Faculty Profiles - SHINBORI Atsuki

Electromagnetic conjugacy of ionospheric disturbances after the 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption as seen in GNSS-TEC and SuperDARN Hokkaido pair of radars observations Reviewed

A. Shinbori, Y. Otsuka, T. Sori, M. Nishioka, S. Perwitasari, T. T. Tsuda, N. Nishitani

Earth Planets Space Vol. 74 ( 1 ) page： 106 2022.7

A confirmation of vertical acoustic resonance and field-aligned current generation just after the 2022 Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption Reviewed

Iyemori, T; Nishioka, M; Otsuka, Y; Shinbori, A

EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE Vol. 74 ( 1 ) 2022.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Earth, Planets and Space

A strong volcanic eruption caused a clear vertical acoustic resonance between the sea surface and the thermosphere. Its effects are observed as geomagnetic and GPS-TEC oscillations near the volcano and its geomagnetic conjugate area. The geomagnetic oscillations are observed at Apia and Honolulu geomagnetic observatories with amplitude of about 2 nT and 0.2 nT, respectively. The volcanic eruption started around 04:14 UT on January 15, 2022. The oscillations appeared at 04:21UT at Apia, Samoa, only about 7 min after the start of eruption. Because the distance between the volcano and Apia is about 841 km, it takes about 40 min for a sound wave to propagate from the volcano to Apia. Therefore, it is more plausible to assume that the magnetic oscillation observed at Apia about 7 min after the eruption is caused by the sound waves propagated vertically upward to the ionosphere and generated an electric current. The coherent appearance of geomagnetic oscillation at Honolulu located near the geomagnetic conjugate point of the volcano strongly support the idea that the ionospheric current generated over the volcano diverted as a field-aligned current which flew to the opposite hemisphere and caused the geomagnetic oscillation at Honolulu. The earliest start of GPS-TEC oscillation was around 04:15UT near the volcanic eruption, and it was around 04:20 UT at KOKV station in Hawaii. The time-lag of the TEC variations between Samoa and Hawaii obtained by a cross-correlation analysis is 4.5 min or 8.5 min. These time differences are much smaller than the travel time of the seismic waves from the volcano to Hawaii islands. Therefore, it is suggested that the electric field transmitted along geomagnetic field caused the TEC variation observed over Hawaii Islands. A sawtooth waveform of geomagnetic oscillation observed at Apia and Honolulu is analyzed and a possible generation mechanism is discussed. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-022-01653-y

On the Role of E-F Region Coupling in the Generation of Nighttime MSTIDs During Summer and Equinox: Case Studies Over Northern Germany Reviewed

Sivakandan, M; Martinis, C; Otsuka, Y; Chau, JL; Norrell, J; Mielich, J; Conte, JF; Stolle, C; Rodríguez-Zuluaga, J; Shinbori, A; Nishioka, M; Tsugawa, T

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 127 ( 5 ) 2022.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Simultaneous observations from a 630 nm all-sky airglow imager, GNSS-TEC receivers, and an ionosonde are used to investigate the role of E- and F-region coupling on the generation of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). The primary observations are OI 630 nm airglow images taken by an all-sky imager in Kühlungsborn (54.07°N; 11.46°E, 53.79°N Mlat.), a site in northern Germany. Out of 226 nights of observations, MSTIDs were found only in 18 nights, demonstrating the low occurrence rate over Kühlungsborn. We focused on four MSTIDs events: two during the vernal equinox and two during summer. Coincident measurements of detrended GNSS-TEC supported the presence of MSTIDs during the selected events, and simultaneous observations from the ionosonde in Juliusruh (54.60°N, 13.4°E, 54.02°N Mlat.) showed sporadic-E (Es) layer and spread-F activity in the E- and F-region, respectively. We observed the onset of the observed MSTIDs to be around the 15°–20°E longitude and 60–45°N latitude belts. Additionally, we found that in each case, the onset of MSTIDs coincides with the presence of an Es layer with sporadic-E trace is observed (foEs) exceeding 4 MHz. This suggests that an Es layer with foEs ≥ 4MHz was a source of the generation of these MSTIDs. Altitude of the Es layer could be another important factor in generating MSTIDs. The Es layer should exist at an altitude where Hall conductivity is large, as happened in the present study.

