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Award type：Award from publisher, newspaper, foundation, etc.  Country：Japan

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

To investigate solar activity dependence of the coupling between medium-scale traveling ionosphere disturbance (MSTID) and sporadic E (Es) layer, we analyzed the total electron content (TEC) obtained from a Japanese global positioning system (GPS) receivers and ionosonde at Kokubunji (35.7° N, 139.5° E) in Japan during the summer period of May–August from 1998 to 2019. To obtain perturbation TEC caused by MSTIDs, the detrended TEC is calculated by subtracting 1-h moving averages from the measured TEC for each pair of GPS satellite and receiver. The detrended TEC data are mapped on to the geographical coordinates to make detrended 2-D maps with spatial resolution of 0.15° × 0.15° in longitude and latitude. The MSTID activity is defined as a ratio of the standard deviation to the background TEC over Kokubunji in Japan. Day-to-day variations of the MSTID activity during summer nights was compared to Es layer parameters [critical frequency (foEs) and Δfo-b≡foEs-fbE, where fbEs is blanketing frequency] derived from ionosonde station at Kokubunji. We have found that the correlation coefficient between the MSTID activity and foEs(Δfo-b) between 1998 and 2019 is 0.5 3 (0.46) on average, suggesting that there is an electrodynamical coupling between the Es layer and F region could generate nighttime MSTIDs. We also have found that the correlation coefficient positively correlates with solar activity. This finding indicates that in the high solar activity conditions, when the growth rate of Perkins instability is relatively low, generation of the polarization electric fields in the Es layer could play a more important role to grow MSTIDs than in the low solar activity conditions. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.)

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-024-02023-6

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An unseasonal equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) event occurred in the East/Southeast Asian sector during the geomagnetic storm on 1 December 2023, causing strong amplitude scintillations from equatorial to middle latitudes. Based on the observations from multiple instruments over a large latitudinal and longitudinal region, the spatial features of the super EPB were investigated. The EPB developed vertically at a fast rising speed ∼470 m/s over the magnetic equator and extended to a very high middle latitude more than 40°N, despite that the storm intensity was not very strong with the minimum SYM-H index −132 nT. In the zonal direction, the super EPB covered over a specific region ∼95–140°E, where the local sunset roughly coincided with southward turning of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz component. Before the onset of the super EPB, significant upward plasma drift up to ∼110 m/s was observed over the magnetic equator, which could amplify the growth rate of Rayleigh-Taylor instability and lead to the generation of the super EPB. The significant drift was likely caused by eastward penetration electric field (PEF) due to sharp southward turning of IMF Bz. The local time of storm onset and duration of IMF Bz southward turning during the storm main phase may partly determine the onset region and zonal coverage of the EPB.

DOI： 10.1029/2024JA032430

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Space Weather  

Solar cycles 24–25 were quiet until a geomagnetic storm with a Sym-H index of −170 nT occurred in late March 2023. On March 23–24, a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI; 630 nm) in Tromsø, Norway, recorded the highest thermospheric wind speed of over 500 m/s since 2009. Comparisons with magnetometer readings in Scandinavia showed that a large amount of electromagnetic energy was transferred to the ionosphere-thermosphere system. Total electron content maps suggested an enlarged auroral oval and revealed that the FPI observed winds near the polar cap instead of inside the oval for a long period during the storm main phase. The FPI wind had a strong equatorward component during the storm, likely because of the powerful anti-sunward ionospheric plasma flow in the polar cap. The positive Y-component of the IMF for 6 days before the storm caused a successive westward component of the FPI-measured wind during the storm main phase. On March 24, the first day of the storm recovery phase, thermospheric wind disturbed and the ionospheric density decreased significantly at high latitudes. This density depression lasted for several days, and a large amount of electromagnetic energy during the storm modified the thermospheric dynamics and ionospheric plasma density.

DOI： 10.1029/2023SW003728

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Earth, Planets and Space  

Electrodynamic coupling between the ionospheric E and F regions is widely recognized as the underlying mechanism for generating medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) during nighttime at midlatitudes. Recently, the double-thin-shell approach has proven to be a useful tool for studying the E–F coupling. By using total electron content (TEC) measurements, this approach enables the simultaneous reconstruction of electron density perturbations in both the E and F regions with broad and continuous coverage. However, the current reconstruction performance is limited when using only GPS-TEC measurements from GEONET, a dense network of ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers over Japan. The expansion of available data sources and the integration of multi-GNSS observation data are considered important to enhance the double-thin-shell model. Fortunately, SoftBank Corp., a Japanese telecommunications provider, has recently developed a dense independent GNSS observation network to improve positioning services. In this paper, we analyze the potential of the improved double-thin-shell approach and emphasize the importance of incorporating multi-GNSS observation data from both GEONET and SoftBank networks. The solvability analysis, simulation, and observation results collectively indicate a substantial improvement in the spatiotemporal resolution. Specifically, the longitudinal and latitudinal resolution is improved from 0.15° to 0.1° in the E region, and from 0.5° to 0.3° in the F region. The temporal resolution is also improved from 2 to 1 min. In addition, significant improvements have been achieved in the reconstruction performance, particularly for the E region under complex background conditions. Based on these assessments, we conclude that the incorporation of GEONET and SoftBank GNSS observation data holds significant potential for improving the double-thin-shell model and advancing our understanding of MSTIDs. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-023-01956-8

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We investigated the structure and dynamics of the plasmapause using electron density data from the Arase (ERG) satellite between 2017 and 2019. By fitting the electron density profile to a hyperbolic function using the least-squares method, 1891 plasmapause events were identified. The hyperbolic function's fitting parameters were used to estimate the plasmapause's location and thickness. The plasmapause location and thickness were mapped onto the geomagnetic equator plane. We examined the dependence of the plasmapause location and thickness on the geomagnetic disturbance. The median plasmapause location on the geomagnetic equator plane was 32,089 km from Earth's center. Plasmapause locations depend on geomagnetic disturbances that vary between four and six radii of the Earth. In contrast, the median plasmapause thickness obtained by fitting a hyperbolic function on the geomagnetic equator plane was 2472 km. The thickness changed from ∼1500 km at night to ∼ 3000 km during the daytime. The thickness was several times larger than the ring current H+ Larmor radius, suggesting an association with plasma instability in the plasmapause due to the penetration of magnetospheric electric fields. Additionally, we developed a three-dimensional empirical electron density model with historical effects associated with refilling the plasmasphere, plasmapause, and magnetosphere. The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model can be enhanced to incorporate the electron density model of the plasmasphere and estimate the total electron content (TECp) in the plasmasphere using the empirical model. Our analysis provides valuable insights into plasmapause and contributes to a better understanding of the inner magnetosphere.

DOI： 10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.015

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing  

Satellite-based radio communication and navigation systems rely mostly on transionospheric propagation of radio signals concerning changes by total electron content (TEC). Therefore, it is necessary to understand the changing behavior of structural variations of ionospheric TEC for high-frequency applications besides mitigating the risks associated with the space weather impacts for navigation and aviation applications. The reference thresholds identified for moderate and severe levels of threshold activity for TEC by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) are 125 and 175 TECU, respectively. In view of this, statistical analysis of long-term ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) TEC data of 25 years (1997-2021) using extreme value theory (EVT) is performed for both magnetically quiet and disturbed day conditions for four different regions - India (5-45°N), Japan low (20-30°N), Japan mid-latitudes (30-50°N), and global regions to identify the extreme ionospheric TEC events that take place once in 11, 22, 44, 66, 88, and 110 years with 95% confidence intervals. In the present work, both generalized extreme value (GEV) using annual maxima and generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) using peak-over-threshold (PoT) analysis are performed. A likelihood test and PoT constraint in addition to adjustment of shape parameter illustrate that GPD works better than GEV to identify return periods of extreme events. The recommended TEC moderate and severe thresholds for India, Japan low, Japan mid-latitude, and global regions are 121, 101, 90, and 139 TECU and 131, 135, 98, and 157 TECU, respectively. The analysis would be helpful in developing risk assessment and mitigation strategies for critical (GNSS) space weather systems.

DOI： 10.1109/TGRS.2023.3338513

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Information Science and Technology Association, Japan  

DOI： 10.18919/jkg.2024-002

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics  

Simultaneous observations from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, Swarm, Resolute Bay all-sky imagers, GPS Total Electron Content and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network, are used to investigate the evolution and key characteristics of the Tongue of Ionization (TOI) being restructured into a polar cap patch. Six satellites crossed the TOI of patch as it moved from the dayside to the nightside. It was initially hot, then a mix of both cold and hot, and finally it became a cold patch. This suggests that cold patch is not only a result of solar extreme ultraviolet radiation, but may also develop when a hot patch cools down. Soft-electron precipitation and flow shears both contribute to the TOI restructuring and the appearance of polar cap patch. The plasma density of patch at ∼500 km was at least 4 times higher than at ∼800 km. The plasma density enhancement gradually decreased as the patch evolved due to decreased production and transport of cold nightside low-density plasma. Moreover, the duskward motion of the patch was influenced by changes in the ionospheric convection pattern.

DOI： 10.1029/2023JA032176

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-023-01930-4

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To understand the mechanism of the increased frequency of intervals of pulsations of diminishing periods (IPDPs), we analyzed IPDP-type electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves that occurred on 19 April 2017, using ground and satellite observations. Observations by low-altitude satellites and ground-based magnetometers indicate that the increased IPDP frequency is caused by an inward (i.e., Earthward) shift of the EMIC wave source region. The EMIC wave source region moves inward along the mid-latitude trough, which we used as a proxy for the plasmapause location. A statistical analysis shows that increases in the IPDP frequency showed a positive correlation with polar cap potentials. These results suggest an enhanced convection electric field causes an inward shift of the source region. The inward shift of the source region allows EMIC waves to scatter relativistic electrons over a wide range of radial distances during the IPDP event. This mechanism suggests that IPDP-type EMIC waves are more likely to scatter relativistic electrons than other EMIC waves. We also show that the decreased phase-space density of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt is consistent with the extent of the source region and the resonant energy of EMIC waves, implying a possible contribution of EMIC waves to outer radiation belt loss during the main phase of geomagnetic storms.

DOI： 10.1029/2023JA031479

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Geophysical Union (AGU)  

DOI： 10.1029/2023GL104334

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：情報・システム研究機構国立極地研究所  

DOI： 10.15094/00017226

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Equatorial plasma bubbles are a phenomenon of plasma density depletion with small-scale density irregularities, normally observed in the equatorial ionosphere. This phenomenon, which impacts satellite-based communications, was observed in the Asia-Pacific region after the largest-on-record January 15, 2022 eruption of the Tonga volcano. We used satellite and ground-based ionospheric observations to demonstrate that an air pressure wave triggered by the Tonga volcanic eruption could cause the emergence of an equatorial plasma bubble. The most prominent observation result shows a sudden increase of electron density and height of the ionosphere several ten minutes to hours before the initial arrival of the air pressure wave in the lower atmosphere. The propagation speed of ionospheric electron density variations was ~ 480–540 m/s, whose speed was higher than that of a Lamb wave (~315 m/s) in the troposphere. The electron density variations started larger in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. The fast response of the ionosphere could be caused by an instantaneous transmission of the electric field to the magnetic conjugate ionosphere along the magnetic field lines. After the ionospheric perturbations, electron density depletion appeared in the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere and extended at least up to ±25° in geomagnetic latitude.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-023-33603-3

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Ion drag associated with the ionospheric plasma convection plays an important role in the high-latitude thermospheric dynamics, yet changes in the thermospheric wind with geomagnetic activity are not fully understood. We performed a statistical analysis of the thermospheric wind measurements with a Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI; 630 nm wavelength) in Tromsø, Norway, in the winter months for 9 years. The measurements were sorted by a SuperMAG (SME) index, and a quiet-time wind pattern was defined as an hourly mean under SME ≤ 40 nT. The quiet-time wind pattern can be expected to be represented by a pressure gradient associated with the solar radiation and a geostrophic force balance. With an increase in the geomagnetic activity level, the thermospheric wind turned over from eastward to westward at dusk and increased the equatorward magnitude from midnight to dawn. Deviations from the quiet-time wind presented similar patterns in the direction with the ionospheric plasma convection but were larger in magnitude at dusk than at dawn. This is the first study to report a dawn-dusk asymmetry of the thermospheric wind acceleration feature and signatures of the eastward wind acceleration at dawn by ion drag. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-023-01829-0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics  

We used the global navigation satellite system-total electron content (TEC) and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar to elucidate the characteristics of the plasma bubble extending to midlatitudes over North America during a geomagnetic storm on 27 and 28 May 2017. To identify plasma bubbles, we analyzed the rate of the TEC index (ROTI), which is a good indicator of the occurrence of plasma bubbles. The enhanced ROTI region expanded up to 50°N (geomagnetic latitude), and the upper limit of this region coincided with the equatorward wall of the midlatitude trough. Two-dimensional ROTI maps show that the enhanced midlatitude ROTI region moved westward at a bulk speed of approximately 310 m/s. The Fort Hays East SuperDARN radar also detected the radar echo, showing the existence of plasma density irregularities at ∼10-m scales within the midlatitude plasma bubble. The radar echo had a westward velocity of ∼300 m/s, which is almost consistent with the westward motion of the enhanced midlatitude ROTI region. We deduced that the westward propagation of the plasma bubble could be caused by a poleward sub-auroral polarization stream electric field. The observed radar echo overlapping with the enhanced ROTI region had a narrower spectral width (<50 m/s) than that of the auroral activity. This feature resembled that of the type 1 echo, although the Doppler velocity was smaller than the ion acoustic speed at the F-region height. This is the first case in which plasma density irregularities within plasma bubbles were captured by the SuperDARN radar.

DOI： 10.1029/2022JA031157

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

Abstract

The X-rays and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emitted during solar flares can rapidly change the physical composition of Earth’s ionosphere, causing space weather phenomena. It is important to develop an accurate understanding of solar flare emission spectra to understand how it affects the ionosphere. We reproduced the entire solar flare emission spectrum using an empirical model and physics-based model, and input it into the Earth’s atmospheric model, GAIA to calculate the total electron content (TEC) enhancement due to solar flare emission. We compared the statistics of nine solar flare events and calculated the TEC enhancements with the corresponding observed data. The model used in this study was able to estimate the TEC enhancement due to solar flare emission with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9. The results of this study indicate that the TEC enhancement due to solar flare emission is determined by soft X-ray and EUV emission with wavelengths shorter than 35 nm. The TEC enhancement is found to be largely due to the change in the soft X-ray emission and EUV line emissions with wavelengths, such as Fe XVII 10.08 nm, Fe XIX 10.85 nm and He II 30.38 nm.

