manuel Teresi, Ma. Criselda Tengco‐Pacquing, Kulvadee Thongpibul, Minh Thuy Thi Tri, Rika Vira Zwagery, Suci Wisayanti, Chang Yau Hoon, Yukiko Uchida

British Journal of Social Psychology Vol. 64 ( 1 ) page： e12854 2025.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

Abstract

We examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and endorsement of honour. We studied the SES‐honour link in 5 studies (N = 13,635) with participants recruited in different world regions (the Mediterranean and MENA, East Asian, South‐East Asian, and Anglo‐Western regions) using measures that tap into various different facets of honour. Findings from these studies revealed that individuals who subjectively perceived themselves as belonging to a higher (vs. lower) SES endorsed various facets of honour more strongly (i.e. defence of family honour values and concerns, self‐promotion and retaliation values, masculine honour beliefs, emphasis on personal and family social image, the so‐called street code). We discuss implications of these findings for the cultural dynamics linked to SES.

DOI： 10.1111/bjso.12854

Are Mediterranean Societies “Cultures of Honor?”: Prevalence and Implications of a Cultural Logic of Honor Across Three World Regions Reviewed International coauthorship

Vivian L. Vignoles, Alexander Kirchner-Häusler, Ayse K. Uskul, Susan E. Cross, Rosa Rodriguez-Bailón, Isabella R. L. Bossom, Vanessa A. Castillo, Meral Gezici-Yalçın, Charles Harb, Keiko Ishii, Panagiota Karamaouna, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Evangelia Kateri, Juan Matamoros-Lima, Rania Miniesy, Jinkyung Na, Zafer Özkan, Stefano Pagliaro, Charis Psaltis, Dina Rabie, Manuel Teresi, Yukiko Uchida, Michael J. A. Wohl

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2024.12

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：SAGE Publications

Mediterranean societies are often labeled as “honor cultures,” in contrast with presumed “dignity” and “face” cultures of Anglo-Western and East Asian societies. We measured these cultural logics in two large-scale surveys (Studies 1 & 3: N = 2,942 students from 11 societies; Study 2: N = 5,471 adults from 14 societies). Middle Eastern and North African groups perceived honor values as the most normative in their societies, followed by Southeast European, and then Latin-European groups (who were comparable to Anglo-Western and East-Asian groups). East-Asian and Anglo-Western groups, respectively, perceived face and dignity values as most normative. Culture-level variation in perceived normative honor values, but not personal values, accounted for previously reported differences between Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean samples in several (but not all) measures of social cognitive tendencies. We conclude that a cultural logic of honor plays a role in Mediterranean societies, but labeling these societies as “honor cultures” is oversimplistic.

DOI： 10.1177/01461672241295500

Other Link： https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1177/01461672241295500

Internationalising imperatives and decolonising aspirations: Navigating social psychology teaching in Asia Reviewed International coauthorship Open Access

Takeshi Hamamura, Jose Antonio R. Clemente, Alexander S. English, Keiko Ishii, Roomana N. Siddiqui

Asian Journal of Social Psychology Vol. 27 ( 4 ) page： 911 - 922 2024.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

Abstract

Working in a field that underrepresents populations outside Western societies, social psychologists in the Asia‐Pacific region encounter challenges in conducting research and imparting knowledge about social behaviour that resonates with local contexts. This paper argues that teaching can be a pathway for social psychology to rectify this representation problem. In this study, we report the results of our survey designed to contribute to an initial understanding of how and what social psychology is currently taught. Collectively, our survey respondents teach social psychology to over 12,000 students each year across 11 societies in the region. Results indicate that social psychology is seen as a crucial part of psychology education. About 80% of the respondents agreed that students should be taught that what is known in the international literature may not apply to a local context. At the same time, about 70% of the content taught was estimated to come from Western countries. Our findings highlight an opportunity for social psychology to evolve through teaching that embraces a more inclusive approach to meet societal demands for sound psychological knowledge.