DOI： 10.1029/2021JA030159

Generation Mechanisms of Plasma Density Irregularity in the Equatorial Ionosphere During a Geomagnetic Storm on 21–22 December 2014 Reviewed

T. Sori, A. Shinbori, Y. Otsuka, T. Tsugawa, M. Nishioka, A. Yoshikawa

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Vol. 127 ( 5 ) 2022.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

The equatorial ionosphere endured plasma density irregularities during a geomagnetic storm on 21–22 December 2014. To understand the underlying mechanism, we analyzed the rate of the total electron content change (ROTI) data obtained from a global navigation satellite system, along with solar wind, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), geomagnetic indices, Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar, and magnetometer data. The results indicate that the ROTI enhancement related to plasma density irregularities (plasma bubbles) occurred three times in the equatorial and low latitude regions of the American sector during the geomagnetic storm. The first, second, and third enhancements which have a longitudinal extent of ∼20° appeared in the post-sunset, pre-midnight, and post-midnight sectors, respectively. The second enhancement occurred during the recovery phase of the storm-time substorm even though the IMF remained southward. During this period, the direction of the dayside equatorial electrojet (EEJ) changed from eastward to westward, while the nightside upward plasma velocity at Jicamarca increased to 28.8 m/s. The response of the EEJ and upward ion drift implies that the westward and eastward electric fields were intensified on the dayside and nightside, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest that an over-shielding electric field penetrates the dayside/nightside equator simultaneously in association with a substorm recovery phase, and that the electric field generates plasma bubbles by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability mechanism. Plasma bubbles induced by the penetration of an over-shielding electric field due to substorm activity have not previously been reported.

DOI： 10.1029/2021JA030240

Propagation Direction Analyses of Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed Over North America With GPS-TEC Perturbation Maps by Three-Dimensional Spectral Analysis Method Reviewed

Septi Perwitasari, Takuji Nakamura, Takuya Tsugawa, Michi Nishioka, Yoshihiro Tomikawa, Mitsumu K. Ejiri, Masaru Kogure, Yuichi Otsuka, Atsuki Shinbori, Hidekatsu Jin, Chihiro Tao

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 127 ( 1 ) 2022.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

We applied a novel three-dimensional spectral analysis method to GPS-TEC perturbation (GPS-TECP) maps to study the propagation direction of daytime and nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) over North America. By this method, we can automatically calculate the phase velocity spectrum and directionality of MSTIDs. We focused on the periods of high MSTIDs occurrence, namely, June-July 2006 and November-December 2006, to study nighttime and daytime MSTIDs. We divided North America into the west (100 degrees-130 degrees W, 25 degrees-55 degrees N) and east (70 degrees-100 degrees W, 25 degrees-55 degrees N) parts. Our results show that both daytime and nighttime MSTID propagations exhibit strong longitudinal variations as a function of local time and day-to-day variations. The power peaks of daytime MSTIDs are from 10:00-16:00 LT in the west part and 10:00-14:00 LT in the east part. The predominant propagation directions of daytime MSTIDs are southward (southeastward) in the west (east). The daytime local time variations demonstrate that the MSTIDs display directional change in the west part; however, a similar directional change is not very pronounced in the east part. The local time variations of nighttime MSTIDs shows the power peaks from 22:00-02:00 LT in the west and 20:00-00:00 LT in the east. We found that the predominant propagation direction in the west part is westward with a wider azimuthal band (similar to 210 degrees-300 degrees) than the east part (similar to 210 degrees-240 degrees). By comparing nighttime propagation directions between the western and eastern parts, we reached the conclusion that the magnetic declination angle affects the propagation direction.