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DOI： 10.1186/s40623-023-01788-6

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Other Link： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40623-023-01788-6/fulltext.html

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics  

To elucidate the effect of solar wind dynamic pressure on the activities of ionospheric plasma irregularities in both high-latitude and equatorial regions, we analyzed the long-term global navigation satellite system (GNSS) total electron content (TEC) data from 2000 to 2018 and performed a superposed epoch analysis of the GNSS rate of the TEC index (ROTI), solar wind, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and geomagnetic index. We found that during the main phase of geomagnetic storms, the activities of ionospheric plasma irregularities were considerably enhanced in both high-latitude and equatorial regions under high-pressure conditions, and the equatorward edge of the auroral oval moved to lower latitudes. The poleward edge of the enhanced low-latitude ROTI region (occurrence region of the plasma bubbles) in the evening sector extended to higher latitudes under high-pressure conditions. During the recovery phase of geomagnetic storms, the plasma bubble occurrence in the dusk sector was suppressed under high-pressure conditions. Our results suggest that the high-latitude convection electric field and the penetration and disturbance dynamo electric fields at low latitudes become stronger during geomagnetic storms when the solar wind dynamic pressure is enhanced. This is because the conversion from solar wind energy to electromagnetic energy in the magnetosphere is enhanced by the formation of a high plasma pressure area in the high-latitude cusp and mantle region. Therefore, not only the southward IMF but also solar wind dynamic pressure are important factors for varying global ionospheric responses during geomagnetic storms.

DOI： 10.1029/2022JA030913

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Kawai et al. (2021) reported the first ground-satellite conjugate observation of nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs), by analyzing measurements from an airglow imager at Gakona (geographic latitude: 62.39°N, geographic longitude: 214.78°E, magnetic latitude: 63.60°N) and the Arase satellite in the magnetosphere on 3 November 2018. The Arase satellite observed variations in both the polarization electric field and the electron density as the Arase footprint passed through the MSTID structures in the ionosphere. In this study, we investigated whether these electric field and density variations associated with MSTIDs at subauroral latitudes are always observed by Arase in the magnetosphere. We used three airglow imagers installed at Gakona, Athabasca (geographic latitude: 54.60°N, geographic longitude: 246.36°E, magnetic latitude: 61.10°N), and Kapuskasing (geographic latitude: 49.39°N, geographic longitude: 277.81°E, magnetic latitude: 58.70°N) and the Arase satellite. We found eight observations of MSTIDs conjugate with Arase. They indicate that electric field and density variations associated with MSTIDs are not always observed in the magnetosphere. These variations tend to be observed in the magnetosphere during geomagnetically quiet times and when the amplitude of the MSTID is large. We categorized the MSTIDs into those caused by plasma instabilities and gravity waves and found that the electric field and density variations can be observed in the magnetosphere for both types of MSTIDs.

DOI： 10.1029/2022JA030542

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

DOI： 10.1002/gdj3.170

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Other Link： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/gdj3.170

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters  

Space weather adversely affects satellite systems by obstructing the services of global positioning systems (GPSs), delaying the launch of space vehicles, and causing damage to basic infrastructures such as radio-communications and power distribution networks. The spatio-temporal variations of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) during geomagnetic storms can be well examined by extreme value analysis. Statistical assessment and analysis of extreme values are necessary for developing risk assessment and mitigation strategies to the affected communication systems. In this study, extreme TEC events are investigated using 25 years (1997-2021) of long-term Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Earth Observation Network System (GEONET) TEC data over Japan grid point location at 34.95° N and 134.05° E, and global data. In this work, a generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is applied to the annual maxima TEC to evaluate geomagnetic disturbances that could occur once in 44, 88, 132, and 176 years with a confidence interval of 95%. According to the reference thresholds indicated by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for safer aviation applications, the moderate and severe levels of threshold for TEC are identified as 125 and 175 TEC Units (TECU), respectively. The results illustrate that the estimated extreme TECs for one in 44, 88, 132, and 176 years are 119, 125, 128, 130 and 215, 220, 222, 225 TECU for grid point and global TEC data respectively. That is, a moderate threshold level of activity is likely to happen over considered grid point for a return period of beyond 88 years and severe threshold level of activity beyond 11 years for global TEC data.

DOI： 10.1109/LGRS.2023.3292593

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Geophysical Research Letters  

On 15 January 2022, the submarine volcano on the southwest Pacific island of Tonga violently erupted. Thus far, the ionospheric oscillation features caused by the volcanic eruption have not been identified. Here, observations from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars and digisondes were employed to analyze ionospheric oscillations in the Northern Hemisphere caused by the volcanic eruption in Tonga. Due to the magnetic field conjugate effect, the ionospheric oscillations were observed much earlier than the arrival of surface air pressure waves, and the maximum negative line-of-sight (LOS) velocity of the ionospheric oscillations exceeded 100 m/s in the F layer. After the surface air pressure waves arrived, the maximum LOS velocity in the E layer approached 150 m/s. A maximum upward displacement of 100 km was observed in the ionosphere. This work provides a new perspective for understanding the strong ionospheric oscillation caused by geological hazards observed on Earth.

DOI： 10.1029/2022GL100555

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The thermospheric wind response to a sudden westward turning of the ion velocity at a high latitude was studied by analyzing data obtained with a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI; 630 nm), Dynasonde, and Swarm A & C satellites during a conjunction event. The event occurred during a geomagnetically quiet period (Kp= 0+) through the night, but some auroral activity occurred in the north. The collocated FPI and Dynasonde measured the thermospheric wind (U) and ionospheric plasma velocity (V), respectively, in the F region at the equatorward trough edge. A notable scientific message from this study is the possible role of thermospheric wind in the energy dissipation process at F-region altitude. The FPI thermospheric wind did not instantly follow a sudden V change due to thermospheric inertia in the F region. At a pseudo-breakup during the event, V suddenly changed direction from eastward to westward within 10 min. U was concurrently accelerated westward, but its development was more gradual than that of V, with U remaining eastward for a while after the pseudo-breakup. The delay of U is attributed to the thermospheric inertia. During this transition interval, U.V was negative, which would result in more efficient generation of frictional heating than the positive U.V case. The sign of U.V, which is related to the relative directions of the neutral wind and plasma drift, is important because of its direct impact on ion-neutral energy exchange during collisions. This becomes especially important during substorm events, where rapid plasma velocity changes are common. The sign of U.V may be used as an indicator to find the times and locations where thermospheric inertia plays a role in the energy dissipation process.

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-022-01710-6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Earth, Planets and Space  

This study, for the first time, reports the geomagnetically conjugate structure of a plasma bubble extending to the mid-latitudes and the asymmetrical structure of the decay of the plasma bubble during a geomagnetic storm. We investigated the temporal and spatial variations of plasma bubbles in the Asian sector during a geomagnetic storm on March 1, 2013, using Global Navigation Satellite System-total electron content data with high spatiotemporal resolutions. The first important point of our data analysis results is that the plasma bubble extended from the equator to the mid-latitudes with geomagnetic conjugacy along the magnetic field lines. The total electron content data showed that the plasma bubbles appeared in the equatorial regions near 150° E after sunset during the main phase of the geomagnetic storm. From ionosonde data over both Japan and Australia, they suggest that a large eastward electric field existed in the Asian sector. Finally, the plasma bubbles extended up to the mid-latitudes (~ 43° geomagnetic latitude) in both hemispheres, maintaining geomagnetic conjugacy. The second point is that the mid-latitude plasma bubble disappeared 1–2 h earlier in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere at close to midnight. In the northern hemisphere, the ionospheric virtual height decreased near midnight, followed by a rapid decrease in the total electron content and a rapid increase in the ionospheric virtual height. These results imply that the mid-latitude plasma bubble disappeared as the background plasma density decreased after midnight due to the recombination resulting from the descent of the F layer. Therefore, we can conclude that mid-latitude plasma bubbles can be asymmetric between the northern and southern hemispheres because of the rapid decay of plasma bubbles in one of the hemispheres. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-022-01682-7

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DOI： 10.1186/s40623-022-01665-8

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Earth, Planets and Space  

A strong volcanic eruption caused a clear vertical acoustic resonance between the sea surface and the thermosphere. Its effects are observed as geomagnetic and GPS-TEC oscillations near the volcano and its geomagnetic conjugate area. The geomagnetic oscillations are observed at Apia and Honolulu geomagnetic observatories with amplitude of about 2 nT and 0.2 nT, respectively. The volcanic eruption started around 04:14 UT on January 15, 2022. The oscillations appeared at 04:21UT at Apia, Samoa, only about 7 min after the start of eruption. Because the distance between the volcano and Apia is about 841 km, it takes about 40 min for a sound wave to propagate from the volcano to Apia. Therefore, it is more plausible to assume that the magnetic oscillation observed at Apia about 7 min after the eruption is caused by the sound waves propagated vertically upward to the ionosphere and generated an electric current. The coherent appearance of geomagnetic oscillation at Honolulu located near the geomagnetic conjugate point of the volcano strongly support the idea that the ionospheric current generated over the volcano diverted as a field-aligned current which flew to the opposite hemisphere and caused the geomagnetic oscillation at Honolulu. The earliest start of GPS-TEC oscillation was around 04:15UT near the volcanic eruption, and it was around 04:20 UT at KOKV station in Hawaii. The time-lag of the TEC variations between Samoa and Hawaii obtained by a cross-correlation analysis is 4.5 min or 8.5 min. These time differences are much smaller than the travel time of the seismic waves from the volcano to Hawaii islands. Therefore, it is suggested that the electric field transmitted along geomagnetic field caused the TEC variation observed over Hawaii Islands. A sawtooth waveform of geomagnetic oscillation observed at Apia and Honolulu is analyzed and a possible generation mechanism is discussed. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-022-01653-y

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics  

Simultaneous observations from a 630 nm all-sky airglow imager, GNSS-TEC receivers, and an ionosonde are used to investigate the role of E- and F-region coupling on the generation of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). The primary observations are OI 630 nm airglow images taken by an all-sky imager in Kühlungsborn (54.07°N; 11.46°E, 53.79°N Mlat.), a site in northern Germany. Out of 226 nights of observations, MSTIDs were found only in 18 nights, demonstrating the low occurrence rate over Kühlungsborn. We focused on four MSTIDs events: two during the vernal equinox and two during summer. Coincident measurements of detrended GNSS-TEC supported the presence of MSTIDs during the selected events, and simultaneous observations from the ionosonde in Juliusruh (54.60°N, 13.4°E, 54.02°N Mlat.) showed sporadic-E (Es) layer and spread-F activity in the E- and F-region, respectively. We observed the onset of the observed MSTIDs to be around the 15°–20°E longitude and 60–45°N latitude belts. Additionally, we found that in each case, the onset of MSTIDs coincides with the presence of an Es layer with sporadic-E trace is observed (foEs) exceeding 4 MHz. This suggests that an Es layer with foEs ≥ 4MHz was a source of the generation of these MSTIDs. Altitude of the Es layer could be another important factor in generating MSTIDs. The Es layer should exist at an altitude where Hall conductivity is large, as happened in the present study.

DOI： 10.1029/2021JA030159

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The equatorial ionosphere endured plasma density irregularities during a geomagnetic storm on 21–22 December 2014. To understand the underlying mechanism, we analyzed the rate of the total electron content change (ROTI) data obtained from a global navigation satellite system, along with solar wind, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), geomagnetic indices, Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar, and magnetometer data. The results indicate that the ROTI enhancement related to plasma density irregularities (plasma bubbles) occurred three times in the equatorial and low latitude regions of the American sector during the geomagnetic storm. The first, second, and third enhancements which have a longitudinal extent of ∼20° appeared in the post-sunset, pre-midnight, and post-midnight sectors, respectively. The second enhancement occurred during the recovery phase of the storm-time substorm even though the IMF remained southward. During this period, the direction of the dayside equatorial electrojet (EEJ) changed from eastward to westward, while the nightside upward plasma velocity at Jicamarca increased to 28.8 m/s. The response of the EEJ and upward ion drift implies that the westward and eastward electric fields were intensified on the dayside and nightside, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest that an over-shielding electric field penetrates the dayside/nightside equator simultaneously in association with a substorm recovery phase, and that the electric field generates plasma bubbles by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability mechanism. Plasma bubbles induced by the penetration of an over-shielding electric field due to substorm activity have not previously been reported.

DOI： 10.1029/2021JA030240

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics  

To establish the statistical behavior of ionospheric TEC variations from high latitudes to mid-latitudes during the main and recovery phases of geomagnetic storms, we conducted a superposed epoch analysis of interplanetary magnetic field, solar wind, geomagnetic indices (AE and SYM-H), and global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-total electron content (TEC) data for 20 yr (2000–2019). In this study, we identify 663 geomagnetic storm events with the minimum SYM-H value of less than −40 nT and investigate the characteristics of the TEC variations for the weak (−60 ≤ SYM-Hmin < −40 nT), moderate (−100 ≤ SYM-Hmin < −60 nT), and strong (−150 ≤ SYM-Hmin < −100 nT) geomagnetic storms. The main results obtained from the present study are as follows: (a) The TEC enhancements related to the tongue of ionization (TOI), auroral oval, and storm-enhanced density (SED) plume are more dominant in winter than in summer during the main phase of geomagnetic storms. (b) The structure of the mid-latitude trough in the nighttime sector becomes unclear in winter. (c) The TEC depletion at auroral and mid-latitudes (40°–70° GMLAT: geomagnetic latitude) starts to appear in the morning sector (8–10 hr GMLT: geomagnetic local time) during the main phase of geomagnetic storms and the decreased region extends in the lower latitude and GMLT directions with time. The negative storm activity tends to be enhanced significantly as the storm intensity becomes larger. The activity of the TEC depletion is dominant in summer than in winter, which is agreement with the classical ionospheric storm scenario.

DOI： 10.1029/2021JA029687

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION  

We applied a novel three-dimensional spectral analysis method to GPS-TEC perturbation (GPS-TECP) maps to study the propagation direction of daytime and nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) over North America. By this method, we can automatically calculate the phase velocity spectrum and directionality of MSTIDs. We focused on the periods of high MSTIDs occurrence, namely, June-July 2006 and November-December 2006, to study nighttime and daytime MSTIDs. We divided North America into the west (100 degrees-130 degrees W, 25 degrees-55 degrees N) and east (70 degrees-100 degrees W, 25 degrees-55 degrees N) parts. Our results show that both daytime and nighttime MSTID propagations exhibit strong longitudinal variations as a function of local time and day-to-day variations. The power peaks of daytime MSTIDs are from 10:00-16:00 LT in the west part and 10:00-14:00 LT in the east part. The predominant propagation directions of daytime MSTIDs are southward (southeastward) in the west (east). The daytime local time variations demonstrate that the MSTIDs display directional change in the west part; however, a similar directional change is not very pronounced in the east part. The local time variations of nighttime MSTIDs shows the power peaks from 22:00-02:00 LT in the west and 20:00-00:00 LT in the east. We found that the predominant propagation direction in the west part is westward with a wider azimuthal band (similar to 210 degrees-300 degrees) than the east part (similar to 210 degrees-240 degrees). By comparing nighttime propagation directions between the western and eastern parts, we reached the conclusion that the magnetic declination angle affects the propagation direction.

