記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Nature Communications  

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing has great potential utility for treating genetic diseases. However, its therapeutic applications are limited by unintended genomic alterations arising from DNA double-strand breaks and random integration of exogenous DNA. In this study, we propose NICER, a method for correcting heterozygous mutations that employs multiple nicks (MNs) induced by Cas9 nickase and a homologous chromosome as an endogenous repair template. Although a single nick near the mutation site rarely leads to successful gene correction, additional nicks on homologous chromosomes strongly enhance gene correction efficiency via interhomolog homologous recombination (IH-HR). This process partially depends on BRCA1 and BRCA2, suggesting the existence of several distinct pathways for MN-induced IH-HR. According to a genomic analysis, NICER rarely induces unintended genomic alterations. Furthermore, NICER restores the expression of disease-causing genes in cells derived from genetic diseases with compound heterozygous mutations. Overall, NICER provides a precise strategy for gene correction.

DOI： 10.1038/s41467-023-41048-5

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genodermatosis defined by cutaneous photosensitivity with an increased risk of skin tumors because of DNA repair deficiency. The worldwide prevalence of XP is ~1 to 4 in million, with higher incidence in some countries and regions including Japan (1 in 22,000) and North Africa due to founder mutations and a high degree of consanguinity. Among XP, the complementation group F (XP-F), is a rare form (1% of worldwide XP); however, this is underdiagnosed, because the ERCC4/XPF gene is essential for fetal development and most of previously reported ERCC4/XPF pathogenic variants are hypomorphs causing relatively mild phenotypes. From the largest Japanese XP cohort study, we report 17 XP-F cases bearing two pathogenic variants, both identified in deep intronic regions of the ERCC4/XPF gene. The first variant, located in intron 1, is a Japanese founder mutation, which additionally accounts for ~10% of the entire Japanese XP cases (MAF = 0.00196), causing an aberrant pre-mRNA splicing due to a miss-binding of U1snRNA. The second mutation located in intron eight induces an alternative polyadenylation. Both mutations cause a reduction of the ERCC4/XPF gene expression, resulting in XP clinical manifestations. Most cases developed early-onset skin cancers, indicating that these variants need critical attention. We further demonstrate that antisense oligonucleotides designed for the mutations can restore the XPF protein expression and DNA repair capacity in the patients’ cells. Collectively, these pathogenic variants can be potential therapeutic targets for XP.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.2217423120

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Clinical Virology Plus  

RNA viruses are the most frequent pathogens responsible for respiratory infections, particularly in pediatric patients. Next-generation sequencing, represented by Illumina sequencing, is one of the most comprehensive methods for identifying pathogens. Nanopore sequencing has been used to identify and analyze pathogens with a shorter sequencing time. In this study, we evaluated the utility of nanopore sequencing for the detection of RNA viruses in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pediatric patients with respiratory failure. Using the seven BALF samples, we first compared the nanopore and Illumina sequencing results. The nanopore sequencing detected the same RNA viruses as the Illumina sequencing. Subsequently, BALF samples from 24 additional pediatric patients with respiratory failure were analyzed by nanopore sequencing, and RNA viral pathogens were detected in 10 out of 24 patients. Among these 10 patients, nanopore sequencing identified the same viral pathogens as detected by the PCR and viral antigen tests in five patients. Furthermore, additional RNA viral pathogens were detected by nanopore sequencing with high genome coverage in five patients that were not detected by PCR and viral antigen tests. In conclusion, nanopore sequencing could comprehensively detect RNA viral pathogens in BALF samples with equivalent sensitivity and genome coverage as Illumina sequencing. This rapid sequencing platform may be more beneficial for detecting RNA viruses in clinical settings.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jcvp.2023.100154

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Dermatology  

We present a mild case of Cockayne syndrome that was referred to us with an extreme sunburn at the age of 3. In early teens, although her cutaneous symptoms alleviated without any medications, she developed tremor and dysarthria. Neurological examination and brain imaging suggested demyelination disorders. The patient's cells indicated a reduced recovery of RNA synthesis, which was partially restored by the introduction of CSB (Cockayne Syndrome B)-cDNA. In addition, her cells indicated a substantially reduced level of CSB protein. Despite the insidious progression of neurological symptoms, she gave birth to a child. Such mild cases of Cockayne syndrome may be misdiagnosed.

