Organization
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research Center for Orbital and Suborbital Research Professor
Graduate School
Graduate School of Environmental Studies
Title
Professor
TAKAHASHI Nobuhiro
Degree 3
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博士（理学） （ 1994.3 北海道大学 ）
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理学修士 （ 1990.3 北海道大学 ）
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理学士 （ 1988.3 北海道大学 ）
Research Interests 2
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Meteorology Radar
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人工衛星
Research Areas 1
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Natural Science / Atmospheric and hydrospheric sciences / 気象 レーダ 人工衛星観測
Current Research Project and SDGs 2
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衛星搭載レーダを用いた降水推定と降水システムに関する研究
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マルチパラメータフェーズドアレイレーダ等の開発・活用による豪雨・竜巻予測情報の高度化と利活用に関する研究
Research History 2
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国立研究開発法人 情報通信研究機構 電磁波計測研究部 センシングシステム研究室 室長
2013.8 - 2015.4
Country：Japan
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独立行政法人 情報通信研究機構 経営企画部
2012.9 - 2013.7
Country：Japan
Education 3
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Hokkaido University
1990.4 - 1994.3
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Hokkaido University Graduate School, Division of Earth Science
1988.4
Country： Japan
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Hokkaido University Faculty of Science
1984.4 - 1988.3
Country： Japan
Professional Memberships 4
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American Meteorological Society
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IEEE
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日本気象学会
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日本リモートセンシング学会
Papers 44
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Evaluation of Effects on Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar Observations Due to the Orbit Boost of the GPM Core Observatory
Takuji Kubota,Takeshi Masaki, Gennosuke Kikuchi, Masato Ito, Tomohiko Higashiuwatoko,Kaya Kanemaru,Nobuhiro Takahashi, Kousuke Yamamoto, Kinji Furukawa, Tmomi Nio
IGARSS2024 page： 709 - 712 2024.7
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Hirose, M; Okada, K; Kawaguchi, K; Takahashi, N
JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY Vol. 40 ( 8 ) page： 969 - 985 2023.8
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Imai, R; Takahashi, N
REMOTE SENSING Vol. 14 ( 21 ) 2022.11
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Masaki, T; Furukawa, K; Iguchi, T; Kubota, T; Takahashi, N
2022 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS 2022) page： 7282 - 7285 2022
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Twice-Daily Monsoon Precipitation Maxima in the Himalayas Driven by Land Surface Effects
Fujinami, H; Fujita, K; Takahashi, N; Sato, T; Kanamori, H; Sunako, S; Kayastha, RB
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES Vol. 126 ( 13 ) 2021.7
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Retrieval of Attenuation Profiles from the GPM Dual-frequency Radar Observations
Kobayashi, T; Nomura, M; Adachi, A; Sugimoto, S; Takahashi, N; Hirakuchi, H
JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN Vol. 99 ( 3 ) page： 603 - 620 2021.6
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The Precipitation Rate Retrieval Algorithms for the GPM Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar
Seto, S; Iguchi, T; Meneghini, R; Awaka, J; Kubota, T; Masaki, T; Takahashi, N
JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN Vol. 99 ( 2 ) page： 205 - 237 2021.4
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Takahashi Nobuhiro
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING Vol. 58 ( 8 ) page： 5729 - 5738 2020.8
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Initial Observations for Precipitation Cores With X-Band Dual Polarized Phased Array Weather Radar
Kikuchi Hiroshi, Suezawa Taku, Ushio Tomoo, Takahashi Nobuhiro, Hanado Hiroshi, Nakagawa Katsuhiro, Osada Masahiko, Maesaka Tsuyoshi, Iwanami Koyuru, Yoshimi Kazuhiro, Mizutani Fumihiko, Wada Masakazu, Hobara Yasuhide
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING Vol. 58 ( 5 ) page： 3657 - 3666 2020.5
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A Feasibility Study on Wide Swath Observation by Spaceborne Precipitation Radar
Yamamoto Kosuke, Kubota Takuji, Takahashi Nobuhiro, Kanemaru Kaya, Masaki Takeshi, Furukawa Kinji
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING Vol. 13 page： 3047 - 3057 2020
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PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCT FOR THE NEW SCAN PATTERN OF GPM/DPR
Seto, S; Kubota, T; Masaki, T; Takahashi, N; Iguchi, T
IGARSS 2020 - 2020 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM page： 3593 - 3596 2020
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Takahashi Nobuhiro
ATMOSPHERE Vol. 10 ( 12 ) 2019.12