DOI： 10.1029/2020JA028791

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A new type of terrestrial line spectra found by the Arase satellite was reported in 2018. These spectra are called “hectometric line spectra (HLS)”. They primarily consist of constant frequency narrowband components at frequencies between 525 kHz and 1,700 kHz, which originate and are sometimes amplified from AM broadcasting waves. In addition to these, other generated emissions are observed. Entrances and the mode conversion of the AM broadcasting waves into the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere with plasma density depletion called plasma bubbles are observed. Electron density profiles and equatorial plasma bubbles are examined through Global Positioning System (GPS)-Total electron content (TEC) analyses. As a result, the Arase satellite which observed the HLS passed through the TEC depression region near the equatorial ionosphere associated with plasma bubbles. The scenario based on the mode conversion of the L-O mode to the Z mode and vice versa was confirmed with observations and GPS-TEC analyses. Another entrance when foF2 estimated from TEC is lower than 1,000 kHz instead of a plasma bubble is also found. No mode conversion is necessary, then.

DOI： 10.1029/2021JA029813

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Geophysical Union (AGU)  

DOI： 10.1029/2020JA029073

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Other Link： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1029/2020JA029073

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Earth and Planetary Physics  

This paper reports that plasma density depletions appearing at middle latitudes near sunrise survived until afternoon on 29 May 2017 during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm. By analyzing GPS data collected in Japan, we investigate temporal variations in the horizontal two-dimensional distribution of total electron content (TEC) during the geomagnetic storm. The SYM-H index reached −142 nT around 08 UT on 28 May 2017. TEC depletions extending up to approximately 38°N along the meridional direction appeared over Japan around 05 LT (LT = UT + 9 hours) on 29 May 2017, when TEC rapidly increased at sunrise due to the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. The TEC depletions appeared sequentially over Japan for approximately 8 hours in sunlit conditions. At 06 LT on 29 May, when the plasma depletions first appeared over Japan, the background TEC was enhanced to approximately 17 TECU, and then decreased to approximately 80% of the TEC typical of magnetically quiet conditions. We conclude that this temporal variation of background plasma density in the ionosphere was responsible for the persistence of these plasma depletions for so long in daytime. By using the Naval Research Laboratory: Sami2 is Another Model of the Ionosphere (SAMI2), we have evaluated how plasma production and ambipolar diffusion along the magnetic field may affect the rate of plasma depletion disappearance. Simulation shows that the plasma density increases at the time of plasma depletion appearance; subsequent decreases in the plasma density appear to be responsible for the long-lasting persistence of plasma depletions during daytime. The plasma density depletion in the top side ionosphere is not filled by the plasma generated by the solar EUV productions because plasma production occurs mainly at the bottom side of the ionosphere.

DOI： 10.26464/epp2021046

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics  

On a geomagnetic quiet night of October 29, 2018, we captured an observational evidence of the onset of dark band structures within the field-of-view of an all-sky airglow imager operating at 630.0 nm over a geomagnetic low-mid latitude transition region, Hanle, Leh Ladakh. Simultaneous ionosonde observations over New Delhi shows the occurrence of spread-F in the ionograms. Additionally, virtual and peak height indicate vertical upliftment in the F layer altitude and reduction in the ionospheric peak frequency were also observed when the dark band pass through the ionosonde location. All these results confirmed that the observed depletions are indeed associated with ionospheric F region plasma irregularities. The rate of total electron content index (ROTI) indicates the absence of plasma bubble activities over the equatorial/low latitude region which confirms that the observed event is a mid-latitude plasma depletion. Our calculations reveal that the growth time of the plasma depletion is ∼2 h if one considers only the Perkins instability mechanism. This is not consistent with the present observations as the plasma depletion developed within ∼25 min. By invoking possible Es layer instabilities and associated E-F region coupling, we show that the growth rate increases roughly by an order of magnitude. This strongly suggests that the Cosgrove and Tsunoda mechanism may be simultaneously operational in this case. Furthermore, it is also suggested that reduced F region flux-tube integrated conductivity in the southern part of onset region created conducive background conditions for the growth of the plasma depletion on this night.

DOI： 10.1029/2020JA028837

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Geophysical Union (AGU)  

DOI： 10.1029/2020JA028943

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics  

Isolated proton auroras (IPAs) appearing at subauroral latitudes are generated by energetic protons precipitating from the magnetosphere through interaction with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. An IPA thus indicates the spatial scale and temporal variation of wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere. In this study, a unique event of simultaneous ground and magnetospheric satellite observations of two IPAs were conducted on March 16, 2015, using an all-sky imager at Athabasca, Canada and Van Allen Probes. The Van Allen Probes observed two isolated EMIC waves with frequencies of ∼1 and 0.4 Hz at L ≈ 5.0 when the satellite footprint crossed over the two IPAs. This suggests that the IPAs were caused by localized EMIC waves. Proton flux at 5–20 keV increased locally when the EMIC waves appeared. Electron flux at energies below ∼500 eV also increased. Temperature anisotropy of the energetic protons was estimated at 1.5–2.5 over a wide L-value range of 3.0–5.2. Electron density gradually decreased from L = 3.5 to 5.4, suggesting that the EMIC wave at L ≈ 5.0 was located in the gradual plasmapause. From these observations, we conclude that the localized IPAs and associated EMIC waves took place because of localized enhancement of energetic proton flux and plasma density structure near the plasmapause. The magnetic field observed by the satellite showed small variation during the wave observation, indicating that the IPAs were accompanied by the weak field-aligned current.

DOI： 10.1029/2020JA029078

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics  

We performed a superposed epoch analysis of solar wind, interplanetary magnetic field, geomagnetic index, and the rate of total electron content (TEC) index (ROTI) derived from global navigation satellite system-TEC data during 652 geomagnetic storm events (minimum SYM-H < −40 nT), to clarify the occurrence features and causes of storm-time plasma bubbles in the equatorial to mid-latitude ionosphere. In this analysis, we defined the time of the SYM-H minimum as the zero epoch. As a result, the ROTI enhancement started at the duskside magnetic equator and expanded to higher latitudes during the main phase. Approximately 1 h after the onset of the recovery phase, the ROTI values at the magnetic equator in the dusk-to-midnight sectors decreased while those in the dawn sector increased. This situation persisted for at least 12 h. The ratio of the ROTI during the main phase to that during the quiet period in the dusk sector is the largest in May–July. The ratio of the ROTI during the recovery phase decreased during dusk with increasing solar activity. Considering the requirement of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, the difference in the magnetic local time of the ROTI signature, between the main and recovery phases, can be explained by a local time distribution of storm-time electric fields associated with a prompt penetration electric field and disturbance dynamo. This implies that the occurrence feature of the plasma bubble is different from that during quiet times when the input of solar wind energy to the magnetosphere and ionosphere increases significantly.

DOI： 10.1029/2020JA029010

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

<title>Abstract</title>We attempted to reproduce the total electron content (TEC) variation in the Earth's atmosphere from the temporal variation of the solar flare spectrum of the X9.3 flare on September 6, 2017. The flare spectrum from the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model (FISM), and the flare spectrum from the 1D hydrodynamic model, which considers the physics of plasma in the flare loop, are used in the GAIA model, which is a simulation model of the Earth's whole atmosphere and ionosphere, to calculate the TEC difference. We then compared these results with the observed TEC. When we used the FISM flare spectrum, the difference in TEC from the background was in a good agreement with the observation. However, when the flare spectrum of the 1D-hydrodynamic model was used, the result varied depending on the presence or absence of the background. This difference depending on the models is considered to represent which extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is primarily responsible for increasing TEC. From the flare spectrum obtained from these models and the calculation result of TEC fluctuation using GAIA, it is considered that the enhancement in EUV emission by approximately 15<bold>–</bold>35 nm mainly contributes in increasing TEC rather than that of X-ray emission, which is thought to be mainly responsible for sudden ionospheric disturbance. In addition, from the altitude/wavelength distribution of the ionization rate of Earth's atmosphere by GAIA (Ground-to-topside Atmosphere and Ionosphere model for Aeronomy), it was found that EUV radiation of approximately 15<bold>–</bold>35 nm affects a wide altitude range of 120<bold>–</bold>300 km, and TEC enhancement is mainly caused by the ionization of nitrogen molecules.

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-021-01376-6

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Other Link： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40623-021-01376-6/fulltext.html

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Geophysical Union (AGU)  

DOI： 10.1029/2020JA029081

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Earth, Planets and Space  

The total electron content (TEC) data derived from the GAIA (Ground-to-topside model of Atmosphere Ionosphere for Aeronomy) is used to study the seasonal and longitudinal variation of occurrence of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) during daytime (09:00–15:00 LT) for the year 2011 at eight locations in northern and southern hemispheres, and the results are compared with ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS)-TEC. To derive TEC variations caused by MSTIDs from the GAIA (GPS) data, we obtained detrended TEC by subtracting 2-h (1-h) running average from the TEC, and calculated standard deviation of the detrended TEC in 2 h (1 h). MSTID activity was defined as a ratio of the standard deviation to the averaged TEC. Both GAIA simulation and GPS observations data show that daytime MSTID activities in the northern and southern hemisphere (NH and SH) are higher in winter than in other seasons. From the GAIA simulation, the amplitude of the meridional wind variations, which could be representative of gravity waves (GWs), shows two peaks in winter and summer. The winter peak in the amplitude of the meridional wind variations coincides with the winter peak of the daytime MSTIDs, indicating that the high GW activity is responsible for the high MSTID activity. On the other hand, the MSTID activity does not increase in summer. This is because the GWs in the thermosphere propagate poleward in summer, and equatorward in winter, and the equatorward-propagating GWs cause large plasma density perturbations compared to the poleward-propagating GWs. Longitudinal variation of daytime MSTID activity in winter is seen in both hemispheres. The MSTID activity during winter in the NH is higher over Japan than USA, and the MSTID activity during winter in the SH is the highest in South America. In a nutshell, GAIA can successfully reproduce the seasonal and longitudinal variation of the daytime MSTIDs. This study confirms that GWs cause the daytime MSTIDs in GAIA and amplitude and propagation direction of the GWs control the noted seasonal variation. GW activities in the middle and lower atmosphere cause the longitudinal variation. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-021-01369-5

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In order to reveal solar activity dependence of the medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) at midlatitudes, total electron content (TEC) data obtained from a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver network in Japan during 22 years from 1998 to 2019 were analyzed. We have calculated the detrended TEC by subtracting the 1-h running average from the original TEC data for each satellite and receiver pair, and made two-dimensional TEC maps of the detrended TEC with a spatial resolution of 0.15° × 0.15° in longitude and latitude. We have investigated MSTID activity, defined as δI/ I¯ , where δI and I¯ are standard deviation of the detrended TEC and the average vertical TEC within the area of 133.0°–137.0° E and 33.0°–37.0° N for 1 h, respectively. From each 2-h time series of the detrended TEC data within the same area as the MSTID activity, auto-correlation functions (ACFs) of the detrended TEC were calculated to estimate the horizontal propagation velocity and direction of the MSTIDs. Statistical results of the MSTID activity and propagation direction of MSTIDs were consistent with previous studies and support the idea that daytime MSTIDs could be caused by atmospheric gravity waves, and that nighttime MSTIDs were caused by electro-dynamical forces, such as the Perkins instability. From the current long-term observations, we have found that the nighttime MSTID activity and occurrence rate increased with decreasing solar activity. For the daytime MSTID, the occurrence rate increased with decreasing solar activity, whereas the MSTID activity did not show distinct solar activity dependence. These results suggest that the secondary gravity waves generated by dissipation of the primary gravity waves propagating from below increase under low solar activity conditions. The mean horizontal phase velocity of the MSTIDs during nighttime did not show a distinct solar activity dependence, whereas that during daytime showed an anticorrelation with solar activity. The horizontal phase velocity of the daytime MSTIDs was widely distributed from 40 to 180 m/s under high solar activity conditions, whereas it ranged between 80 and 200 m/s, with a maximum occurrence at 130 m/s under low solar activity conditions, suggesting that gravity waves with low phase velocity could be dissipated by high viscosity in the thermosphere under low solar activity conditions. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-020-01353-5

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DOI： 10.1029/2020JA028468

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DOI： 10.1029/2020JA028068

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics  

Temporal and spatial evolutions of total electron content (TEC) and electron density in the ionosphere during a geomagnetic storm that occurred on 27 and 28 September 2017 have been investigated using global TEC data obtained from many Global Navigation Satellite System stations together with the ionosonde, geomagnetic field, Jicamarca incoherent scatter and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar data. Our analysis results show that a clear enhancement of the ratio of the TEC difference (rTEC) first occurs from noon to afternoon at high latitudes within 1 hr after a sudden increase and expansion of the high-latitude convection and prompt penetration of the electric field to the equator associated with the southward excursion of the interplanetary magnetic field. Approximately 1–2 hr after the onset of the hmF2 increase in the midlatitude and low-latitude regions associated with the high-latitude convection enhancement, the rTEC and foF2 values begin to increase and the enhanced rTEC region expands to low latitudes within 1–2 hr. This signature suggests that the ionospheric plasmas in the F2 region move at a higher altitude due to local electric field drift, where the recombination rate is smaller, and that the electron density increases due to additional production at the lower altitude in the sunlit region. Later, another rTEC enhancement related to the equatorial ionization anomaly appears in the equatorial region approximately 1 hr after the prompt penetration of the electric field to the equator and expands to higher latitudes within 3–4 hr.

DOI： 10.1029/2019JA026873

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DOI： 10.1029/2019JA026713

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jastp.2019.05.015

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DOI： 10.3847/1538-4357/ab1b52

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DOI： 10.1029/2019SW002168

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DOI： 10.1186/s40623-019-1005-y

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DOI： 10.1007/s11214-018-0576-4

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DOI： 10.1007/s1121

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：2018 2nd URSI Atlantic Radio Science Meeting, AT-RASC 2018  

The Earth's plasmasphere is the vast 'doughnut' shaped dense plasma region of the magnetosphere that is filled with cold ions and electrons of ionospheric origin. The plasmaspheric plasma density shows an abrupt drop by a factor of 5 or more around 4-6 Re (Re: Earth's radius). The boundary has been called 'plasmapause'. Since the plasmaspheric cold plasma controls generation of plasma waves, their propagation features, and particle acceleration via wave-particle interaction, detailed investigation of the temporal and spatial variations of the plasmasphere and plasmapause location during a geomagnetic storm is important for understanding a change in plasma wave environments in the inner magnetosphere. Recent studies showed a good correlation between the mid-latitude ionospheric trough and the plasmapause for both geomagnetically quiet and disturbed conditions [1]. However, they did not reach the detailed investigation of the characteristics of spatial variation of the mid-latitude ionospheric trough and its temporal variation with high resolution due to limitation of a usage of global GIM of TEC. In this study, we investigate characteristics of temporal and spatial variations of the mid-latitude ionospheric trough during a geomagnetic storm which occurred on April 4, 2017 using the 5-min average Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Total Electron Content (TEC) data together with solar wind, interplanetary magnetic field, geomagnetic field, and Arase High Frequency Analyzer (HFA) (subcomponent of Plasma Wave Experiment (PWE)) observation data. As a result, the location of the mid-latitude ionospheric trough moves equatorward from 60 to 48 degrees within 4 hours after the onset of the storm main phase. The movement speed increases from 1.3 to 3.5 degrees of geomagnetic latitude per hour after the onset of storm-time substorm. The increasing speed means an abrupt shrink of the plasmasphere due to a sudden enhancement of convection electric field in the inner magnetosphere associated with the substorm onset. The location of the mid-latitude ionospheric trough identified from the minimum value of the GNSS-TEC data from the auroral to mid-latitude regions is almost in good agreement with that of an abrupt drop of electron density derived from the upper limit frequency of the upper hybrid resonance (UHR) waves detected by the HFA instrument onboard the Arase satellite. In this case, the electron density profile along the Arase orbit shows an irregular variation of the electron density near the plasmapause. During the main phase of the geomagnetic storm, the geomagnetic longitude distribution of the mid-latitude trough location shows a wavy structure with its scale of 1000-2500 km. The shape of the wavy structure varies with time during the storm main phase. This phenomenon has not yet been reported before due to the limitation of ground dense GNSS receiver networks. After the start of the recovery phase of the geomagnetic storm, the mid-latitude ionospheric trough quickly moves poleward from 48 to 60 degrees in geomagnetic latitude within 4 hours in a geomagnetic longitude range of 310-360 degrees in geomagnetic longitude. The average speed of the poleward movement is 2.3 degrees of geomagnetic latitude per hour.