DOI： 10.1111/ajsp.12647

Open Access

Childhood adversity and health: The mediating roles of emotional expression and general trust Reviewed Open Access

Hiroki Hirano, Keiko Ishii

Frontiers in Psychology Vol. 15 page： 1493421 2024.11

Authorship：Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Frontiers Media SA

Introduction

This study examined whether adverse childhood experiences, positive emotional expressivity in personal (i.e., expressing positive emotions when good things happened to oneself) and social settings (i.e., expressing positive emotions when good things happened to others such as friends or family), and general trust predict levels of happiness and loneliness among American and Japanese participants. We also explored whether these two types of emotional expression and general trust mediate the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and happiness/loneliness.

Methods

American and Japanese participants who agreed to participate in the current study first completed the Subjective Happiness Scale. Next, they answered the Emotion Expression Questionnaire, the 5-item General Trust Scale, and the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. They then responded to the Risky Family Questionnaire. Finally, they answered demographic questions (e.g., age, gender). We hypothesized that regardless of culture, adverse childhood experiences would be negatively (positively) associated with happiness (loneliness), while positive emotional expression in personal and social settings and general trust would be positively (negatively) related to happiness (loneliness). We also predicted that positive emotional expression in both personal and social settings, as well as general trust, would mediate the relationships between adverse childhood experiences and happiness/loneliness.

Results

As expected, adverse childhood experiences were negatively (positively) associated with happiness (loneliness), while positive emotional expression in personal and social settings and general trust were positively (negatively) related to happiness (loneliness). Besides, positive emotional expression in a personal situation mediated the relationships between adverse childhood experiences and happiness/loneliness, such that greater early life adversity was negatively linked to positive emotional expressivity in a personal setting, which, in turn, predicted lower happiness and higher loneliness.

Discussion

The present study advances the understanding of psychological mechanisms linking adverse childhood experiences to happiness and loneliness by highlighting the significant role of positive emotional expression in a personal situation. This result underscores the importance of developing therapeutic practices and public health strategies that foster authentic emotional expression in response to personal achievement or fortune, regardless of cultural background.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1493421

Policy as normative influence? On the relationship between parental leave policy and social norms in gender division of childcare across 48 countries Reviewed International coauthorship

Simon Schindler, Carolin Schuster, Maria I. T. Olsson, Laura Froehlich, Ann‐Kathrin Hübner, Katharina Block, Colette Van Laar, Toni Schmader, Loes Meeussen, Sanne van Grootel, Alyssa Croft, Molly Shuyi Sun, Mare Ainsaar, Lianne Aarntzen, Magdalena Adamus, Joel Anderson, Ciara Atkinson, Mohamad Avicenna, Przemysław Bąbel, Markus Barth, Tessa Benson‐Greenwald, Edona Maloku, Jacques Berent, Hilary B. Bergsieker, Monica Biernat, Andreea Birneanu, Blerta Bodinaku, Janine Bosak, Jennifer Bosson, Marija Branković, Julius Burkauskas, Vladimíra Čavojová, Sapna Cheryan, Eunsoo Choi, Incheol Choi, Carlos C. Contreras‐Ibáñez, Andrew Coogan, Ivan Danyliuk, Ilan Dar‐Nimrod, Nilanjana Dasgupta, Soledad de Lemus, Thierry Devos, Marwan Diab, Amanda B. Diekman, Maria Efremova, Léïla Eisner, Anja Eller, Rasa Erentaite, Denisa Fedáková, Renata Franc, Leire Gartzia, Alin Gavreliuc, Dana Gavreliuc, Julija Gecaite‐Stonciene, Adriana L. Germano, Ilaria Giovannelli, Renzo Gismondi Diaz, Lyudmila Gitikhmayeva, Abiy Menkir Gizaw, Biljana Gjoneska, Omar Martínez González, Roberto González, Isaac David Grijalva, Derya Güngör, Marie Gustafsson Sendén, William Hall, Charles Harb, Bushra Hassan, Tabea Hässler, Diala R. Hawi, Levke Henningsen, Annedore Hoppe, Keiko Ishii, Ivana Jakšić, Alba Jasini, Jurgita Jurkevičienė, Kaltrina Kelmendi, Teri A. Kirby, Yoko Kitakaji, Natasza Kosakowska‐Berezecka, Inna Kozytska, Clara Kulich, Eva Kundtová‐Klocová, Filiz Kunuroglu, Christina Lapytskaia Aidy, Albert Lee, Anna Lindqvist, Wilson López‐López, Liany Luzvinda, Fridanna Maricchiolo, Delphine Martinot, Rita Anne McNamara, Alyson Meister, Tizita Lemma Melka, Narseta Mickuviene, María Isabel Miranda‐Orrego, Thadeus Mkamwa, James Morandini, Thomas Morton, David Mrisho, Jana Nikitin, Sabine Otten, Maria Giuseppina Pacilli, Elizabeth Page‐Gould, Ana Perandrés‐Gómez, Jon Pizarro, Nada Pop‐Jordanova, Joanna Pyrkosz‐Pacyna, Sameir Quta, TamilSelvan Ramis, Nitya Rani, Sandrine Redersdorff, Isabelle Régner, Emma A. Renström, Adrian Rivera‐Rodriguez, Rocha‐Sánchez Tania Esmeralda, Tatiana Ryabichenko, Rim Saab, Kiriko Sakata, Adil Samekin, Tracy Sánchez‐Pacheco, Carolin Scheifele, Marion K. Schulmeyer, Sabine Sczesny, David Sirlopú, Vanessa Smith‐Castro, Kadri Soo, Federica Spaccatini, Jennifer R. Steele, Melanie C. Steffens, Ines Sucic, Joseph Vandello, Laura Maria Velásquez‐Díaz, Melissa Vink, Eva Vives, Turuwark Zalalam Warkineh, Iris Žeželj, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Xian Zhao, Yasin Koc, Ömer Erdem Kocak, Sarah E. Martiny