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Takahashi Nobuhiro, Ushio Tomoo, Nakagawa Katsuhiro, Mizutani Fumihiko, Iwanami Koyuru, Yamaji Akihiko, Kawagoe Takeshi, Osada Masahiko, Ohta Takehiro, Kawasaki Masaki
JOURNAL OF DISASTER RESEARCH Vol. 14 ( 2 ) page： 235 - 247 2019.3
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FEASIBILITY STUDY OF GPM/DPR WIDE SWATH OBSERVATION
Yamamoto Kosuke, Furukawa Kinji, Takahashi Nobuhiro, Kubota Takuji
2019 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS 2019) page： 4467 - 4469 2019
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Analysis of the GPM/DPR Wide Swath Experiment Assuming Future Spaceborne Precipitation Radar
Yamamoto Kosuke, Furukawa Kinji, Takahashi Nobuhiro, Kubota Takuji, Oki Riko, Kanemaru Kaya
SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES XXII Vol. 10785 2018
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Takahashi Nobuhiro
IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM page： 9308 - 9311 2018
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Kikuchi M., Okamoto H., Sato K., Suzuki K., Cesana G., Hagihara Y., Takahashi N., Hayasaka T., Oki R.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES Vol. 122 ( 20 ) page： 11022 - 11044 2017.10
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Surface echo characteristics derived from the wide swath experiment of the precipitation radar (PR) onboard Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite during its end of mission operation Reviewed
Takahashi, N.
IEEE Trans., Geo. and Remote Sens. Vol. 55 ( 4 ) page： 1-6 2017.4
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Surface Echo Characteristics Derived From the Wide Swath Experiment of the Precipitation Radar Onboard TRMM Satellite During Its End-of-Mission Operation
Takahashi Nobuhiro
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING Vol. 55 ( 4 ) page： 1988-1993 2017.4
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Overview of the End-of-Mission Observation Experiment of the Precipitation Radar onboard Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Satellite Reviewed
Takahashi, N., H. Hanado, K. Nkamura, K. Kanemaru, T. Iguchi, K. Nakagawa, T. Nio, T. Kubota, R. Oki and N. Yoshida
IEEE Trans., Geo. and Remote Sens. Vol. 54 ( 6 ) page： 3450-3459 2016.6
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Simulation of EarthCARE Spaceborne Doppler Radar Products using Ground-based and Airborne Data: Effects of Aliasing and Non-Uniform Beam-filling Reviewed
Sy O., S. Tanelli, N. Takahashi, Y. Ohno, H. Horie, and P. Kollias
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING Vol. 52 ( 2 ) page： 1463-1479 2014.2
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Polarimetric radar observation of the melting layer in a convective rainfall system during the rainy season over the East China Sea Reviewed
Shusse, Y., N. Takahashi, K. Nakagawa, S. Satoh, and T. Iguchi
Journal of applied meteorology and climatology Vol. 50 ( 2 ) page： 354-367 2011
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Characteristics of Polarimetric Radar Variables in Three Types of Rainfalls in a Baiu Front Event over the East China Sea Reviewed
Shusse, Y., K. Nakagawa, N. Takahashi, S. Satoh, and T. Iguchi
Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Vol. 87 ( 5 ) page： 865-875 2009
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GSMaP Passive Microwave Precipitation Retrieval Algorithm: Algorithm Description and Validation Reviewed
Aonashi, K. J. Awaka, M. Hirose, T. Kozu, T. Kubota, G. Liu, S. Shige, S. Kida, S. Seto and N. Takahashi
Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Vol. 87A page： 119-136 2009
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An Evaluation of Over-Land Rain Rate Estimates by GSMaP and GPROF Algorithms: The Role of Lower-Frequency Channels Reviewed
Seto, S., T. Kubota, T. Iguchi, N. Takahashi and T. Oki
Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Vol. 87A page： 183-202 2009
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A Kalman Filter Approach to the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) from Combined Passive Microwave and Infrared Radiometric Data Reviewed
Ushio. T, K. Sasashige, T. Kubota, S. Shige, K. Okamoto, K. Aonashi, T. Inoue, N. Takahashi, T. Iguchi and M. Kachi
Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Vol. 87A page： 137-151 2009
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Characteristics of TRMM/PR System Noise and Their Application to the Rain Detection Algorithm Reviewed
N. Takahashi and T. Iguchi
IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Vol. 46 page： 1697-1704 2008
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Physical validation of microwave properties of winter precipitation over Sea of Japan Reviewed
Aonashi, K., T. Koike K. Muramoto, K. Imaoka, N. Takahashi, G. Liu , and Y. Noh
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING Vol. 45 ( 7 ) page： 2247-2258 2007.7
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Global Precipitation Map using Satelliteborne Microwave Radiometers by the GSMaP Project : Production and Validation Reviewed