DOI： 10.23919/URSI-AT-RASC.2018.8471490

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DOI： 10.1029/2018GL078723

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Fuji Technology Press Ltd.  

<p>Two-dimensional ionospheric total electron content (TEC) maps have been derived from ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver networks and applied to studies of various ionospheric disturbances since the mid-1990s. For the purpose of monitoring and researching ionospheric conditions and ionospheric space weather phenomena, we have developed TEC maps of areas over Japan using the dense GNSS network, GNSS Earth Observation NETwork (GEONET), which consists of about 1300 stations and is operated by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI). Currently, we are providing high-resolution, two-dimensional maps of absolute TEC, detrended TEC, rate of TEC change index (ROTI), and loss-of-lock on GPS signal over Japan on a real-time basis. Such high-resolution TEC maps using dense GNSS receiver networks are one of the most effective ways to observe, on a scale of several 100 km to 1000 km, ionospheric variations caused by traveling ionospheric disturbances and/or equatorial plasma bubbles, which can degrade single-frequency and differential GNSS positioning/navigation. We have collected all the available GNSS receiver data in the world to expand the TEC observation area. Currently, however, dense GNSS receiver networks are available in only limited areas, such as Japan, North America, and Europe. To expand the two-dimensional TEC observation with high resolution, we have conducted the Dense Regional and Worldwide International GNSS TEC observation (DRAWING-TEC) project, which is engaged in three activities: (1) standardizing GNSS-TEC data, (2) developing a new high-resolution TEC mapping technique, and (3) sharing the standardized TEC data or the information of GNSS receiver network. We have developed a new standardized TEC format, GNSS-TEC EXchange (GTEX), which is included in the Formatted Tables of ITU-R SG 3 Databanks related to Recommendation ITU-R P.311. Sharing the GTEX TEC data would be easier than sharing the GPS/GNSS data among those in the international ionospheric researcher community. The DRAWING-TEC project would promote studies of medium-scale ionospheric variations and their effect on GNSS.</p>

DOI： 10.20965/jdr.2018.p0535

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DOI： 10.1186/s40623-017-0760-x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER HEIDELBERG  

The plasmas (electrons and ions) in the inner magnetosphere have wide energy ranges from electron volts to mega-electron volts (MeV). These plasmas rotate around the Earth longitudinally due to the gradient and curvature of the geomagnetic field and by the co-rotation motion with timescales from several tens of hours to less than 10 min. They interact with plasma waves at frequencies of mHz to kHz mainly in the equatorial plane of the magnetosphere, obtain energies up to MeV, and are lost into the ionosphere. In order to provide the global distribution and quantitative evaluation of the dynamical variation of these plasmas and waves in the inner magnetosphere, the PWING project (study of dynamical variation of particles and waves in the inner magnetosphere using ground-based network observations, http://www.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/dimr/PWING/) has been carried out since April 2016. This paper describes the stations and instrumentation of the PWING project. We operate all-sky airglow/aurora imagers, 64-Hz sampling induction magnetometers, 40-kHz sampling loop antennas, and 64-Hz sampling riometers at eight stations at subauroral latitudes (similar to 60 degrees geomagnetic latitude) in the northern hemisphere, as well as 100-Hz sampling EMCCD cameras at three stations. These stations are distributed longitudinally in Canada, Iceland, Finland, Russia, and Alaska to obtain the longitudinal distribution of plasmas and waves in the inner magnetosphere. This PWING longitudinal network has been developed as a part of the ERG (Arase)-ground coordinated observation network. The ERG (Arase) satellite was launched on December 20, 2016, and has been in full operation since March 2017. We will combine these ground network observations with the ERG (Arase) satellite and global modeling studies. These comprehensive datasets will contribute to the investigation of dynamical variation of particles and waves in the inner magnetosphere, which is one of the most important research topics in recent space physics, and the outcome of our research will improve safe and secure use of geospace around the Earth.

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-017-0745-9

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DOI： 10.1002/2017JA024342

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION  

We investigate spatial and temporal evolution of large-scale electric fields in the magnetosphere and ionosphere associated with sudden commencements (SCs) using multipoint equatorial magnetospheric (THEMIS, RBSP, and GOES) and ionospheric (C/NOFS) satellites with radars (SuperDARN). A distinct SC event on 17 March 2013 shows that the magnetospheric electric field in the equatorial plane propagates from dayside toward nightside as a fast-mode wave. The ionospheric electric field responds similar to 41s after the onset of dayside magnetospheric electric field, which can be explained by the propagation of the Alfven wave along magnetic field lines. The wavelet analysis shows that the Alfven wave is dominant in the plasmasphere. Poynting fluxes toward the ionosphere support these propagations. From a statistical analysis of response time, tailward propagation speed is estimated at about 1000-1100km/s. We also statistically derive a spatial distribution and time evolution of the magnetospheric electric field in the dawn-dusk direction (E-y). Our result shows that negative E-y (dawnward) propagates from noon toward the magnetotail, followed by positive E-y (duskward). The propagation characteristics of electric fields in the equatorial plane depend on magnetic local time. At noon, negative E-y lasts for about 1min, and positive E-y becomes dominant about 2min after the SC onset. Negative E-y soon attenuates in the nightside region, while the positive E-y propagates fairly well to the premidnight or postmidnight regions while maintaining a certain amplitude. The enhancement of positive E-y is due to the enhancement of magnetospheric convection associated with the main impulse of SCs.

DOI： 10.1002/2017JA023990

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Other Link： http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8160-3553

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)   Publisher：John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  

DOI： 10.1002/9781119066880.ch7

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The statistics of gravity wave momentum flux estimation are investigated using data from the MU radar at Shigariki, Japan (136 degrees E, 35 degrees N). The radar has been operating during campaign periods since 1986. The first part of the paper focuses on a multi-day campaign during October 13-31, 1986. The second part of the paper investigates data after 2006 when the radar was operated in a meteor scatter mode. Momentum fluxes are derived from both the turbulent scatter and the meteor scatter measurements, but the techniques are quite different. Probability Distribution Functions are formed using turbulent scatter data. These show that wave packets sometimes have momentum flux magnitudes in excess of 100 m(2) s(-2). The technique for meteor radars, introduced by Hocking (2005), has been widely adopted by the radar community in recent years. The momentum flux estimated using this technique is found to be anti-correlated with the background tidal winds. A validation investigation is carried out for periods with a high meteor echo data rate. The conclusion was that the method can be used to calculate the sign of momentum flux, but does not accurately specify the magnitude. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jastp.2016.01.013

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER HEIDELBERG  

The local time variation of geomagnetic sudden commencements (SCs) has not been taken into account in the Siscoe's linear relationship which connects the SC amplitude with the corresponding dynamic pressure variation of the solar wind. By considering the physical background of SC, we studied which local time is best to extract the information of the solar wind dynamic pressure and concluded that the SC amplitude at 4-5 h local time of middle and low-latitude stations most directly reflects the dynamic pressure effect. This result is used to re-check the order of magnitude of the largest 3 SCs observed since 1868.

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-016-0444-y

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DOI： 10.1002/2015JA022101

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION  

The ionospheric plasma in midlatitude moves upward/downward during the geomagnetic sudden commencement causing the HF Doppler frequency changes; SCF (+-) and (-+) on the dayside and nightside, respectively, except for the SCF (+-) in the evening as found by Kikuchi et al. (1985). Although the preliminary and main frequency deviations (PFD, MFD) of the SCF have been attributed to the dusk-to-dawn and dawn-to-dusk potential electric fields, there still remain questions if the positive PFD can be caused by the compressional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave and what causes the evening anomaly of the SCF. With the HF Doppler sounder, we show that the dayside ionosphere moves upward toward the Sun during the main impulse (MI) of the SC, when the compressional wave is supposed to push the ionosphere downward. The motion of the ionosphere is shown to be correlated with the equatorial electrojet, matching the potential electric field transmitted with the ionospheric currents from the polar ionosphere. We confirmed that the electric field of the compressional wave is severely suppressed by the conducting ionosphere and reproduced the SC electric fields using the global MHD simulation in which the potential solver is employed. The model calculations well reproduced the preliminary impulse and MI electric fields and their evening anomaly. It is suggested that the electric potential is transmitted from the polar ionosphere to the equator by the zeroth-order transverse magnetic (TM0) mode waves in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. The near-instantaneous transmission of the electric potential leads to instantaneous global response of the incompressible ionosphere.

DOI： 10.1002/2015JA022166

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH  

Two nearly identical meteor radars were operated at Koto Tabang (0.20 degrees S, 100.32 degrees E), West Sumatra, and Biak (1.17 degrees S, 136.10 degrees E), West Papua, in Indonesia, separated by approximately 4000 km in longitude on the Equator. The zonal and meridional momentum flux, u'w' and v'w', where u, v, and w are the eastward, northward, and vertical wind velocity components, respectively, were estimated at 86 to 94 km altitudes using the meteor radar data by applying a method proposed by Hocking (2005). The observed u'w' at the two sites agreed reasonably well at 86, 90, and 94 km during the observation periods when the data acquisition rate was sufficiently large enough. Variations in v'w' were consistent between 86, 90, and 94 km altitudes at both sites. The climatological variation in the monthly averaged u'w' and v'w' was investigated using the long-term radar data at Koto Tabang from November 2002 to November 2013. The seasonal variations in u'w' and v'w' showed a repeatable semiannual and annual cycles, respectively. u'w' showed eastward values in February-April and July-September and v'w' was northward in June to August at 90-94 km, both of which were generally anti-phase with the mean zonal and meridional winds, having the same periodicity. Our results suggest the usefulness of the Hocking method.

DOI： 10.5194/angeo-34-369-2016

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER HEIDELBERG  

A statistical study using a large dataset of Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) observations is conducted for transient ionospheric plasma flows associated with sudden impulses (SI) recorded on ground magnetic field. The global structure of twin vortex-like ionospheric flows is found to be consistent with the twin vortices of ionospheric Hall current deduced by the past geomagnetic field observations. An interesting feature, which is focused on in this study, is that the flow structures show a dawn-dusk asymmetry depending on the combination of the polarity of SI and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)-By. Detailed statistics of the SuperDARN observations reveal that the dawn-dusk asymmetry of flow vortices due to IMF-By appears during negative SIs, while such asymmetric characteristics are not seen during positive SIs. On the basis of the upstream observations, we suggest that this particular dawn-dusk asymmetry is caused by the interaction between the pre-existing round convection cell and a pair of the transient convection vortices associated with SIs.

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-015-0360-6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION  

Using in situ observations from the Republic of China Satellite-1 spacecraft, we investigated the time response and local time dependence of the ionospheric electric field at mid-low latitudes associated with geomagnetic sudden commencements (SCs) that occurred from 1999 to 2004. We found that the ionospheric electric field variation associated with SCs instantaneously responds to the preliminary impulse (PI) signature on the ground regardless of spacecraft local time. Our statistical analysis also supports the global instant transmission of electric field from the polar region. In contrast, the peak time detected in the ionospheric electric field is earlier than that of the equatorial geomagnetic field (similar to 20s before in the PI phase). Based on the ground-ionosphere waveguide model, this time lag can be attributed to the latitudinal difference of ionospheric conductivity. However, the local time distribution of the initial excursion of ionospheric electric field shows that dusk-to-dawn ionospheric electric fields develop during the PI phase. Moreover, the westward electric field in the ionosphere, which produces the preliminary reverse impulse of the geomagnetic field on the dayside feature, appears at 18-22h LT where the ionospheric conductivity beyond the duskside terminator (18h LT) is lower than on the dayside. The result of a magnetohydrodynamic simulation for an ideal SC shows that the electric potential distribution is asymmetric with respect to the noon-midnight meridian. This produces the local time distribution of ionospheric electric fields similar to the observed result, which can be explained by the divergence of the Hall current under nonuniform ionospheric conductivity.

DOI： 10.1002/2015JA021309

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Earth, Planets and Space  

Background: This paper presents an overview of the capacity-building activities and science-enabling services of the Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork (IUGONET) project. This Japanese program, which started in 2009, is building a metadata database (MDDB) of ground-based observations and is developing an analysis software to handle the data linked to the MDDB system for use by the solar-terrestrial physics community. Because the institutional members of the IUGONET are mainly universities in Japan, we explore tools that can contribute to advanced education as well as promote research activities. Findings: In this paper, we describe the utilities of the IUGONET for education, including our capacity-building activities in developing countries. We have regularly facilitated training seminars for Japanese students on the use of our tools (IUGONET MDDB and the software), and we have held capacity-building seminars for young scientists in developing countries. In addition to the MDDB, we have prepared various 'gateway' tools for users who are unfamiliar with 'keywords' to search for data. One of these is a geographical display tool that uses Google Earth (KML file), which is included as supplemental material to this paper. The usefulness of the IUGONET has been proven over its first 5 years of operation by the increasing number of its users, which has led to the production of approximately 500 scientific papers, including 42 thesis papers. Conclusions: The IUGONET community collaborates with the Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics program, not only in its scientific activities, but also in the establishment of E-infrastructure and capacity building.