DOI： 10.1029/2020JA028791

Statistical Behavior of Large-Scale Ionospheric Disturbances From High Latitudes to Mid-Latitudes During Geomagnetic Storms Using 20-yr GNSS-TEC Data: Dependence on Season and Storm Intensity Reviewed

Shinbori, A; Otsuka, Y; Sori, T; Tsugawa, T; Nishioka, M

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 127 ( 1 ) 2022.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

To establish the statistical behavior of ionospheric TEC variations from high latitudes to mid-latitudes during the main and recovery phases of geomagnetic storms, we conducted a superposed epoch analysis of interplanetary magnetic field, solar wind, geomagnetic indices (AE and SYM-H), and global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-total electron content (TEC) data for 20 yr (2000–2019). In this study, we identify 663 geomagnetic storm events with the minimum SYM-H value of less than −40 nT and investigate the characteristics of the TEC variations for the weak (−60 ≤ SYM-Hmin < −40 nT), moderate (−100 ≤ SYM-Hmin < −60 nT), and strong (−150 ≤ SYM-Hmin < −100 nT) geomagnetic storms. The main results obtained from the present study are as follows: (a) The TEC enhancements related to the tongue of ionization (TOI), auroral oval, and storm-enhanced density (SED) plume are more dominant in winter than in summer during the main phase of geomagnetic storms. (b) The structure of the mid-latitude trough in the nighttime sector becomes unclear in winter. (c) The TEC depletion at auroral and mid-latitudes (40°–70° GMLAT: geomagnetic latitude) starts to appear in the morning sector (8–10 hr GMLT: geomagnetic local time) during the main phase of geomagnetic storms and the decreased region extends in the lower latitude and GMLT directions with time. The negative storm activity tends to be enhanced significantly as the storm intensity becomes larger. The activity of the TEC depletion is dominant in summer than in winter, which is agreement with the classical ionospheric storm scenario.

DOI： 10.1029/2021JA029687

Propagation Mechanism of Medium Wave Broadcasting Waves Observed by the Arase Satellite: Hectometric Line Spectra Reviewed

Kozo Hashimoto, Atsuki Shinbori, Yuichi Otsuka, Fuminori Tsuchiya, Atsushi Kumamoto, Yoshiya Kasahara, Ayako Matsuoka, Isamu Nagano, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, Tatsuhiro Yokoyama

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Vol. 126 ( 11 ) 2021.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

A new type of terrestrial line spectra found by the Arase satellite was reported in 2018. These spectra are called “hectometric line spectra (HLS)”. They primarily consist of constant frequency narrowband components at frequencies between 525 kHz and 1,700 kHz, which originate and are sometimes amplified from AM broadcasting waves. In addition to these, other generated emissions are observed. Entrances and the mode conversion of the AM broadcasting waves into the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere with plasma density depletion called plasma bubbles are observed. Electron density profiles and equatorial plasma bubbles are examined through Global Positioning System (GPS)-Total electron content (TEC) analyses. As a result, the Arase satellite which observed the HLS passed through the TEC depression region near the equatorial ionosphere associated with plasma bubbles. The scenario based on the mode conversion of the L-O mode to the Z mode and vice versa was confirmed with observations and GPS-TEC analyses. Another entrance when foF2 estimated from TEC is lower than 1,000 kHz instead of a plasma bubble is also found. No mode conversion is necessary, then.