Kubota, T., S. Shige, H. Hashizume, K. Aonashi, N. Takahashi, S. Seto, M. Hirose, Y. N. Takayabu, T. Ushio, M. Kachi, and K. Okamoto
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING Vol. 45 ( 7 ) page： 2259-2275 2007.7
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Estimation of path-integrated attenuation and its non-uniformity from TRMM/PR range profile data Reviewed
N. Takahashi, H. Hanado and T. Iguchi
IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Vol. 44 page： 3276-3283 2006
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Modeling of Bright Band Having a Smooth Connection to Snowfall for Observation of Rain from Space Reviewed
Jun AWAKA, Nobuhiro TAKAHASHI, Toshio IGUCHI
International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation— ISAP 2006 2006
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Estimation and correction of beam mismatch of the precipitation radar after an orbit boost of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite Reviewed
N. Takahashi, and T. Iguchi
IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Vol. 42 page： 2362-2369 2004
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Study of quantization effects on rainfall rate estimation from GPM dual-frequency radar Reviewed
R. Mardiana, T. Iguchi, N. Takahashi and H. Hanado
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters Vol. 42 page： 220-223 2004
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A dual-frequency rain profiling method without the use of a surface reference technique Reviewed
R. Mardiana, T. Iguchi, N. Takahashi,
IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Vol. 42 page： 2214-2225 2004
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Four year result of external calibration for precipitation radar (PR) of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite Reviewed
N. Takahashi, H. Kuroiwa, T. Kawanishi
IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Vol. 41 page： 2398-2403 2003
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Mesoscale and convective scale features of heavy rainfall events in late period of the Baiu season in July, 1988, Nagasaki prefecture Reviewed
N. Takahashi, H. Uyeda, K. Kikuchi, and K. Iwanami
Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Vol. 74 page： 539-561 1996
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CRL airborne multiparameter precipitation radar (CAMPR): System description and preliminary results Reviewed
H. Kumagai, K. Nakamura, H. Hanado, K. Okamoto, N. Hosaka, N. Miyano, T. Kozu, N. Takahashi, T. Iguchi, and H. Miyauchi,
IEICE Trans. Com. Vol. E79-B page： 770-778 1996
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降雪機構からみた北海道の酸性雨 Reviewed
泉 裕明、菊地勝弘、加藤禎博、高橋暢宏、上田 博、遊馬芳雄
天気 Vol. 43 page： 147-158 1996
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Evolution process and precipitation particles of an isolated echo observed with dual-polarization Doppler Radar near Sapporo on July 9, 1992 Reviewed
N. Takahashi, H. Uyeda, and K. Kikuchi
Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VII Vol. 10 ( 1 ) page： 135-153 1996
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Doppler radar observation of the structure and characteristics of tropical clouds during the TOGA-COARE IOP in Manus, Papua New Guinea -Three case studies on November 23 and December 16 Reviewed
N. Takahashi and H. Uyeda
Vol. 74 page： 427-442 1995
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Doppler radar observations on the structure and characteristics of tropical clouds during TOGA-COARE IOP in Manus, Papua New Guinea Outline of the obervation Reviewed
H. Uyeda, Y. Asuma, N. Takahashi, S. Shimizu, O. Kikuchi, A. Kinoshita, S. Matsuoka, M. Katsumata, K. Takeuchi, T. Endoh, M. Ohi, S. Satoh, Y. Tachibana, T. Ushiyama, Y. Fujiyoshi, R. Shirooka, N. Nishi, T. Tomita, H. Ueda, T. Sueda, and A. Sumi
Vol. 74 page： 415-426 1995
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Internal and meso-gamma scale structures of Baiu frontal rainbands observed at Shigaraki, Shiga Prefecture by using a Dual -Polarization Doppler radar Reviewed
N. takahashi, H. Uyeda, S. Shimizu, Y. Asuma, K. Kikuchi, T. Harimaya, A. Watanabe and M. D. Yamanaka
Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VII Vol. 9 ( 5 ) page： 481-508 1995
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Doppler radar observations of orographic effects of isolated echoes during the Baiu season at Nagasaki Prececture, on July 14 and 15, 1998 Reviewed
N. Takahashi, H. Uyeda, K. Kikuchi, and K. Iwanami
Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VII Vol. 9 ( 5 ) page： 463-479 1995
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A Doppler radar observation on wave-like echoes generated in a strong vertical shear Reviewed
N. Takahashi, H. Uyeda, and K. Kikuchi,
Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Vol. 71 page： 357-365 1993
Books 3
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Advances in Weather Radar Volume 2: Precipitation science, scattering and processing algorithms Reviewed
Nobuhiro Takahashi, Tomoo Ushio, Fumihiko Mizutani, Hiroshi Hanado（ Role： Contributor , Chapter 1）
The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2023 （ ISBN:978-1-83953-624-3 ）