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-014-0170-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Earth, Planets and Space  

Characteristics of long-term variation in the amplitude of solar quiet (Sq) geomagnetic field daily variation have been investigated using 1-h geomagnetic field data obtained from 69 geomagnetic observation stations within the period of 1947 to 2013. The Sq amplitude observed at these geomagnetic stations showed a clear dependence on the 10- to 12-year solar activity cycle and tended to be enhanced during each solar maximum phase. The Sq amplitude was the smallest around the minimum of solar cycle 23/24 in 2008 to 2009. The relationship between the solar F10.7 index and Sq amplitude was approximately linear but about 53% of geomagnetic stations showed a weak nonlinear relation to the solar F10.7 index. In order to remove the effect of solar activity seen in the long-term variation of the Sq amplitude, we calculated a linear or second-order fitting curve between the solar F10.7 index and Sq amplitude during 1947 to 2013 and examined the residual Sq amplitude, which is defined as the deviation from the fitting curve. As a result, the majority of trends in the residual Sq amplitude that passed through a trend test showed negative values over a wide region. This tendency was relatively strong in Europe, India, the eastern part of Canada, and New Zealand. The relationship between the magnetic field intensity at 100-km altitude and residual Sq amplitude showed an anti-correlation for about 71% of the geomagnetic stations. Furthermore, the residual Sq amplitude at the equatorial station (Addis Ababa) was anti-correlated with the absolute value of the magnetic field inclination. This implies movement of the equatorial electrojet due to the secular variation of the ambient magnetic field.

DOI： 10.1186/s40623-014-0155-1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

The Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork (IUGONET) project focuses on handling ground-based observational data of the upper atmosphere. To this end, the project members have been developing a data analysis software package which is based on Interactive Data Language (IDL). Filling the spatial gaps in observational data requires the use of numerical models. In this paper, we discuss an IDL software package for global ionospheric conductivity by integration of 3rd party numerical models. The model can be used to create further derived models. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cpc.2014.08.011

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Committee on Data for Science and Technology  

An overview of the Interuniversity Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork (IUGONET) project is presented. This Japanese program is building a meta-database for ground-based observations of the upper atmosphere, in which metadata connected with various atmospheric radars and photometers, including those located in both polar regions, are archived. By querying the metadata database, researchers are able to access data file/information held by data facilities. Moreover, by utilizing our analysis software, users can download, visualize, and analyze upper-atmospheric data archived in or linked with the system. As a future development, we are looking to make our database interoperable with others.

DOI： 10.2481/dsj.IFPDA-07

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER HEIDELBERG  

Background: The Interuniversity Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork (IUGONET) project is a 6-year research project which started in 2009. The objective of this project is to establish a metadata database of various ground-based observation data covering a wide region from the Sun to the Earth; this will encourage more studies on the mechanisms of long-term variations in the upper atmosphere.
Findings: For archiving purposes, the metadata database system for cross-searching various data distributed across many universities and institute was developed based on the existing repository software called DSpace as the core component and the Space Physics Archive Search and Extract (SPASE) data model as the metadata format. The IUGONET metadata database is still in operation since it was released in March 2012. The system is continuously examined, tested, and updated to improve its quality. The OpenSearch interface in the IUGONET metadata database allows the user to use external applications easily for exchanging metadata and/or for analyzing data.
Conclusions: We conducted self-examination of our product, which was added for planning future directions of the IUGONET project.

DOI： 10.1186/1880-5981-66-133

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：宇宙航空研究開発機構  

In order to understand the mechanism of global-scale phenomena in the upper atmosphere, multidisciplinary researches using many kinds of data are important. An infrastructure to access to many kinds of data on the Internet is one of the keys to the multidisciplinary researches. The Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork (IUGONET) project solved this problem by developing a metadata database to provide information such as URL of database or each data .le, which are managed dispersively by several institutes. Because the metadata database covers a wide scienti.c .eld, it is likely that non-specialized users can not easily select a right search phrase. We connected an associative search engine which is called GETAssoc with the metadata database, in order to get the related words and to generate re-query phrases by using them automatically. We collected metadata from SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System to create the dictionary for associative search. We show that the prepared dictionary gives the related terms as expected for generating re-query phrases.

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Data Science Journal  

An overview of the Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork (IUGONET) project is presented with a brief description of the products to be developed. This is a Japanese inter-university research program to build the metadata database for ground-based observations of the upper atmosphere. The project also develops the software to analyze the observational data provided by various universities/institutes. These products will be of great help to researchers in efficiently finding, obtaining, and utilizing various data dispersed across the universities/institutes. This is expected to contribute significantly to the promotion of interdisciplinary research, leading to more a comprehensive understanding of the upper atmosphere.

DOI： 10.2481/dsj.WDS-030

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Ubiquity Press Ltd  

An overview of the Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork (IUGONET) project is presented with a brief description of the products to be developed. This is a Japanese inter-university research program to build the metadata database for ground-based observations of the upper atmosphere. The project also develops the software to analyze the observational data provided by various universities/institutes. These products will be of great help to researchers in efficiently finding, obtaining, and utilizing various data dispersed across the universities/institutes. This is expected to contribute significantly to the promotion of interdisciplinary research, leading to more a comprehensive understanding of the upper atmosphere.

DOI： 10.2481/dsj.WDS-030

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency  

This paper reports on the benchmark test of the metadata management system developed by the Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork (IUGONET) project. The IUGONET metadata management system consists of the metadata reception module based on file repositories of Git, which is a widely-used version control software, and the metadata import module to register metadata to the metadata database using the DSpace commands. We made the performance assessments for these two modules in terms of the processing speed for registering/importing metadata both on a native Linux platform and a virtualized Linux platform. As a result, the metadata reception module processes properly eve millions of registered metadata within several minutes at most, showing roughly the similar performance for the native and virtualized platform. On the other hand, the metadata import module needs much longer processing times of several to a few tens of hours for the same amount of metadata. As compared with the virtualized platform, the native platform gives a four times faster speed for updating indices for the built-in search engine based on Lucene. From a perspective of the regular operation of the metadata management system, the metadata import module runs more efficiently on the native Linux platform and it is estimated by our performance test that it takes about 5 hours to newly import 105 metadata files and subsequently takes about 21 hours to update the Lucene indices for the registered metadata of 5 × 106 in total.

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency  

In the IUGONET (Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork) project, we have developed UDAS (iUgonet Data Analysis Software), which is a software to visualize and analyze various kinds of upper atmospheric data distributed by five universities/institutes (Tohoku Univ., Nagoya Univ., Kyoto Univ., Kyushu Univ., and NIPR). UDAS is a plug-in software of TDAS (THEMIS Data Analysis Software suite) written in IDL (Interactive Data Language), and thus can call useful routines to visualize and analyze time series data and GUI included in TDAS. We released a beta version of UDAS at the IUGONET website in May, 2011, and a formal version in February, 2012. We are planning to incorporate UDAS into TDAS and release it from the THEMIS software website after September, 2012. Automatic test tools for the UDAS programs were developed to reduce the workload for the development team. Furthermore, we built an executable file of TDAS that can run on the IDL Virtual Machine environment without any IDL licenses and released it for public testing. These developments will contribute to the promotion of the use of the UDAS and the ground-based observational data distributed by the IUGONET institutions.

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency  

In the IUGONET (Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork) project, we have developed UDAS (iUgonet Data Analysis Software), which is a software to visualize and analyze various kinds of upper atmospheric data distributed by five universities/institutes (Tohoku Univ., Nagoya Univ., Kyoto Univ., Kyushu Univ., and NIPR). UDAS is a plug-in software of TDAS (THEMIS Data Analysis Software suite) written in IDL (Interactive Data Language), and thus can call useful routines to visualize and analyze time series data and GUI included in TDAS. We released a beta version of UDAS at the IUGONET website in May, 2011, and a formal version in February, 2012. We are planning to incorporate UDAS into TDAS and release it from the THEMIS software website after September, 2012. Automatic test tools for the UDAS programs were developed to reduce the workload for the development team. Furthermore, we built an executable file of TDAS that can run on the IDL Virtual Machine environment without any IDL licenses and released it for public testing. These developments will contribute to the promotion of the use of the UDAS and the ground-based observational data distributed by the IUGONET institutions.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CODATA  

An overview of the Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork (IUGONET) project is presented with a brief description of the products to be developed. This is a Japanese inter-university research program to build the metadata database for ground-based observations of the upper atmosphere. The project also develops the software to analyze the observational data provided by various universities/institutes. These products will be of great help to researchers in efficiently finding, obtaining, and utilizing various data dispersed across the universities/institutes. This is expected to contribute significantly to the promotion of interdisciplinary research, leading to more a comprehensive understanding of the upper atmosphere.

DOI： 10.2481/dsj.WDS-030

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION  

The spatial evolution of vortex-like flow structures induced by a negative sudden impulse (SI-) is studied on the basis of SuperDARN King Salmon HF radar (KSR) with other ground and satellite data. A large dip in the solar wind density induced a fairly large SI- with a SYM-H amplitude of similar to 40 nT. The SI- induced ionospheric flow signatures in the evening sector (MLT similar to 19 h) were observed by KSR as a westward flow associated with the preliminary impulse (PI) followed by a more intense eastward flow with the main impulse (MI) in the sub-auroral region of the magnetic latitude similar to 60-70 deg, consistent with the local ground magnetic field observations. Following the first PI-MI flow sequence, KSR saw a second and possibly third sequence of flow variation which were much smaller in flow amplitude than the first pair but showed qualitatively very similar flow variations and latitudinal/longitudinal propagation characteristics. These observations can be interpreted as aftershocks of the first PI-MI; the same sequence of vortices and field-aligned currents were generated and then drifted anti-sunward with the same mechanism, namely the pumping motion of the dayside magnetosphere. These results are qualitatively consistent with predictions suggested by recent numerical simulations. Citation: Hori, T., A. Shinbori, N. Nishitani, T. Kikuchi, S. Fujita, T. Nagatsuma, O. Troshichev, K. Yumoto, A. Moiseyev, and K. Seki (2012), Evolution of negative SI- induced ionospheric flows observed by SuperDARN King Salmon HF radar, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A12223, doi:10.1029/2012JA018093.

DOI： 10.1029/2012JA018093

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To determine the characteristics and origin of observed storm-time electron density enhancements in the polar cap, and to investigate the spatial extent (noon-midnight direction) of associated O+ ion outflows, we analyzed nearly simultaneous observations of such electron density enhancements from the Akebono satellite and ion upflows from the Polar satellite during a geomagnetic storm occurring on 6 April 2000. The Akebono satellite observed substantial electron density enhancements by a factor of similar to 10-90 with a long duration of similar to 15 h at similar to 2 R-E in the southern polar region. The Polar satellite outflow measurements in the northern polar cap at similar to 7-4 R-E exhibited velocity filtering of the similar to 100 eV to similar to 0 eV (from the spacecraft potential) ion outflow from the cleft ion fountain, with resultant temperatures declining from similar to 3 eV to 0.03 eV with increasing distance from the cusp. Similar velocity filtering was detected in the southern polar cap at similar to 1.8-3.5 RE. The region of O+ ion outflows with fluxes exceeding 5 x 10(8) /cm(2)/s (mapped to 1000 km altitude) extended similar to 10 degrees MLAT (similar to 1000 km) at the ionosphere from the cusp/cleft into the dayside polar cap at similar to 2.5 RE. These coordinated Akebono-Polar observations are consistent with the development of storm-time electron density enhancements in the polar cap as a result of the bulk outflow of low-energy plasma as part of the cleft ion fountain. The large spatial scale, large ion fluxes, and the long duration indicate significant supply of very-low-energy O+ ions to the magnetosphere through this region.

DOI： 10.1029/2012JA017900

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Toward the understanding of the effect of the magnetosphere originated disturbances on the global ionospheric electric field and current system, we developed a two-dimensional ionospheric potential solver based on the so-called "thin shell model." The important extension from the previous studies is that our model covers the pole-to-pole ionosphere without placing any boundary at the equator. By using this solver, we investigate how the ionospheric electric field changes from undershielding condition to overshielding condition as the field aligned current (FAC) distribution changes. Calculations are performed by changing IR2/IR1 (the ratio of current intensities of region 2 (R2) and region 1 (R1) FACs) and by moving R2-FAC relative to the fixed R1-FAC. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The turning point, at which the ionosphere turns from undershielding to overshielding is IR2/IR1 = 0.7 ∼ 0.8. (2) With increasing the local time deference between the R1 and R2-FAC peaks, the efficiency of the shielding by R2-FAC increases but the associated potential skews to the nightside. (3) At the same time the shielding effect is weakened around noon, where the R1-potential intrudes to the low latitude region instead, but the R2-potential remains dominant at other local times. The result suggests that the overshielding or undershielding should be identified by observations not only in a limited local time sector but also in the overall ionosphere as much as possible. In order to accurately describe the ionospheric condition, we suggest new classification terms, "complete-overshielding" and "incomplete-overshielding. " © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

DOI： 10.1029/2012JA017669

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The magnetic local time and latitude dependence of amplitude of the main impulse (MI) of geomagnetic sudden commencements (SCs) and its seasonal variation have been investigated using high time resolution (1-3 sec) geomagnetic data in the latitudinal range 27-70 degrees for the period 1996-2010. The daytime distribution of the SC-MI amplitude in the sub-auroral and middle latitudes (35-60 degrees) is similar to the DP-2 type geomagnetic variation which shows negative and positive changes in the morning and afternoon, respectively. The magnetic field variation is reversed around the magnetic latitude of 63-65 degrees. This suggests that a pair of field-aligned currents (FACs), resembling the region-1 (R-1) FACs, is located near the magnetic latitude of 63-65 degrees. The nighttime SC amplitude is enhanced significantly in the low and middle latitudes (27-60 degrees). The enhancement is due to the magnetic effect produced by the SC-MI FACs. In the nighttime auroral latitude (63-65 degrees), the SC amplitude decreases steeply due to the enhanced westward auroral electrojet associated with the compression of the magnetosphere. The size of the diurnal variation tends to increase significantly during the summer, compared with that during the winter. This seasonal variation suggests that the DP-2 type ionospheric currents (ICs) and FACs generated during the SC-MI phase are intensified by increased ionospheric conductivities during the summer. It can be concluded that the large-scale MI current system in the ionosphere and magnetosphere is voltage generator.

DOI： 10.1029/2012JA018006

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In order to clarify the global distribution of ionospheric currents during a geomagnetic storm, we analyzed ground magnetic disturbances from high latitudes to the magnetic equator for the storm on September 7-8, 2002, with the minimum SYM-H value of -168 nT. In this analysis, we investigated magnetic field deviations in the northward component from the SYM-H, as functions of the dipole magnetic latitude (DMLAT) and the magnetic local time (MLT). During the main phase of the storm, the deviations at the low latitudes (10 degrees-35 degrees in DMLAT) were positive/negative in the dawn/dusk (0-9/11-24 h MLT) sector. On the other hand, the deviations at the dayside middle latitudes (35 degrees-55 degrees in DMLAT) were negative/positive in the morning/afternoon (6-12/13-15 h MLT) sector. The local time distribution at the low latitudes may represent the dawn-dusk asymmetry of the storm time ring current, while that at the dayside middle latitudes coincides with the DP2 currents due to the convection electric field associated with the Region 1 field-aligned currents (R1 FACs). All over the nightside middle latitude, the deviations were positive. This implies the direct effect of the R1 FACs through the Biot-Savart's law. At the geomagnetic equator, the eastward and westward electrojets were intensified on the day and nightside, respectively, being caused by the penetrated dawn-to-dusk convection electric field. We found that the MLT distribution of the magnetic deviations during the recovery phase was in opposite sense to that during the main phase at the dayside middle latitudes. The reversed magnetic disturbances must be due to the overshielding electric field associated with the Region 2 field-aligned currents (R2 FACs). Similarly, the deviations at the dayside and nightside equator were reversed, indicating penetration of the dusk-to-dawn overshielding electric field into the equatorial ionosphere. Based on the above results, we propose a current system including the ionospheric currents at middle latitudes caused by the R1/R2 FACs, equatorial EEJ/CEJ, and asymmetric ring current, during the main/recovery phase of the geomagnetic storm.