DOI： 10.1029/2021JA029813

Field‐Aligned Electron Density Distribution of the Inner Magnetosphere Inferred From Coordinated Observations of Arase and Van Allen Probes Reviewed

Yuki Obana, Yukinaga Miyashita, Naomi Maruyama, Atsuki Shinbori, Masahito Nosé, Masafumi Shoji, Atsushi Kumamoto, Fuminori Tsuchiya, Shoya Matsuda, Ayako Matsuoka, Yoshiya Kasahara, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, Iku Shinohara, William S. Kurth, Charles W. Smith, Robert J. MacDowall

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Vol. 126 ( 10 ) 2021.10

Plasma depletions lasting into daytime during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm in May 2017: Analysis and simulation of GPS total electron content observations Reviewed

Otsuka, Y; Shinbori, A; Sori, T; Tsugawa, T; Nishioka, M; Huba, JD

EARTH AND PLANETARY PHYSICS Vol. 5 ( 5 ) page： 427 - 434 2021.9

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Earth and Planetary Physics

This paper reports that plasma density depletions appearing at middle latitudes near sunrise survived until afternoon on 29 May 2017 during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm. By analyzing GPS data collected in Japan, we investigate temporal variations in the horizontal two-dimensional distribution of total electron content (TEC) during the geomagnetic storm. The SYM-H index reached −142 nT around 08 UT on 28 May 2017. TEC depletions extending up to approximately 38°N along the meridional direction appeared over Japan around 05 LT (LT = UT + 9 hours) on 29 May 2017, when TEC rapidly increased at sunrise due to the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. The TEC depletions appeared sequentially over Japan for approximately 8 hours in sunlit conditions. At 06 LT on 29 May, when the plasma depletions first appeared over Japan, the background TEC was enhanced to approximately 17 TECU, and then decreased to approximately 80% of the TEC typical of magnetically quiet conditions. We conclude that this temporal variation of background plasma density in the ionosphere was responsible for the persistence of these plasma depletions for so long in daytime. By using the Naval Research Laboratory: Sami2 is Another Model of the Ionosphere (SAMI2), we have evaluated how plasma production and ambipolar diffusion along the magnetic field may affect the rate of plasma depletion disappearance. Simulation shows that the plasma density increases at the time of plasma depletion appearance; subsequent decreases in the plasma density appear to be responsible for the long-lasting persistence of plasma depletions during daytime. The plasma density depletion in the top side ionosphere is not filled by the plasma generated by the solar EUV productions because plasma production occurs mainly at the bottom side of the ionosphere.

DOI： 10.26464/epp2021046

Evidence for the In-Situ Generation of Plasma Depletion Structures Over the Transition Region of Geomagnetic Low-Mid Latitude Reviewed

Sivakandan, M; Mondal, S; Sarkhel, S; Chakrabarty, D; Krishna, MVS; Upadhayaya, AK; Shinbori, A; Sori, T; Kannaujiya, S; Ray, PKC

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 126 ( 9 ) 2021.9

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

On a geomagnetic quiet night of October 29, 2018, we captured an observational evidence of the onset of dark band structures within the field-of-view of an all-sky airglow imager operating at 630.0 nm over a geomagnetic low-mid latitude transition region, Hanle, Leh Ladakh. Simultaneous ionosonde observations over New Delhi shows the occurrence of spread-F in the ionograms. Additionally, virtual and peak height indicate vertical upliftment in the F layer altitude and reduction in the ionospheric peak frequency were also observed when the dark band pass through the ionosonde location. All these results confirmed that the observed depletions are indeed associated with ionospheric F region plasma irregularities. The rate of total electron content index (ROTI) indicates the absence of plasma bubble activities over the equatorial/low latitude region which confirms that the observed event is a mid-latitude plasma depletion. Our calculations reveal that the growth time of the plasma depletion is ∼2 h if one considers only the Perkins instability mechanism. This is not consistent with the present observations as the plasma depletion developed within ∼25 min. By invoking possible Es layer instabilities and associated E-F region coupling, we show that the growth rate increases roughly by an order of magnitude. This strongly suggests that the Cosgrove and Tsunoda mechanism may be simultaneously operational in this case. Furthermore, it is also suggested that reduced F region flux-tube integrated conductivity in the southern part of onset region created conducive background conditions for the growth of the plasma depletion on this night.