British Journal of Social Psychology 2024.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

Abstract

In the present work, we addressed the relationship between parental leave policies and social norms. Using a pre‐registered, cross‐national approach, we examined the relationship between parental leave policies and the perception of social norms for the gender division of childcare. In this study, 19,259 students (11,924 women) from 48 countries indicated the degree to which they believe childcare is (descriptive norm) and should be (prescriptive norm) equally divided among mothers and fathers. Policies were primarily operationalized as the existence of parental leave options in the respective country. The descriptive and prescriptive norms of equal division of childcare were stronger when parental leave was available in a country – also when controlling for potential confounding variables. Moreover, analyses of time since policy change suggested that policy change may initially affect prescriptive norms and then descriptive norms at a later point. However, due to the cross‐sectional nature of the data, drawing causal inferences is difficult.

DOI： 10.1111/bjso.12806

Exploring emotion regulation and coping across cultures: Implications for happiness and loneliness Reviewed

Personal Relative Deprivation and Locus of Control Reviewed International coauthorship Open Access

Mitchell J. Callan, Robbie M. Sutton, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Victoria Wai Lan Yeung, Florence Y. N. Leung, Ryosuke Asano, Peter Beattie, Allan B. I. Bernardo, Chinun Boonroungrut, Jen‐Ho Chang, Anindita Chaudhuri, Chin‐Lung Chien, Hoon‐Seok Choi, Lixian Cui, Hongfei Du, Alexander Scott English, Kei Fuji, Hidefumi Hitokoto, Junko Iida, Keiko Ishii, Ding‐Yu Jiang, Yashpal Jogdand, Hyejoo J. Lee, Nobuhiro Mifune, Aya Murayama, Jinkyung Na, Kim One, Joonha Park, Kosuke Sato, Punit Shah, Suryodaya Sharma, Eunkook M. Suh, Arun Tipandjan, Michael Shengtao Wu, William J. Skylark

Journal of Personality 2024.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

ABSTRACT

Objective

We investigated the relationship between personal relative deprivation (PRD)—resentment from the belief that one is worse off than people who are similar to oneself—and locus of control.

Background

Research has yet to comprehensively investigate whether PRD is associated with a tendency to favor external (vs. internal) explanations for self‐ and other‐relevant outcomes.

Method

Eight studies (Ntotal = 6729) employed cross‐sectional, experimental, and (micro)longitudinal designs and used established trait and state measures of PRD and loci of control.