DOI： 10.1029/2012JA017566

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency  

We have been building the metadata database of the gound-based observational data for upper atmosphere as developers of the Inter-university Uppear atmosphere Global Observation NETwork (IUGONET) project which is a six year research project from fiscal 2009 by the five Japanese universities and institutes. The main purpose of the metadata database to facilitate access is the improvement of accessibility to the various kinds of the observational data which are distributed to many databases in the various institutes. We designed the IUGONET common metadata format which is based on the SPASE data model/metadata format developed by the SPASE Consortium. Then we customized DSpace, a free repository software, which handles the Dublin Core metadata format by default, to handle the IUGONET common metadata. In this paper, we describe the IUGONET metadata database as a case example of metadata database adaptation for geoscience.

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency  

This paper reports on the common metadata format and the metadata management system developed by the Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork (IUGONET) project. The IUGONET common metadata format has been designed on the basis of the Space Physics Archive Search and Extract (SPASE) data model/metadata format, which has been developed by the SPASE consortium, with some modifications made by IUGONET to accommodate metadata for the various kinds of ground observational data produced by the IUGONET institutes and universities. We have also developed the registration/management system for metadata XML files using GIT, which is a widely-used version control software. With the designed metadata format and the metadata management system, IUGONET continues to generate and archive metadata for the observational data of Japanese Solar-Terrestrial physics community.

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency  

In this paper we report an outline of data analysis software developed by the IUGONET (Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork) project. UDAS (iUgonet Data Analysis Software) is the software to visualize and analyze the upper atmospheric data distributed by five universities/institutes (Tohoku Univ., Nagoya Univ., Kyoto Univ., Kyushu Univ., and NIPR) that belong to the IUGONET project. The UDAS is a plug-in software of TDAS (THEMIS Data Analysis Software suite) that is written in IDL (Interactive Data Language) and has many useful routines to visualize and analyze time series data. In addition, the UDAS provides the GUI (Graphical User Interface) for beginners of IDL. A beta version of the UDAS was released at the IUGONET website in May, 2011. Furthermore, future perspectives of the UDAS are described.

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency  

This paper describes an overview of the Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork (IUGONET) project and briefly mentions important products to be developed in the project. It is an inter-university program by the National Institute of Polar Research, Tohoku University, Nagoya University, Kyoto University, and Kyushu University to build a database of metadata for ground-based observations of the upper atmosphere. The metadata database will be of great help to researchers in efficiently finding and obtaining observational data spread over the universities and institutes. This should also facilitate synthetic analysis of multi-disciplinary data, which will lead to new types of research in the upper atmosphere. The IUGONET development team designs its metadata format based on the SPASE (Space Physics Archive Search and Extract) data model. Some modifications depending on characteristics of ground-based observations of the upper atmosphere are added. The metadata database system is built on the platform of DSpace with customizations according to the IUGONET metadata. In addition, an analysis software for the observational data provided by the IUGONET institutions is developed based on the TDAS (THEMIS Data Analysis Software suite) library written in IDL (Interactive Data Language).

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION  

We constructed an empirical model of the electron density profile with solar zenith angle (SZA) dependence in the polar cap during geomagnetically quiet periods using 63 months of Akebono satellite observations at solar maximum. The electron density profile exhibits a transition at similar to 2000 km altitude only under dark conditions. The electron density and scale height at low altitudes change drastically, by factors of 25 (at 2300 km altitude) and 2.0, respectively, as the SZA increases from 90 degrees to 120 degrees. The SZA dependence of the ion and electron temperatures is also investigated statistically on the basis of data obtained by the Intercosmos satellites and European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Svalbard radar (ESR). A drastic change in the electron temperature occurs near the terminator, similarly to that in the electron density profile obtained by the Akebono satellite. The sum of the ion and electron temperatures obtained by the ESR (similar to 6500 K at similar to 1050 km altitude under sunlit conditions and similar to 3000 K at similar to 750 km altitude under dark conditions) agrees well with the scale height at low altitudes obtained from the Akebono observations, assuming that the temperature is constant and that O(+) ions are dominant. Comparisons between the present statistical results (SZA dependence of the electron density and ion and electron temperatures) and modeling studies of the polar wind indicate that the plasma density profile (especially of the O(+) ion density) in the polar cap is strongly controlled by solar radiation onto the ionosphere by changing ion and electron temperatures in the ionosphere during geomagnetically quiet periods.

DOI： 10.1029/2011JA016631

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DOI： 10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1_34

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION  

Observations of Poynting fluxes associated with onset of convection electric fields are essential for understanding of electromagnetic energy transport from the solar wind toward the magnetosphere leading to changes in the convection electric field, which is one of the most fundamental parameters in the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupled system. We present Cluster multispacecraft observations of Poynting fluxes associated with abrupt changes in large-scale electric fields during sudden commencements and southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The Cluster spacecraft detected Poynting fluxes dominated by the field-aligned upward component during the preliminary impulse of sudden commencements and in the initial period after southward turning of the IMF. The upward Poynting flux indicates existence of Alfven waves transporting electromagnetic energy from the ionosphere toward the magnetosphere leading to magnetospheric convection changes. The waveguide model and global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation calculating evolution of the Poynting flux following solar wind pressure enhancements also show upward Poynting fluxes propagating from the ionosphere toward the magnetosphere faster than the propagation of compressional waves. We conclude that the ionosphere acts as a channel to transmit electromagnetic energy supplied as field-aligned currents toward a wide region in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system instantaneously, leading to changes in magnetospheric convection electric fields.

DOI： 10.1029/2010JA015491

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION  

Velocity distributions of upflowing ions in the polar ionosphere are crucial to understand their destinations. Natural plasma wave observations by the plasma wave and sounder experiments and thermal ion observations by the suprathermal ion mass spectrometer onboard the Akebono satellite at similar to 9000 km altitude in the polar magnetosphere during the geomagnetic storms showed that ions in the region of enhanced electron density in the polar cap were dominated by very-low-energy O+ ions (similar to 85%) with upward velocities of 4-10 km s(-1), corresponding to streaming energies of 1.3-8.4 eV. The fluxes of very-low-energy upflowing O+ ions exceeded 1 x 10(9) cm(-2) s(-1) (mapped to 1000 km altitude) across wide regions. These signatures are consistent with high-density plasma supplied by the cleft ion fountain mechanism. Trajectory calculations of O+ ions based on the Akebono observations as the initial condition showed the transport paths and accelerations of the O+ ions and indicated that the velocities of the very-low-energy upflowing O+ ions through the dayside polar cap are enough to reach the magnetosphere under strong convection. The calculations suggest the importance of the very-low-energy upflowing O+ ions with large fluxes in the total O+ ion supply toward the magnetosphere, especially the near-Earth tail region and inner magnetosphere. The initially very-low-energy O+ ions can contribute significantly to the ring current formation during geomagnetic storms since some of the O+ ions were transported into the ring current region with typical energies of ring current ions (several tens of keV) in the trajectory calculations.

DOI： 10.1029/2010JA015601

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION  

Occurrence features of the preliminary impulse (PI) of geomagnetic sudden commencement (SC) both in the Pacific Ocean and South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) regions were investigated using the long-term magnetic field data obtained from the Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN) and NICT Space Weather Monitoring (NSWM) magnetometer networks. The low-latitude preliminary reverse impulse (PRI) at Okinawa (OKI: dip latitude = 37.97 degrees) in the Pacific Ocean region appeared in all the magnetic local time (MLT) sectors with the peak occurrence rate of 40% around noon. On the other hand, the PRI occurrence rate at Santa Maria (SMA: dip latitude = -34.35 degrees) near the center of the SAA region showed a significant enhancement in the daytime sector (0800-1600 h, MLT) with the peak value of 80%, which resembles the occurrence feature of the equatorial PRI. Moreover, the PRI amplitude around noon at SMA was about 3.0 times larger than that at OKI. From the calculation of the ionospheric conductivity derived from the IRI-2007 and NRLMSISE-00 models, it is shown that the height-integrated conductivity was more enhanced in the SAA region (SMA), where the ambient magnetic field intensity is weak, compared with that in the Pacific Ocean region (OKI). Therefore, the anomalous increase of the PRI occurrence and amplitude is caused by the significant enhancement of the ionospheric conductivity due to the weakness of the ambient magnetic field intensity in the SAA region.

DOI： 10.1029/2009JA015035

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DOI： 10.1029/2009JA014499

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The penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the magnetic equator has been investigated for two intense magnetic storms that occurred on 31 March 2001 and 6 November 2001. The digital ground magnetic data from equatorial station Tirunelveli (TIR, 0.17 degrees S geomagnetic latitude (GML)) and low-latitude station Alibag (ABG, 10.17 degrees N GML) have been used to identify the storm time electrojet index, EEJ(Dis), which is the difference of the magnetic field variations between TIR and ABG after removing the quiet day variations. The appearance of enhanced DP 2 currents and counterelectrojets (CEJ) during the main and recovery phases of the magnetic storms is possibly due to prompt penetration of electric fields from the high latitudes. These signatures can be interpreted as a clear indicator of the eastward and westward electric fields at the equator. The observed results suggest that the magnitude of the equatorial ionospheric currents driven by the penetrating electric fields is very sensitive to ionospheric conductivity (which depends on local time). Moreover, the intensity of the DP 2 currents started decreasing during the end of the main phase of the storm despite the large negative southward IMF Bz, indicating the dominance of a well-developed shielding electric field for 1 h. As an effect of penetrating electric fields at the equator, the equatorial ionization anomaly is enhanced during the main phase (because of strong eastward electric field) and is inhibited or reduced due to the strong CEJ (because of westward electric field) during the recovery phase.

DOI： 10.1029/2009JA014562

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION  

The transient response of convection electric fields in the inner magnetosphere to southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is investigated using in-situ electric field observations by the CRRES and Akebono spacecraft. Electric fields earthward of the inner edge of the electron plasma sheet show quick responses simultaneously with change in ionospheric electric fields, which indicates the arrival of the first signal related to southward turning. A coordinated observation of the electric field by the CRRES and Akebono spacecraft separated by 5 RE reveals a simultaneous increase in the dawn-dusk electric field in a wide region of the inner magnetosphere. A quick response associated with the southward turning of the IMF is also identified in in-situ magnetic fields. It indicates that the southward turning of the IMF initiates simultaneous (less than 1 min) enhancements of ionospheric electric fields, convection electric fields in the inner magnetosphere, and the ring or tail current and region 2 FACs. In contrast, a quick response of convection electric fields is not identified in the electron plasma sheet. A statistical study using 161 events of IMF orientation change in 1991 confirms a prompt response within 5 min for 80% of events earthward of the electron plasma sheet, while a large time lag of more than 30 min is identified in electric fields in the electron plasma sheet. The remarkable difference in the response of electric fields indicates that electric fields in the electron plasma sheet are weakened by high conductance in the magnetically conjugated auroral ionosphere.

DOI： 10.1029/2009JA014277

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1029/2008JA013871

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics  

Statistical analysis of the main impulse (MI) amplitude of geomagnetic sudden commencements (SCs) in a region from the middle latitudes to equator has been made using the long-term geomagnetic field data obtained from the Yap (geomagnetic latitude, θ = 0.38°), Guam (θ = 5.22°), Okinawa (θ = 16.54°), Kakioka (θ = 27.18°), Memanbetsu (θ = 35.16°), and St. Paratunka (θ = 45.58°) stations. The magnetic local time (MLT) dependence of SC amplitude in the middle latitudes showed magnetic field variations produced by two-cell ionospheric currents (DP 2-type currents) which are driven by the dawn-to-dusk electric field accompanying a pair of field-aligned currents (FACs). The effect of the DP 2-type currents at least expands to the low latitude (θ = 16.54°). In this region, the DL part of SC produced by the enhanced Chapman-Ferraro currents can be dominant, but the DP part of SC contaminated 7% of the DL one. On the other hand, at the daytime equator between 8:00 and 16:00 (MLT), the SC amplitude is considerably enhanced with its peak amplitude of 3.24 (normalized SYM-H value) around 11:00 (MLT) due to the Cowling effect. Another interesting point is that the SC amplitude in the nighttime sector was enhanced at all the stations again, and its peak value increases with increasing magnetic latitude. This result suggests that the effect of the FACs associated with the MI phase of SC expands to the equator. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.

DOI： 10.1029/2008JA013871

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Geophysical Union (AGU)  

Meridional electron density distributions above 45 degrees invariant latitude (ILAT) during geomagnetically quiet periods are statistically studied. Electron density data were obtained from plasma waves observed by the Akebono satellite from March 1989 to February 1991 (near solar maximum) in an altitude range of 274-10,500 km. Field-aligned electron density profiles were fitted by the sum of exponential and power law functions. The transition height, where the power law term equals the exponential term, is highest in the summer (at low solar zenith angle (SZA)) at similar to 4000 km and lowest in the winter (at high SZA) at similar to 1800 km in a region of ILAT &gt;= 70 degrees; this is caused by the larger scale height in the summer (similar to 550 km) than that in the winter (similar to 250 km). The largest seasonal variation and SZA dependence of the electron density are found at an altitude of similar to 2000 km with a factor of similar to 50 (similar to 10(4) /cc in the summer, similar to 10(3) /cc in the winter) in the trough, auroral, and polar cap regions. The seasonal variation and SZA dependence are smaller, about a factor of 5-10, above similar to 5000 km. Day-night asymmetries in each season (within a factor of 5) are smaller than the seasonal variation. The scale height is larger in the dayside than in the nightside in each season. These results indicate that photoionization processes in the ionosphere strongly control electron density distributions up to at least similar to 5000 km in the trough, auroral, and polar cap regions.

DOI： 10.1029/2008JA013288

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DOI： 10.1029/2008JA013871

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Faculty of Science, Kyushu University  

We present the low-latitude ionospheric electric field during the main impulse (MI) phase of two geomagnetic sudden commencements (SCs), observed for the first time by an FM-CW radar. From our observation, the direction of the ionospheric electric field is eastward in the daytime and westward in the nighttime sectors. This difference indicates the penetration of the dawn-to-dusk polar electric field associated with the SCs into the low-latitude ionosphere.