DOI： 10.1029/2020JA028837

Relationship Between the Locations of the Midlatitude Trough and Plasmapause Using GNSS‐TEC and Arase Satellite Observation Data Reviewed

Atsuki Shinbori, Yuichi Otsuka, Takuya Tsugawa, Michi Nishioka, Atsushi Kumamoto, Fuminori Tsuchiya, Shoya Matsuda, Yoshiya Kasahara, Ayako Matsuoka

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Vol. 126 ( 5 ) 2021.5

The Occurrence Feature of Plasma Bubbles in the Equatorial to Midlatitude Ionosphere During Geomagnetic Storms Using Long-Term GNSS-TEC Data Reviewed

Sori, T; Shinbori, A; Otsuka, Y; Tsugawa, T; Nishioka, M

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 126 ( 5 ) 2021.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

We performed a superposed epoch analysis of solar wind, interplanetary magnetic field, geomagnetic index, and the rate of total electron content (TEC) index (ROTI) derived from global navigation satellite system-TEC data during 652 geomagnetic storm events (minimum SYM-H < −40 nT), to clarify the occurrence features and causes of storm-time plasma bubbles in the equatorial to mid-latitude ionosphere. In this analysis, we defined the time of the SYM-H minimum as the zero epoch. As a result, the ROTI enhancement started at the duskside magnetic equator and expanded to higher latitudes during the main phase. Approximately 1 h after the onset of the recovery phase, the ROTI values at the magnetic equator in the dusk-to-midnight sectors decreased while those in the dawn sector increased. This situation persisted for at least 12 h. The ratio of the ROTI during the main phase to that during the quiet period in the dusk sector is the largest in May–July. The ratio of the ROTI during the recovery phase decreased during dusk with increasing solar activity. Considering the requirement of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, the difference in the magnetic local time of the ROTI signature, between the main and recovery phases, can be explained by a local time distribution of storm-time electric fields associated with a prompt penetration electric field and disturbance dynamo. This implies that the occurrence feature of the plasma bubble is different from that during quiet times when the input of solar wind energy to the magnetosphere and ionosphere increases significantly.

DOI： 10.1029/2020JA029010

Simultaneous Observation of Two Isolated Proton Auroras at Subauroral Latitudes by a Highly Sensitive All-Sky Camera and Van Allen Probes Reviewed

Nakamura, K; Shiokawa, K; Otsuka, Y; Shinbori, A; Miyoshi, Y; Connors, M; Spence, H; Reeves, G; Funsten, HO; MacDowall, R; Smith, C; Wygant, J; Bonnell, J

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 126 ( 5 ) 2021.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Isolated proton auroras (IPAs) appearing at subauroral latitudes are generated by energetic protons precipitating from the magnetosphere through interaction with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. An IPA thus indicates the spatial scale and temporal variation of wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere. In this study, a unique event of simultaneous ground and magnetospheric satellite observations of two IPAs were conducted on March 16, 2015, using an all-sky imager at Athabasca, Canada and Van Allen Probes. The Van Allen Probes observed two isolated EMIC waves with frequencies of ∼1 and 0.4 Hz at L ≈ 5.0 when the satellite footprint crossed over the two IPAs. This suggests that the IPAs were caused by localized EMIC waves. Proton flux at 5–20 keV increased locally when the EMIC waves appeared. Electron flux at energies below ∼500 eV also increased. Temperature anisotropy of the energetic protons was estimated at 1.5–2.5 over a wide L-value range of 3.0–5.2. Electron density gradually decreased from L = 3.5 to 5.4, suggesting that the EMIC wave at L ≈ 5.0 was located in the gradual plasmapause. From these observations, we conclude that the localized IPAs and associated EMIC waves took place because of localized enhancement of energetic proton flux and plasma density structure near the plasmapause. The magnetic field observed by the satellite showed small variation during the wave observation, indicating that the IPAs were accompanied by the weak field-aligned current.