Results

Participants higher in PRD adopted more external (vs. internal) explanations for others' outcomes while controlling for socio‐demographics (e.g., socioeconomic status; Studies 1–4). This relationship was mediated by a lowered sense of personal control (Study 1) and evident in a cross‐national sample of participants in Asia (Study 2). PRD is more robustly associated with external than internal explanations for self and other‐relevant outcomes (Studies 5–8), and within‐person changes in PRD are positively associated with within‐person changes in external explanations (month‐to‐month and day‐to‐day; Studies 7–8).

Conclusions

PRD is positively associated with external locus of control independent of socioeconomic status, within and between people, and across cultures. This research highlights the implications of PRD for people's construal of the causal forces that govern their lives.

DOI： 10.1111/jopy.12980

Empathic concern promotes social support-seeking: A cross-cultural study. Reviewed

Shaofeng Zheng, Rina Tanaka, Keiko Ishii

Emotion 2024.10

Subjective well-being can be predicted by caudate volume and promotion focus. Reviewed

Matsunaga M, Ohtsubo Y, Ishii K, Tsuboi H, Suzuki K, Takagishi H

Brain structure & function Vol. 229 page： 2315 - 2326 2024.7

Hiroki Hirano, Keiko Ishii

Asian Journal of Social Psychology Vol. 27 page： 613 - 625 2024.4

Authorship：Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

Abstract

Previous studies have documented cultural gaps in levels of well‐being, particularly within the contexts of individualistic and collectivistic nations. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the disparities remain incompletely understood. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to explore how cross‐cultural differences in the use of emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) and coping (problem‐focused and avoidant coping) predict health outcomes, specifically happiness and loneliness. As expected, the results of structural equation modelling demonstrated that American participants were more likely to use reappraisal and problem‐focused coping, both of which were positively associated with happiness but negatively linked to loneliness. In contrast, Japanese participants tended to lean toward suppression and avoidant coping, resulting in lower happiness and greater loneliness. Overall, the present findings affirm the substantial influence of cultural norms and values on regulatory strategies individuals employ in response to daily stressors, which are inextricably tied to human functioning.

DOI： 10.1111/ajsp.12619

Empathy and need for closure are linked to moral foundations and political orientation: A replication study in Japan Reviewed

Park Goun, Ishii Keiko

THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 63 ( 2 ) page： 61 - 66 2024.3

Authorship：Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japanese Group Dynamics Association

Scholars have explained political orientation and morality as a consequence of epistemic needs and empathic motivation. In this study, we replicate previous research on the influence of psychological states on moral foundations, system justification, and political orientation among Japanese participants. Consistent with previous findings, empathy is positively associated with care and fairness (called individualizing foundations) whereas epistemic needs to manage certainty (e.g., need for closure) are positively associated with ingroup loyalty, respect for authority, and purity (called binding foundations). Empathy and the need for closure indirectly affect political orientation and system justification through their influence on moral foundations. Contrary to previous findings, we find empathy to be positively associated with binding foundations whereas the need for closure is positively associated with individualizing foundations. We discuss the implications of these findings to show that moral foundations are a result of motivated social cognition.

DOI： 10.2130/jjesp.2218

CiNii Research

The Misandry Myth: An Inaccurate Stereotype About Feminists’ Attitudes Toward Men Reviewed International coauthorship

Aífe Hopkins-Doyle, Aino L. Petterson, Stefan Leach, Hannah Zibell, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Sharmaine Binti Abdul Rahim, Jemima Blake, Cristina Bosco, Kimberley Cherrie-Rees, Ami Beadle, Victoria Cock, Hazel Greer, Antonina Jankowska, Kaitlin Macdonald, Alexander Scott English, Victoria Wai Lan YEUNG, Ryosuke Asano, Peter Beattie, Allan B. I. Bernardo, Chinun Boonroungrut, Anindita Chaudhuri, Chin-Lung Chien, Hoon-Seok Choi, Lixian Cui, Hongfei Du, Kei Fuji, Hidefumi Hitokoto, Junko Iida, Keiko Ishii, Ding-Yu Jiang, Yashpal Jogdand, Hyejoo J. Lee, Nobuhiro Mifune, Chanki Moon, Aya Murayama, Jinkyung Na, Kim One, Joonha Park, Kosuke Sato, Suryodaya Sharma, Eunkook M. Suh, Arun Tipandjan, Robbie M. Sutton