DOI： 10.5109/11811

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Terra Scientific Pub. Co.  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION  

Electric field and potential distributions in the inner magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms have been investigated using the Akebono/EFD data. Using this electric field, we study injection of ring current particles and acceleration of radiation belt electrons by single-particle calculations. During the main phase, the dawn-dusk electric field is intensified especially in a range of 2 &lt; L &lt; 5 with a maximum amplitude of 6 mV/m on the duskside, and a two-cell convection pattern with a potential difference of 180 kV is identified. The convection pattern on the equatorial plane is significantly distorted with a large potential drop of 70 kV on the dawn and dusk sectors, indicating an intrinsic source of large-scale electric field in the inner magnetosphere. The plasma sheet ions are gathered into the dusk to premidnight sector in the inner magnetosphere in the region of enhanced electric field due to the strong E x B drift. The ions are transported into around 4 R-E with an acceleration of more than 1 order of magnitude within 40 min, conserving the first adiabatic invariants. Relativistic electrons with initial energy of some hundreds of kiloelectron volts at 5 R-E are energized to more than 100 keV for 3 hours. The energy spectrum during the recovery phase of 9 October 1990 geomagnetic storm observed by the CRRES satellite is reproduced without the radial diffusion or nonadiabatic acceleration by plasma waves. It is possible that this acceleration process is the inhomogeneity of the large-scale electric field, which corresponds to the del x E term along orbits of electrons around the Earth.

DOI： 10.1029/2006JA012177

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Terra Scientific Pub. Co.  

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CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Berlin  

In order to clarify the generation mechanism of Z-mode waves observed in the equatorial plasmasphere, the growth rate of Z-mode electromagnetic waves has been calculated under the higher-order cyclotron interaction process. Z-mode waves can interact with some tens of keV electrons with large pitch angles even in the dense cold background, and the amplitude is consistent with the Akebono plasma wave measurements. UHR and whistler mode waves are also excited by the same electron distribution, and this is also consistent with observations. The origin of these energetic electrons are identified as the ring current electrons injected into the plasmasphere by the intense large-scale electric field during geomagnetic storms, accelerated perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field and confined around the geomagnetic equator conserving the first and second adiabatic invariants. Since the intensity of Z-mode and UHR waves is associated with the development and decay of the ring current, ring current particles are most possible candidate for the free energy source of these waves. Copyright © The Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences (SGEPSS)
The Seismological Society of Japan
The Volcanological Society of Japan
The Geodetic Society of Japan
The Japanese Society for Planetary Sciences
TERRAPUB.

DOI： 10.1186/BF03352043

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO  

Analysis of the plasma wave observation data provided by the plasma waves and sounder experiment (PWS) on board the Akebono satellite frequently reveals the presence of electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ESCH) waves in the low-latitude region (MLAT &lt; 45 degrees) of the plasmasphere within an altitude range from about 3000 km to the apogee of the satellite (initial apogee was 10,500 km). Even at moderate or low geomagnetic activity, intense ESCH waves often appear near the equatorial region of the plasmasphere above the upper hybrid resonance (UHR) frequency at the lowest harmonic number branch of the f(Qn) ESCH waves. We identified these plasma waves as the equatorial plasmasphere f(Qn) waves (EP-f(Qn)). The spectra of the EP-f(Qn) waves are characterized by a narrow band structure and by a strong nature, with a wave intensity that ranges from 3.46 x 10(-8) to 3.31 X 10(-4) V/m. The maximum intensity is nearly coincident with the upper limit of the PWS receiver in the low-gain mode. Statistical analysis results reveal that the EP-f(Qn) waves are observable in all the local time sectors; however, the occurrence probability shows a clear enhancement in the early morning sector of 01-03 MLT in the plasmasphere. The EP-f(Qn) wave activities are suppressed within a period of strong magnetic disturbances as well as solar minimum phase. The linear dispersion relation analysis using a two-component plasma model reveals that supra-thermal plasma with the energy of about 750 eV and with a large temperature anisotropy (A = T-perp/T-parallel - 1 &gt; 40) must be present in order to realize an appearance of a positive growth rate at the observed frequency and propagation angle of the ESCH waves. Since the hot plasma with such a high anisotropy has not been detected, the validity of the present two-component plasma model remains an open question. The occurrence feature of the ESCH waves showed that there is a constant activation or a constant flow-in of free energy to generate the strong plasma instability of ESCH waves near the post-midnight sector of the plasmasphere. The existence of ESCH waves revealed that the nature of the plasmaspheric plasma is more turbulent and active than has been believed.

DOI： 10.1186/BF03352723

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION  

The distribution of the storm-time electric field in the inner magnetosphere has been investigated by using the Akebono/EFD data within a period from 1989 to 1995. During the main phase of geomagnetic storms, the strong electric field appears between L = 2 and L = 6 in both dawn and dusk sectors with the magnitude from 2 to 4 mV/m, and the maximum value appears at L = 3 in the dusk sector. During the recovery and weakly disturbed period, the region with intense electric field moves outward with decreasing the amplitude. This structure of the localized electric field is quite different from the Volland-Stern electric field model, suggesting the existence of another electric field source other than the large-scale convection electric field. During quiet periods, although the electric field fairly follows the corotation electric field, the distribution at L = 3.5 indicates a small deviation from pure corotation.

DOI： 10.1029/2006GL027510

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DOI： 10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.082

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CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Electric field variations in the inner magnetosphere and plasmasphere regions associated with sudden commencements (SCs) are investigated by using the observation data of the Akebono satellite which has been carried out more than 15 years since 1989. 117 of 153 SC events in the low-latitude (MLAT &lt; 45 degrees) region, which occurred within a period from March 1989 to January 1996, showed a shift of the magnetospheric convection electric field with the magnitude of 0.1-3.2 mV/m about 1 min after the electric field signature with a bi-polar waveform due to the passage of fast-mode hydromagnetic (HM) waves. The increase of the convection electric field takes place in the entire magnetic local time sector in the inner magnetosphere. The amplitude does not depend on L-value and magnetic local time but is proportional to the SC amplitude measured at Kakioka. The majority of the electric field enhancements persist for about 4-14 min. The origin of the convection electric field in the inner magnetosphere is a plasma motion caused by the compression of the magnetosphere due to the solar wind shock and discontinuity. (C) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.082

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Berlin  

In order to investigate spatial and temporal variations of fast and slow Z-mode waves frequently observed in the equatorial plasmasphere, statistical studies have been performed by using plasma wave observation data obtained by the Akebono satellite within a period from 1989 to 1995. It has been clarified that fast and slow Z-mode waves are intensified within ±5° of geomagnetic latitudes in an altitude range from 6000 km to the apogee (10500 km) of the satellite without obvious local time dependence. Long-term averaged intensity of fast Z-mode waves has almost the same orders of magnitude as that of slow Z-mode waves. These results indicate that significant part of fast Z-mode waves are not produced by the linear mode conversion process from slow Z-mode waves, but excited by more direct process. Furthermore, the region of intensified fast and slow Z-mode waves has been spread in a wider geomagnetic latitude range of ±10° during geomagnetic storms. These evidences suggest that one of the possible free energy sources is ring current particles injected into the equatorial region of the plasmasphere during geomagnetic storms. Copyright © The Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences (SGEPSS)
The Seismological Society of Japan
The Volcanological Society of Japan
The Geodetic Society of Japan
The Japanese Society for Planetary Sciences
TERRAPUB.

DOI： 10.1186/BF03351930

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO  

Variations of cold plasma density distribution and large-scale electric field in the inner magnetosphere and plasmasphere during a geomagnetic storm were investigated by using the observation data of the Akebono satellite which has been carried out for more than 15 yeas since March, 1989. We focus on the super geomagnetic storm on March 13-15, 1989, for which the maximum negative excursion of the Dst index was -589 nT. During the main phase of the magnetic storm, the strong convection electric field with a spatially inhomogeneous structure appears in the inner magnetosphere between L = 2.0 and 7.0. The averaged intensity of the electric field was in a range of about 2.5-9.2 mV/m. The spatial distribution in the magnetic equatorial region indicates that the magnitude within an L-value range of 2.2-7.0 is much larger than that observed at L = 7.0-10.0. Associated with the appearance of the strong convection electric field, the cold plasma density near the trough region around L = 3.0-6.0 was enhanced with one or two order magnitude, compared with that in the magnetically quiet condition. This implies that a mount of the ionospheric plasma may be supplied from the topside ionosphere into the trough and plasmasphere regions by the frictional heating due to the fast plasma convection in the ionosphere as pointed out by previous studies on the enhancements of plasma density in these regions, based on incoherent scatter radar and total electron content (TEC) observations (e.g., Yeh and Foster, 1990; Foster et al., 2004). During the recovery phase of the magnetic storm, the convection electric field observed in the inner magnetosphere and plasmasphere regions recovers within 3-4 days almost up to the level of the magnetically quiet condition.

DOI： 10.1186/BF03351843

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO  

Electric and magnetic field variations inside the plasmasphere associated with SCs identified on the ground are analyzed based on the Akebono satellite observations which have been carried out more than 13 years since March 1989. 126 electric field observation data corresponding to SCs show abrupt change of intensity as well as direction within a few minutes inside the plasmasphere. Temporal variations of the electric field showed a bipolar waveform with the amplitude range of 0.2-38 mV/m. The electric field signature is followed by a dumping oscillation with the period of Pc3-4 ranges. The magnetic field variations of 33 SCs also show an abrupt increase of 0.2-65 nT within a few minutes, which indicate the compression of the magnetosphere due to the discontinuity of solar wind. The initial excursion of the electric field during SCs tends to be directed westward. The amplitude does not show a dependence on magnetic local time that has been observed outside the plasmasphere. The magnitude of the electric field variations tends to be proportional with the power of 0.6 to the magnetic field variation in the plasmasphere. The Poynting vector of the initial SC impulse is directed toward the earth, which suggests that energy of magnetic disturbances associated with SCs propagates toward the earth inside the plasmasphere with the refraction due to the plasma density gradient. One of the most interesting results from the present study is that a DC offset of the Ey component of the electric field appears after the initial electric field impulse associated with SCs. This signature is interpreted to be a magnetospheric convection electric field penetration into the inner plasmasphere (L=2.5). The intensity of the offset of the Ey field gradually increases by 0.5-2.0 mV/m about 1-2 minutes after the onset of the initial electric field impulse and persists about 10-30 minutes.

DOI： 10.1186/BF03353409

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION  

Plasma wave phenomena associated with sudden commencements (SC) are analyzed using the database of the Akebono satellite observations that have been carried out for more than 13 years since March 1989. All the 719 data sets simultaneously observed in the periods of SC events show that plasma waves are enhanced with one-to-one correspondence to SCs in entire regions of the polar cap, auroral zone, and plasmasphere within a response time of +/-90 s. In the middle latitude and equatorial regions of the plasmasphere, intensification and frequency shift of electromagnetic whistler mode, LHR waves, and ion cyclotron harmonic waves are found. The electric field variations in this region also show clear response to the onset of SCs with the amplitude of 0.2-30 mV/m. The variations are observed in the nightside as well as dayside sectors, and no clear dependence of magnetic latitude, local time, and L shell is found. On the other hand, electrostatic whistler mode waves and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves which show broadband spectra are generated in the high-latitude region. Spectra of low-energy particles observed simultaneously with the enhancement of these plasma waves show that electron fluxes are enhanced in all of pitch angle bins of the low-energy particle detector onboard the Akebono satellite. Near the cusp region, the ion fluxes are more enhanced in the upward direction than in the downward direction along the magnetic field lines. In about half of the cases of the high-latitude events, sudden appearance and intensification of AKR are also found after the onsets of SC. The delay time between the onsets of SC and AKR enhancement shows several minutes with the average time of 5.7 min. Time differences between the onsets of SC measured at Kakioka Magnetic Observatory and plasma wave enhancements observed by the Akebono satellite show positive correlation with possible delay time according to the propagation route of SC disturbances. Propagation character of SC disturbances shows two group signatures: one group takes a route which crosses the geomagnetic equator region with an average speed of 389.5 km/s. The speed is almost consistent with plasmaspheric fast-mode MHD wave velocity. The other group takes a route which starts from the dayside cusp region. In the second case, the SC disturbances propagate through the polar ionosphere region from the dayside to the nightside sectors with an average speed of 47 km/ s in the X-GSM coordinate corresponding to the ionospheric fast-mode MHD wave velocity.

DOI： 10.1029/2003JA009964

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DOI： 10.15094/00006362

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：National Institute of Polar Research  

Plasma wave phenomena associated with sudden commencements (SCs) were analyzed based on observations conducted with the Akebono satellite, which has been collecting data for more than 13 years (since March 1989). Simultaneous plasma wave observation data for 257 SCs reveal that enhanced plasma waves are observed with an exact one-to-one correspondence with the SCs throughout the entire observation region, including the polar and plasmasphere regions. Electromagnetic whistler mode and ion cyclotron waves are enhanced in the low latitude plasmasphere, while electrostatic whistler mode and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves are generated in the polar region. The onset times of the SC-triggered plasma waves exhibit a delay or lead time characteristic, compared with the onset times of SCs identified by the Kakioka Magnetic Observatory, with a time resolution of 1 s. By comparing the difference in SCs and enhanced electron plasma waves onset times, the propagation route of the SC disturbances can be identified in the plasmasphere.

DOI： https://doi.org/10.15094/00006352

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DOI： 10.1186/s40623-016-0444-y

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DOI： 10.5194/angeo-34-369-2016

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DOI： 10.1002/2015JA022101

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jastp.2016.01.013

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The ionospheric plasma in midlatitude moves upward/downward during the geomagnetic sudden commencement causing the HF Doppler frequency changes; SCF (+-) and (-+) on the dayside and nightside, respectively, except for the SCF (+-) in the evening as found by Kikuchi et al. (1985). Although the preliminary and main frequency deviations (PFD, MFD) of the SCF have been attributed to the dusk-to-dawn and dawn-to-dusk potential electric fields, there still remain questions if the positive PFD can be caused by the compressional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave and what causes the evening anomaly of the SCF. With the HF Doppler sounder, we show that the dayside ionosphere moves upward toward the Sun during the main impulse (MI) of the SC, when the compressional wave is supposed to push the ionosphere downward. The motion of the ionosphere is shown to be correlated with the equatorial electrojet, matching the potential electric field transmitted with the ionospheric currents from the polar ionosphere. We confirmed that the electric field of the compressional wave is severely suppressed by the conducting ionosphere and reproduced the SC electric fields using the global MHD simulation in which the potential solver is employed. The model calculations well reproduced the preliminary impulse and MI electric fields and their evening anomaly. It is suggested that the electric potential is transmitted from the polar ionosphere to the equator by the zeroth-order transverse magnetic (TM0) mode waves in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. The near-instantaneous transmission of the electric potential leads to instantaneous global response of the incompressible ionosphere.