DOI： 10.1029/2020JA029078

Model-based reproduction and validation of the total spectra of a solar flare and their impact on the global environment at the X9.3 event of September 6, 2017 Reviewed

Kyoko Watanabe, Hidekatsu Jin, Shohei Nishimoto, Shinsuke Imada, Toshiki Kawai, Tomoko Kawate, Yuichi Otsuka, Atsuki Shinbori, Takuya Tsugawa, Michi Nishioka

Earth, Planets and Space Vol. 73 ( 1 ) 2021.4

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC

<title>Abstract</title>We attempted to reproduce the total electron content (TEC) variation in the Earth's atmosphere from the temporal variation of the solar flare spectrum of the X9.3 flare on September 6, 2017. The flare spectrum from the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model (FISM), and the flare spectrum from the 1D hydrodynamic model, which considers the physics of plasma in the flare loop, are used in the GAIA model, which is a simulation model of the Earth's whole atmosphere and ionosphere, to calculate the TEC difference. We then compared these results with the observed TEC. When we used the FISM flare spectrum, the difference in TEC from the background was in a good agreement with the observation. However, when the flare spectrum of the 1D-hydrodynamic model was used, the result varied depending on the presence or absence of the background. This difference depending on the models is considered to represent which extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is primarily responsible for increasing TEC. From the flare spectrum obtained from these models and the calculation result of TEC fluctuation using GAIA, it is considered that the enhancement in EUV emission by approximately 15<bold>–</bold>35 nm mainly contributes in increasing TEC rather than that of X-ray emission, which is thought to be mainly responsible for sudden ionospheric disturbance. In addition, from the altitude/wavelength distribution of the ionization rate of Earth's atmosphere by GAIA (Ground-to-topside Atmosphere and Ionosphere model for Aeronomy), it was found that EUV radiation of approximately 15<bold>–</bold>35 nm affects a wide altitude range of 120<bold>–</bold>300 km, and TEC enhancement is mainly caused by the ionization of nitrogen molecules.

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-021-01376-6

Multi‐Event Analysis of Plasma and Field Variations in Source of Stable Auroral Red (SAR) Arcs in Inner Magnetosphere During Non‐Storm‐Time Substorms Reviewed

Other Link： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40623-021-01376-6/fulltext.html

Yudai Inaba, Kazuo Shiokawa, Shin‐ichiro Oyama, Yuichi Otsuka, Martin Connors, Ian Schofield, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, Shun Imajo, Atsuki Shinbori, Artem Yu Gololobov, Yoichi Kazama, Shiang‐Yu Wang, Sunny W. Y. Tam, Tzu‐Fang Chang, Bo‐Jhou Wang, Kazushi Asamura, Shoichiro Yokota, Satoshi Kasahara, Kunihiro Keika, Tomoaki Hori, Ayako Matsuoka, Yoshiya Kasahara, Atsushi Kumamoto, Shoya Matsuda, Yasumasa Kasaba, Fuminori Tsuchiya, Masafumi Shoji, Masahiro Kitahara, Satoko Nakamura, Iku Shinohara, Harlan E. Spence, Geoff D. Reeves, Robert J. Macdowall, Charles W. Smith, John R. Wygant, John W. Bonnell

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Vol. 126 ( 4 ) 2021.4

Comparison of seasonal and longitudinal variation of daytime MSTID activity using GPS observation and GAIA simulations Reviewed

Sivakandan, M; Otsuka, Y; Ghosh, P; Shinagawa, H; Shinbori, A; Miyoshi, Y

EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE Vol. 73 ( 1 ) 2021.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Earth, Planets and Space