Psychology of Women Quarterly Vol. 48 ( 1 ) page： 8 - 37 2024.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：SAGE Publications

In six studies, we examined the accuracy and underpinnings of the damaging stereotype that feminists harbor negative attitudes toward men. In Study 1 ( n = 1,664), feminist and nonfeminist women displayed similarly positive attitudes toward men. Study 2 ( n = 3,892) replicated these results in non-WEIRD countries and among male participants. Study 3 ( n = 198) extended them to implicit attitudes. Investigating the mechanisms underlying feminists’ actual and perceived attitudes, Studies 4 ( n = 2,092) and 5 (nationally representative UK sample, n = 1,953) showed that feminists (vs. nonfeminists) perceived men as more threatening, but also more similar, to women. Participants also underestimated feminists’ warmth toward men, an error associated with hostile sexism and a misperception that feminists see men and women as dissimilar. Random-effects meta-analyses of all data (Study 6, n = 9,799) showed that feminists’ attitudes toward men were positive in absolute terms and did not differ significantly from nonfeminists'. An important comparative benchmark was established in Study 6, which showed that feminist women's attitudes toward men were no more negative than men's attitudes toward men. We term the focal stereotype the misandry myth in light of the evidence that it is false and widespread, and discuss its implications for the movement.

DOI： 10.1177/03616843231202708

Other Link： http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1177/03616843231202708

Proximal and distal honor fit and subjective well‐being in the Mediterranean region Reviewed International coauthorship

Alexander Kirchner‐Häusler, Felix D. Schönbrodt, Ayse K. Uskul, Vivian L. Vignoles, Rosa Rodríguez‐Bailón, Vanessa A. Castillo, Susan E. Cross, Meral Gezici‐Yalçın, Charles Harb, Shenel Husnu, Keiko Ishii, Panagiota Karamaouna, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Evangelia Kateri, Juan Matamoros‐Lima, Rania Miniesy, Jinkyung Na, Zafer Özkan, Stefano Pagliaro, Charis Psaltis, Dina Rabie, Manuel Teresi, Yukiko Uchida

Journal of Personality Vol. 92 ( 1 ) page： 38 - 54 2024.2

Did Descriptive and Prescriptive Norms About Gender Equality at Home Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Cross-National Investigation. International journal

Franziska Magdalena Saxler, Angela R Dorrough, Laura Froehlich, Katharina Block, Alyssa Croft, Loes Meeussen, Maria Olsson, Toni Schmader, Carolin Schuster, Sanne van Grootel, Colette Van Laar, Ciara Atkinson, Tessa Benson-Greenwald, Andreea Birneanu, Vladimira Cavojova, Sapna Cheryan, Albert Lee Kai Chung, Ivan Danyliuk, Ilan Dar-Nimrod, Soledad de Lemus, Amanda Diekman, Léïla Eisner, Lucía Estevan-Reina, Denisa Fedáková, Alin Gavreliuc, Dana Gavreliuc, Adriana Germano, Tabea Hässler, Levke Henningsen, Keiko Ishii, Eva Kundtová Klocová, Inna Kozytska, Clara Kulich, Christina Lapytskaia Aidy, Wilson López López, James Morandini, TamilSelvan Ramis, Carolin Scheifele, Jennifer Steele, Melanie C Steffens, Laura María Velásquez Díaz, Mar Venegas, Sarah E Martiny

Personality & social psychology bulletin page： 1461672231219719 - 1461672231219719 2024.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Using data from 15 countries, this article investigates whether descriptive and prescriptive gender norms concerning housework and child care (domestic work) changed after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of a total of 8,343 participants (M = 19.95, SD = 1.68) from two comparable student samples suggest that descriptive norms about unpaid domestic work have been affected by the pandemic, with individuals seeing mothers' relative to fathers' share of housework and child care as even larger. Moderation analyses revealed that the effect of the pandemic on descriptive norms about child care decreased with countries' increasing levels of gender equality; countries with stronger gender inequality showed a larger difference between pre- and post-pandemic. This study documents a shift in descriptive norms and discusses implications for gender equality-emphasizing the importance of addressing the additional challenges that mothers face during health-related crises.

DOI： 10.1177/01461672231219719