DOI： 10.1002/2015JA022166

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225787

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DOI： 10.1186/s40623-015-0360-6

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Using in situ observations from the Republic of China Satellite-1 spacecraft, we investigated the time response and local time dependence of the ionospheric electric field at mid-low latitudes associated with geomagnetic sudden commencements (SCs) that occurred from 1999 to 2004. We found that the ionospheric electric field variation associated with SCs instantaneously responds to the preliminary impulse (PI) signature on the ground regardless of spacecraft local time. Our statistical analysis also supports the global instant transmission of electric field from the polar region. In contrast, the peak time detected in the ionospheric electric field is earlier than that of the equatorial geomagnetic field (similar to 20s before in the PI phase). Based on the ground-ionosphere waveguide model, this time lag can be attributed to the latitudinal difference of ionospheric conductivity. However, the local time distribution of the initial excursion of ionospheric electric field shows that dusk-to-dawn ionospheric electric fields develop during the PI phase. Moreover, the westward electric field in the ionosphere, which produces the preliminary reverse impulse of the geomagnetic field on the dayside feature, appears at 18-22h LT where the ionospheric conductivity beyond the duskside terminator (18h LT) is lower than on the dayside. The result of a magnetohydrodynamic simulation for an ideal SC shows that the electric potential distribution is asymmetric with respect to the noon-midnight meridian. This produces the local time distribution of ionospheric electric fields similar to the observed result, which can be explained by the divergence of the Hall current under nonuniform ionospheric conductivity.

DOI： 10.1002/2015JA021309

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DOI： 10.2481/dsj.WDS-030

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DOI： 10.2481/dsj.IFPDA-07

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DOI： 10.1186/1880-5981-66-133

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DOI： 10.1016/j.cpc.2014.08.011

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In the IUGONET (Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork) project, we have developed UDAS (iUgonet Data Analysis Software), which is a software to visualize and analyze various kinds of upper atmospheric data distributed by five universities/institutes (Tohoku Univ., Nagoya Univ., Kyoto Univ., Kyushu Univ., and NIPR). UDAS is a plug-in software of TDAS (THEMIS Data Analysis Software suite) written in IDL (Interactive Data Language), and thus can call useful routines to visualize and analyze time series data and GUI included in TDAS. We released a beta version of UDAS at the IUGONET website in May, 2011, and a formal version in February, 2012. We are planning to incorporate UDAS into TDAS and release it from the THEMIS software website after September, 2012. Automatic test tools for the UDAS programs were developed to reduce the workload for the development team. Furthermore, we built an executable file of TDAS that can run on the IDL Virtual Machine environment without any IDL licenses and released it for public testing. These developments will contribute to the promotion of the use of the UDAS and the ground-based observational data distributed by the IUGONET institutions.

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The spatial evolution of vortex-like flow structures induced by a negative sudden impulse (SI-) is studied on the basis of SuperDARN King Salmon HF radar (KSR) with other ground and satellite data. A large dip in the solar wind density induced a fairly large SI- with a SYM-H amplitude of similar to 40 nT. The SI- induced ionospheric flow signatures in the evening sector (MLT similar to 19 h) were observed by KSR as a westward flow associated with the preliminary impulse (PI) followed by a more intense eastward flow with the main impulse (MI) in the sub-auroral region of the magnetic latitude similar to 60-70 deg, consistent with the local ground magnetic field observations. Following the first PI-MI flow sequence, KSR saw a second and possibly third sequence of flow variation which were much smaller in flow amplitude than the first pair but showed qualitatively very similar flow variations and latitudinal/longitudinal propagation characteristics. These observations can be interpreted as aftershocks of the first PI-MI; the same sequence of vortices and field-aligned currents were generated and then drifted anti-sunward with the same mechanism, namely the pumping motion of the dayside magnetosphere. These results are qualitatively consistent with predictions suggested by recent numerical simulations. Citation: Hori, T., A. Shinbori, N. Nishitani, T. Kikuchi, S. Fujita, T. Nagatsuma, O. Troshichev, K. Yumoto, A. Moiseyev, and K. Seki (2012), Evolution of negative SI- induced ionospheric flows observed by SuperDARN King Salmon HF radar, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A12223, doi:10.1029/2012JA018093.

DOI： 10.1029/2012JA018093

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To determine the characteristics and origin of observed storm-time electron density enhancements in the polar cap, and to investigate the spatial extent (noon-midnight direction) of associated O+ ion outflows, we analyzed nearly simultaneous observations of such electron density enhancements from the Akebono satellite and ion upflows from the Polar satellite during a geomagnetic storm occurring on 6 April 2000. The Akebono satellite observed substantial electron density enhancements by a factor of similar to 10-90 with a long duration of similar to 15 h at similar to 2 R-E in the southern polar region. The Polar satellite outflow measurements in the northern polar cap at similar to 7-4 R-E exhibited velocity filtering of the similar to 100 eV to similar to 0 eV (from the spacecraft potential) ion outflow from the cleft ion fountain, with resultant temperatures declining from similar to 3 eV to 0.03 eV with increasing distance from the cusp. Similar velocity filtering was detected in the southern polar cap at similar to 1.8-3.5 RE. The region of O+ ion outflows with fluxes exceeding 5 x 10(8) /cm(2)/s (mapped to 1000 km altitude) extended similar to 10 degrees MLAT (similar to 1000 km) at the ionosphere from the cusp/cleft into the dayside polar cap at similar to 2.5 RE. These coordinated Akebono-Polar observations are consistent with the development of storm-time electron density enhancements in the polar cap as a result of the bulk outflow of low-energy plasma as part of the cleft ion fountain. The large spatial scale, large ion fluxes, and the long duration indicate significant supply of very-low-energy O+ ions to the magnetosphere through this region.

DOI： 10.1029/2012JA017900

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DOI： 10.1029/2012JA017669

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The magnetic local time and latitude dependence of amplitude of the main impulse (MI) of geomagnetic sudden commencements (SCs) and its seasonal variation have been investigated using high time resolution (1-3 sec) geomagnetic data in the latitudinal range 27-70 degrees for the period 1996-2010. The daytime distribution of the SC-MI amplitude in the sub-auroral and middle latitudes (35-60 degrees) is similar to the DP-2 type geomagnetic variation which shows negative and positive changes in the morning and afternoon, respectively. The magnetic field variation is reversed around the magnetic latitude of 63-65 degrees. This suggests that a pair of field-aligned currents (FACs), resembling the region-1 (R-1) FACs, is located near the magnetic latitude of 63-65 degrees. The nighttime SC amplitude is enhanced significantly in the low and middle latitudes (27-60 degrees). The enhancement is due to the magnetic effect produced by the SC-MI FACs. In the nighttime auroral latitude (63-65 degrees), the SC amplitude decreases steeply due to the enhanced westward auroral electrojet associated with the compression of the magnetosphere. The size of the diurnal variation tends to increase significantly during the summer, compared with that during the winter. This seasonal variation suggests that the DP-2 type ionospheric currents (ICs) and FACs generated during the SC-MI phase are intensified by increased ionospheric conductivities during the summer. It can be concluded that the large-scale MI current system in the ionosphere and magnetosphere is voltage generator.

DOI： 10.1029/2012JA018006

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In order to clarify the global distribution of ionospheric currents during a geomagnetic storm, we analyzed ground magnetic disturbances from high latitudes to the magnetic equator for the storm on September 7-8, 2002, with the minimum SYM-H value of -168 nT. In this analysis, we investigated magnetic field deviations in the northward component from the SYM-H, as functions of the dipole magnetic latitude (DMLAT) and the magnetic local time (MLT). During the main phase of the storm, the deviations at the low latitudes (10 degrees-35 degrees in DMLAT) were positive/negative in the dawn/dusk (0-9/11-24 h MLT) sector. On the other hand, the deviations at the dayside middle latitudes (35 degrees-55 degrees in DMLAT) were negative/positive in the morning/afternoon (6-12/13-15 h MLT) sector. The local time distribution at the low latitudes may represent the dawn-dusk asymmetry of the storm time ring current, while that at the dayside middle latitudes coincides with the DP2 currents due to the convection electric field associated with the Region 1 field-aligned currents (R1 FACs). All over the nightside middle latitude, the deviations were positive. This implies the direct effect of the R1 FACs through the Biot-Savart's law. At the geomagnetic equator, the eastward and westward electrojets were intensified on the day and nightside, respectively, being caused by the penetrated dawn-to-dusk convection electric field. We found that the MLT distribution of the magnetic deviations during the recovery phase was in opposite sense to that during the main phase at the dayside middle latitudes. The reversed magnetic disturbances must be due to the overshielding electric field associated with the Region 2 field-aligned currents (R2 FACs). Similarly, the deviations at the dayside and nightside equator were reversed, indicating penetration of the dusk-to-dawn overshielding electric field into the equatorial ionosphere. Based on the above results, we propose a current system including the ionospheric currents at middle latitudes caused by the R1/R2 FACs, equatorial EEJ/CEJ, and asymmetric ring current, during the main/recovery phase of the geomagnetic storm.

DOI： 10.1029/2012JA017566

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We constructed an empirical model of the electron density profile with solar zenith angle (SZA) dependence in the polar cap during geomagnetically quiet periods using 63 months of Akebono satellite observations at solar maximum. The electron density profile exhibits a transition at similar to 2000 km altitude only under dark conditions. The electron density and scale height at low altitudes change drastically, by factors of 25 (at 2300 km altitude) and 2.0, respectively, as the SZA increases from 90 degrees to 120 degrees. The SZA dependence of the ion and electron temperatures is also investigated statistically on the basis of data obtained by the Intercosmos satellites and European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Svalbard radar (ESR). A drastic change in the electron temperature occurs near the terminator, similarly to that in the electron density profile obtained by the Akebono satellite. The sum of the ion and electron temperatures obtained by the ESR (similar to 6500 K at similar to 1050 km altitude under sunlit conditions and similar to 3000 K at similar to 750 km altitude under dark conditions) agrees well with the scale height at low altitudes obtained from the Akebono observations, assuming that the temperature is constant and that O(+) ions are dominant. Comparisons between the present statistical results (SZA dependence of the electron density and ion and electron temperatures) and modeling studies of the polar wind indicate that the plasma density profile (especially of the O(+) ion density) in the polar cap is strongly controlled by solar radiation onto the ionosphere by changing ion and electron temperatures in the ionosphere during geomagnetically quiet periods.

DOI： 10.1029/2011JA016631

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Observations of Poynting fluxes associated with onset of convection electric fields are essential for understanding of electromagnetic energy transport from the solar wind toward the magnetosphere leading to changes in the convection electric field, which is one of the most fundamental parameters in the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupled system. We present Cluster multispacecraft observations of Poynting fluxes associated with abrupt changes in large-scale electric fields during sudden commencements and southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The Cluster spacecraft detected Poynting fluxes dominated by the field-aligned upward component during the preliminary impulse of sudden commencements and in the initial period after southward turning of the IMF. The upward Poynting flux indicates existence of Alfven waves transporting electromagnetic energy from the ionosphere toward the magnetosphere leading to magnetospheric convection changes. The waveguide model and global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation calculating evolution of the Poynting flux following solar wind pressure enhancements also show upward Poynting fluxes propagating from the ionosphere toward the magnetosphere faster than the propagation of compressional waves. We conclude that the ionosphere acts as a channel to transmit electromagnetic energy supplied as field-aligned currents toward a wide region in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system instantaneously, leading to changes in magnetospheric convection electric fields.

DOI： 10.1029/2010JA015491

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Velocity distributions of upflowing ions in the polar ionosphere are crucial to understand their destinations. Natural plasma wave observations by the plasma wave and sounder experiments and thermal ion observations by the suprathermal ion mass spectrometer onboard the Akebono satellite at similar to 9000 km altitude in the polar magnetosphere during the geomagnetic storms showed that ions in the region of enhanced electron density in the polar cap were dominated by very-low-energy O+ ions (similar to 85%) with upward velocities of 4-10 km s(-1), corresponding to streaming energies of 1.3-8.4 eV. The fluxes of very-low-energy upflowing O+ ions exceeded 1 x 10(9) cm(-2) s(-1) (mapped to 1000 km altitude) across wide regions. These signatures are consistent with high-density plasma supplied by the cleft ion fountain mechanism. Trajectory calculations of O+ ions based on the Akebono observations as the initial condition showed the transport paths and accelerations of the O+ ions and indicated that the velocities of the very-low-energy upflowing O+ ions through the dayside polar cap are enough to reach the magnetosphere under strong convection. The calculations suggest the importance of the very-low-energy upflowing O+ ions with large fluxes in the total O+ ion supply toward the magnetosphere, especially the near-Earth tail region and inner magnetosphere. The initially very-low-energy O+ ions can contribute significantly to the ring current formation during geomagnetic storms since some of the O+ ions were transported into the ring current region with typical energies of ring current ions (several tens of keV) in the trajectory calculations.

DOI： 10.1029/2010JA015601

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The penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the magnetic equator has been investigated for two intense magnetic storms that occurred on 31 March 2001 and 6 November 2001. The digital ground magnetic data from equatorial station Tirunelveli (TIR, 0.17 degrees S geomagnetic latitude (GML)) and low-latitude station Alibag (ABG, 10.17 degrees N GML) have been used to identify the storm time electrojet index, EEJ(Dis), which is the difference of the magnetic field variations between TIR and ABG after removing the quiet day variations. The appearance of enhanced DP 2 currents and counterelectrojets (CEJ) during the main and recovery phases of the magnetic storms is possibly due to prompt penetration of electric fields from the high latitudes. These signatures can be interpreted as a clear indicator of the eastward and westward electric fields at the equator. The observed results suggest that the magnitude of the equatorial ionospheric currents driven by the penetrating electric fields is very sensitive to ionospheric conductivity (which depends on local time). Moreover, the intensity of the DP 2 currents started decreasing during the end of the main phase of the storm despite the large negative southward IMF Bz, indicating the dominance of a well-developed shielding electric field for 1 h. As an effect of penetrating electric fields at the equator, the equatorial ionization anomaly is enhanced during the main phase (because of strong eastward electric field) and is inhibited or reduced due to the strong CEJ (because of westward electric field) during the recovery phase.

DOI： 10.1029/2009JA014562

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The transient response of convection electric fields in the inner magnetosphere to southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is investigated using in-situ electric field observations by the CRRES and Akebono spacecraft. Electric fields earthward of the inner edge of the electron plasma sheet show quick responses simultaneously with change in ionospheric electric fields, which indicates the arrival of the first signal related to southward turning. A coordinated observation of the electric field by the CRRES and Akebono spacecraft separated by 5 RE reveals a simultaneous increase in the dawn-dusk electric field in a wide region of the inner magnetosphere. A quick response associated with the southward turning of the IMF is also identified in in-situ magnetic fields. It indicates that the southward turning of the IMF initiates simultaneous (less than 1 min) enhancements of ionospheric electric fields, convection electric fields in the inner magnetosphere, and the ring or tail current and region 2 FACs. In contrast, a quick response of convection electric fields is not identified in the electron plasma sheet. A statistical study using 161 events of IMF orientation change in 1991 confirms a prompt response within 5 min for 80% of events earthward of the electron plasma sheet, while a large time lag of more than 30 min is identified in electric fields in the electron plasma sheet. The remarkable difference in the response of electric fields indicates that electric fields in the electron plasma sheet are weakened by high conductance in the magnetically conjugated auroral ionosphere.

DOI： 10.1029/2009JA014277

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