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Satellite Precipitation Measurement Vol.1 Reviewed International journal
Christian D. Kummerow, Simone Tanelli, Nobuhiro Takahashi, Kinji Furukawa, Marian Klein and Vincenzo Levizzni （ Role： Contributor , Chapter 6）
Springer 2020 （ ISBN:978-3-030-24567-2 ）
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地球観測の将来構想に関わる世界動向の分析
下田陽久ほか17名（ Role： Joint author）
日本気象学会 2017.11 （ ISBN:978-4-904129-17-3 ）
MISC 1
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The CRL airborne multiparameter precipitation radar (CAMPR) and the first observation results
N. Takahashi, H. Kumagai, H. Hanado, T. Kozu, and K. Okamoto
27th conference on radar meteorology page： 770-778 1995
Presentations 7
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Development of multi-parameter phased array weather radar and the early detection of torrential rainfall International conference
TAKAHASHI,N., T. USHIO, M. WADA, K. IWANAMI, A. YAMAJI, N. OHTA, M. OSADA, M. KAWASAKI, T. SHINODA, and T. OHTA
ERAD2016
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Early result of 90-degree yaw experiment during the TRMM end of mission descent International conference
Takahashi N., T. Iguchi, H. Hanado and K. Nakamura
ERAD2016
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Surface echo characteristics from TRMM/EOM experimental data International conference
Takahashi, N.
PMM2016
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Future precipitation measuring mission from space
Takahashi N., K. Furukawa, Y. Muraki, M. Kachi, and R. Oki
JpGU 2016
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Overview and preliminary results of end of mission experiments of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Satellite (TRMM) International conference
Takahashi, N., H. Hanado, T. Iguchi, K. Nakmura, K. Kanemaru, T. Nio, and R. Oki
37th Conference on Radar Meteorology
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Preliminary analysis of the TRMM end of mission experiment International conference
Takahashi, N., H. Hanado, T. Iguchi, K. Nakmura, K. Kanemaru, T. Nio, and R. Oki
PMM2015
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Scanning cloud profiling radar concept for ISS/JEM
Takahashi, N., H. Horie, H. Hanado, K. Nakagawa, and Y. Ohno
JpGU 2015
Research Project for Joint Research, Competitive Funding, etc. 1
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マルチパラメータフェーズドアレイレーダ等の開発・活用による豪雨・竜巻予測情報の高度化と利活用に関する研究
2014.10 - 2019.3
戦略的イノベーション創造プログラム
高橋 暢宏
Grant type：Competitive
KAKENHI (Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research) 9
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Quantitative estimation of vertical air motion by dual-frequency radar
Grant number：24K07135 2024.4 - 2027.3
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
Authorship：Principal investigator
Grant amount：\4030000 （ Direct Cost: \3100000 、 Indirect Cost：\930000 ）
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Grant number：23KK0064 2023.9 - 2028.3
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (International Collaborative Research)
Authorship：Coinvestigator(s)
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Grant number：22H00177 2022.4 - 2025.3
科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(A)
重 尚一, 橋口 浩之, 篠田 太郎, 柴田 泰邦, 高橋 暢宏, 高薮 縁, 鈴木 賢士, 濱田 篤, 岩波 越, 村田 文絵
Authorship：Coinvestigator(s)
「層状性降水＝弱い降水強度」という固定観念があるが、2018年7月西日本豪雨など、近年日本で多発している広域豪雨に大きく寄与している。層状性降水は対流圏中上層に広がる乱層雲内で雪片や霰といった固体降水粒子の成長によってもたらせるが、雪片、霰のいずれが卓越するのか、観測が難しいため統計的に分かっていない。本研究は、雪片と霰で落下速度が大きく異なることを利用して地上設置レーダのドップラー観測から判別し、層状性降水過程を解明する。
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Grant number：21H04992 2021.7 - 2026.3
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S)
Authorship：Coinvestigator(s)
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Development of an observation system for typhoons using airborne phased-array weather radar
Grant number：19K03973 2019.4 - 2022.3
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
Takahashi Nobuhiro
Authorship：Principal investigator
Grant amount：\4290000 （ Direct Cost: \3300000 、 Indirect Cost：\990000 ）
Understanding the development mechanism of typhoons and improving their predictability are required not only from the perspective of science but also from the perspective of disaster prevention. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using aircraft to observe typhoons over the ocean during their developmental stages, aiming to clarify the structure of typhoons by observing them from the viewpoint of three-dimensional structure. First, we studied the feasibility of using the phased-array weather radar, a state-of-the-art radar technology, for onboard aircraft, and demonstrated its applicability. Next, an observation simulator was developed to demonstrate the feasibility of radar observation from a moving platform (aircraft), and observation simulations were conducted based on simulated typhoon data. As a result, it was shown that three-dimensional observation was possible enough when limited to the observation around the eye of a typhoon.