DOI： 10.1111/1346-8138.16679

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Vascular Surgery  

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the mid-term outcomes of embolization procedures for type II endoleak after endovascular abdominal aortic repair, and clarify the risk factors for aneurysm enlargement after embolization procedures. Methods: This was a retrospective multicenter registry study enrolling patients who underwent embolization procedures for type II endoleaks after EVAR from January 2012 to December 2018 at 19 Japanese centers. The primary end point was the rate of freedom from aneurysm enlargement, more than 5 mm in the aortic maximum diameter, after an embolization procedure. Demographic, procedural, follow-up, and laboratory data were collected. Continuous variables were summarized descriptively, and Kaplan-Meier analyses and a Cox regression model were used for statistical analyses. Results: A total of 315 patients (248 men and 67 women) were enrolled. The average duration from the initial embolization procedure to the last follow-up was 31.6 ± 24.6 months. The rates of freedom from aneurysm enlargement at 3 and 5 years were 55.4 ± 3.8% and 37.0 ± 5.2%, respectively. A multivariate analysis revealed that a larger aortic diameter at the initial embolization procedure and the presence of a Moyamoya endoleak, defined as heterogeneous contrast opacity with an indistinct faint border, were associated with aneurysm enlargement after embolization management. Conclusions: The embolization procedures were generally ineffective in preventing further expansion of abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients with type II endoleaks after EVAR, especially in patients with a large abdominal aortic aneurysm and/or a presence of a Moyamoya endoleak.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jvs.2022.07.168

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Bone Reports  

Hypophosphatasia (HPP), a genetic disorder characterized by decreased tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) activity, is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the ALPL gene, which encodes TNSALP. The most frequent pathogenic variant in Japanese patients with HPP is a frameshift mutation in the ALPL gene, c.1559delT, and its carrier frequency is reported to be one in 480 in the Japanese population. We report the cases of two Japanese children with HPP who had a heterozygous c.1559delT variant in the ALPL gene. One case (involving a neonate) exhibited respiratory insufficiency associated with vitamin B6 dependent convulsions, significant defective mineralization similar to the severe form of HPP, and extremely low ALP activity. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using asfotase alfa promptly improved her respiratory insufficiency, bone mineralization, and maintained her motor development during infancy. The second case involved a 10-year-old boy who demonstrated diffuse musculoskeletal pain and weakness that progressively disturbed mobility. Although he showed no bony lesions, the clinical symptoms and biochemical abnormalities were compatible with childhood HPP. ERT successfully relieved the severe generalized pain and significantly improved motor function.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101626

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Lipid Research  

Self-healing collodion baby (SHCB), also called “self-improving collodion baby”, is a rare mild variant of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis and is defined as a collodion baby who shows the nearly complete resolution of scaling within the first 3 months to 1 year of life. However, during the neonatal period, it is not easy to distinguish SHCB from other inflammatory forms of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis, such as congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. Here, we report a case study of two Japanese SHCB patients with compound heterozygous mutations, c.235G>T (p.(Glu79*))/ c.1189C>T (p.(Arg397Cys)) and c.1295A>G (p.(Tyr432-Cys))/ c.1138delG (p.(Asp380Thrfs*3)), in CYP4F22, which encodes cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 22 (CYP4F22). Immunohistochemically, inflammation with the strong expression of IL-17C, IL-36γ, and TNF-α was seen in the skin at birth. CYP4F22 is an ultra-long-chain FA ω-hydroxylase responsible for ω-O-acylceramide (acylceramide) production. Among the epidermal ceramides, acylceramide is a key lipid in maintaining the epidermal permeability barrier function. We found that the levels of ceramides with ω-hydroxy FAs including acylceramides and the levels of protein-bound ceramides were much lower in stratum corneum samples obtained by tape stripping from SHCB patients than in those from their unaffected parents and individuals without SHCB. Additionally, our cell-based enzyme assay revealed that two mutants, p.(Glu79*) and p.(Arg397Cys), had no enzyme activity. Our findings suggest that genetic testing coupled with noninvasive ceramide analyses using tape-stripped stratum corneum samples might be useful for the early and precise diagnosis of congenital ichthyoses, including SHCB.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100308