The total electron content (TEC) data derived from the GAIA (Ground-to-topside model of Atmosphere Ionosphere for Aeronomy) is used to study the seasonal and longitudinal variation of occurrence of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) during daytime (09:00–15:00 LT) for the year 2011 at eight locations in northern and southern hemispheres, and the results are compared with ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS)-TEC. To derive TEC variations caused by MSTIDs from the GAIA (GPS) data, we obtained detrended TEC by subtracting 2-h (1-h) running average from the TEC, and calculated standard deviation of the detrended TEC in 2 h (1 h). MSTID activity was defined as a ratio of the standard deviation to the averaged TEC. Both GAIA simulation and GPS observations data show that daytime MSTID activities in the northern and southern hemisphere (NH and SH) are higher in winter than in other seasons. From the GAIA simulation, the amplitude of the meridional wind variations, which could be representative of gravity waves (GWs), shows two peaks in winter and summer. The winter peak in the amplitude of the meridional wind variations coincides with the winter peak of the daytime MSTIDs, indicating that the high GW activity is responsible for the high MSTID activity. On the other hand, the MSTID activity does not increase in summer. This is because the GWs in the thermosphere propagate poleward in summer, and equatorward in winter, and the equatorward-propagating GWs cause large plasma density perturbations compared to the poleward-propagating GWs. Longitudinal variation of daytime MSTID activity in winter is seen in both hemispheres. The MSTID activity during winter in the NH is higher over Japan than USA, and the MSTID activity during winter in the SH is the highest in South America. In a nutshell, GAIA can successfully reproduce the seasonal and longitudinal variation of the daytime MSTIDs. This study confirms that GWs cause the daytime MSTIDs in GAIA and amplitude and propagation direction of the GWs control the noted seasonal variation. GW activities in the middle and lower atmosphere cause the longitudinal variation. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-021-01369-5

Solar activity dependence of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances using GPS receivers in Japan Reviewed

Otsuka, Y; Shinbori, A; Tsugawa, T; Nishioka, M

EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE Vol. 73 ( 1 ) 2021.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Earth, Planets and Space

In order to reveal solar activity dependence of the medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) at midlatitudes, total electron content (TEC) data obtained from a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver network in Japan during 22 years from 1998 to 2019 were analyzed. We have calculated the detrended TEC by subtracting the 1-h running average from the original TEC data for each satellite and receiver pair, and made two-dimensional TEC maps of the detrended TEC with a spatial resolution of 0.15° × 0.15° in longitude and latitude. We have investigated MSTID activity, defined as δI/ I¯ , where δI and I¯ are standard deviation of the detrended TEC and the average vertical TEC within the area of 133.0°–137.0° E and 33.0°–37.0° N for 1 h, respectively. From each 2-h time series of the detrended TEC data within the same area as the MSTID activity, auto-correlation functions (ACFs) of the detrended TEC were calculated to estimate the horizontal propagation velocity and direction of the MSTIDs. Statistical results of the MSTID activity and propagation direction of MSTIDs were consistent with previous studies and support the idea that daytime MSTIDs could be caused by atmospheric gravity waves, and that nighttime MSTIDs were caused by electro-dynamical forces, such as the Perkins instability. From the current long-term observations, we have found that the nighttime MSTID activity and occurrence rate increased with decreasing solar activity. For the daytime MSTID, the occurrence rate increased with decreasing solar activity, whereas the MSTID activity did not show distinct solar activity dependence. These results suggest that the secondary gravity waves generated by dissipation of the primary gravity waves propagating from below increase under low solar activity conditions. The mean horizontal phase velocity of the MSTIDs during nighttime did not show a distinct solar activity dependence, whereas that during daytime showed an anticorrelation with solar activity. The horizontal phase velocity of the daytime MSTIDs was widely distributed from 40 to 180 m/s under high solar activity conditions, whereas it ranged between 80 and 200 m/s, with a maximum occurrence at 130 m/s under low solar activity conditions, suggesting that gravity waves with low phase velocity could be dissipated by high viscosity in the thermosphere under low solar activity conditions. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-020-01353-5