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Grant number：18KK0098 2018.10 - 2023.3
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint International Research (B))
Fujinami Hatsuki
Authorship：Coinvestigator(s)
To better understand summer precipitation, including heavy rainfall events at higher elevations in the Himalayas and the mechanisms of its variability, we carried out an international collaborative research project between Japan and Nepal. We installed rain-gauge network around the Rolwaling to understand the detailed features of summer precipitation in the eastern Nepal Himalayas. We performed comprehensive research using the in-situ observation space-borne precipitation radar, cloud resolving numerical models and atmospheric reanalysis dataset. We revealed precipitation increased twice daily with a daytime peak and a nighttime peak in the higher elevations, which is driven by a contrasting land surface effects. We also revealed that the heavy precipitation at the higher elevations came from the multiscale processes such as three-dimensional moisture transport driven by monsoon lows and the diurnal variation in heat fluxes from the land surface of the southern slopes of the Himalayas.
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System Design of the Phased Array Weather Radar at C band
Grant number：17H02069 2017.4 - 2021.3
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
Ushio Tomoo
Authorship：Coinvestigator(s)
In this research, we have been working on system studies, ground clutter removal, and spatial resolution improvement technology by compressed sensing toward the realization of C-band phased array radar. In the examination of the antenna shape, it was found that the spherical shape is the best in terms of characteristics such as sidelobe level on azimuth and elevation angle dependence. In addition, as a result of examining the beam formation according to the MMSE concept, it was found that the side lobe level toward the ground can be suppressed to several tens of dB lower than that of the parabolic antenna. In addition, in the study of compressed sensing technology, it was shown that the same improvement in spatial resolution as reducing the beam width by several times can be obtained.
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Grant number：16H06311 2016.5 - 2021.3
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S)
Tsuboki Kazuhisa
Authorship：Coinvestigator(s)
There is a large error in estimates and forecasts of typhoon intensity. To solve this problem, in situ observations of typhoons using aircraft were conducted. First, a new dropsonde for the measurement was developed. Next, supertyphoons, which is the strongest category of typhoons, were observed using this system: for Typhoon No. 21 in 2017 and Typhoon No. 24 in 2018. In the obsevations, penetrating observations into the eye were conducted at high altitude. The central pressure and maximum wind speed were successfully observed directly using the developed dropsonde system. As a result, typhoon intensity was measured with high precision, and the dynamic and thermodynamic structure of the eye that controls intensity was clarified. Furthermore, dropsonde observations were also made outside the eyewall, and it was shown that assimilation of these data into the forecast model improves typhoon forecasts.
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Analysis on conversion processes from ice crystals to snowflakes using a Ka-band polarimetric cloud radar and ground-based instruments
Grant number：16H04049 2016.4 - 2019.3
Shinoda Taro
Authorship：Coinvestigator(s)
We examined a new observation technique of solid hydrometeors using a scanning Ka-band polarimetric radar. The Ka-band radar whose wavelength is shorter than that of conventional meteorological radars, is expected to detect smaller ice crystals. On the other hand, it is not useful for observing heavy rainfall. As a result, we clarify that it is not suitable for the application of particle identification. The Ka-band radar can detect high number concentration of ice crystals above the melting level by using positive KDP peak regions. Using time-spatial series of the KDP peak regions, we expect to evaluate the formation and advection processes of high ice crystal regions in a mesoscale convective systems.
Teaching Experience (On-campus) 4
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レーダ気象学
2016
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水の環境学
2019
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大気水圏環境の科学
2016
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地球科学入門
2015