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Reports  

Non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) indicates the risk for stillbirth. Although the causes vary and most NIHFs have no identifiable cause, recent advances in exome sequencing have increased diagnostic rates. We report a case of NIHF that developed into a giant cystic hygroma complicated by maternal mirror syndrome. Trio-based exome sequencing showed a de novo heterozygous missense variant in the RIT1 (NM_006912: c.246 T > G [p.F82L]). The RIT1 variants are known causative variants of Noonan syndrome (NS; OMIM #163950). The location of the RIT1 variants in the previously reported NS cases with NIHF or/and maternal mirror syndrome was mainly in the switch II region, including the present case. While a further accumulation of cases is needed, exome sequencing, which can identify the variant type in detail, might help predict the phenotype and severity of NIHF.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2022.100925

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：加齢皮膚医学研究会  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Nature Communications  

The division of labour among DNA polymerase underlies the accuracy and efficiency of replication. However, the roles of replicative polymerases have not been directly established in human cells. We developed polymerase usage sequencing (Pu-seq) in HCT116 cells and mapped Polε and Polα usage genome wide. The polymerase usage profiles show Polε synthesises the leading strand and Polα contributes mainly to lagging strand synthesis. Combining the Polε and Polα profiles, we accurately predict the genome-wide pattern of fork directionality plus zones of replication initiation and termination. We confirm that transcriptional activity contributes to the pattern of initiation and termination and, by separately analysing the effect of transcription on co-directional and converging forks, demonstrate that coupled DNA synthesis of leading and lagging strands is compromised by transcription in both co-directional and convergent forks. Polymerase uncoupling is particularly evident in the vicinity of large genes, including the two most unstable common fragile sites, FRA3B and FRA3D, thus linking transcription-induced polymerase uncoupling to chromosomal instability. Together, our result demonstrated that Pu-seq in human cells provides a powerful and straightforward methodology to explore DNA polymerase usage and replication fork dynamics.

DOI： 10.1038/s41467-022-34929-8

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Frontiers in Pediatrics  

Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by progressive encephalopathy, involving microcephaly, intracranial calcification, and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis with increased interferon-α concentrations. The clinical features of AGS overlap with fetal cerebral anomalies caused by congenital infections, such as TORCH (toxoplasmosis, other, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes), or with those of other genetic disorders showing neonatal microcephaly, including Cockayne syndrome (CS) with transcription-coupled DNA repair deficiency, and Seckel syndrome (SS) showing aberrant cell-cycle checkpoint signaling. Therefore, a differential diagnosis to confirm the genetic cause or a proof of infection should be considered. In this report, we describe an individual who showed primordial dwarfism and encephalopathy, and whose initial diagnosis was CS. First, we conducted conventional DNA repair proficiency tests for the patient derived fibroblast cells. Transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) activity, which is mostly compromised in CS cases, was slightly reduced in the patient's cells. However, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) was significantly diminished. These cellular traits were inconsistent with the diagnosis of CS. We further performed whole exome sequencing for the case and identified a compound heterozygous loss-of-function variants in the SAMHD1 gene, mutations in which are known to cause AGS. As SAMHD1 encodes deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase, we reasoned that the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool size in the patient's cells was elevated, and the labeling efficiency of UDS-test was hindered due to the reduced concentration of phosphorylated ethynyl deoxyuridine (EdU), a nucleoside analogue used for the assay. In conclusion, UDS assay may be a useful diagnostic tool to distinguish between AGS with SAMHD1 mutations and other related diseases.

DOI： 10.3389/fped.2022.1048002

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Open Forum Infectious Diseases  

Background: Infantile central nervous system infections (CNSIs) can be life-threatening and cause severe sequelae. However, the causative microorganism remains unknown in >40% of patients with aseptic infections. This study aimed to analyze the metagenome for detection of pathogens and the transcriptome for host immune responses during infection in a single cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample using 2 different next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms, Nanopore and Illumina. Methods: Twenty-eight CNSIs patients (<12 months) were enrolled, and 49 clinical samples (28 CSF and 21 blood) were collected. The DNA extracted from all 49 samples was sequenced using the Illumina sequencer for the detection of pathogens. Extracted RNA was obtained in sufficient quantities from 23 CSF samples and subjected to sequencing on both Nanopore and Illumina platforms. Human-derived reads subtracted during pathogen detection were used for host transcriptomic analysis from both Nanopore and Illumina sequencing. Results: RNA metagenomic sequencing using both sequencing platforms revealed putative viral pathogens in 10 cases. DNA sequencing using the Illumina sequencer detected 2 pathogens. The results of Nanopore and Illumina RNA sequencing were consistent; however, the mapping coverage and depth to the detected pathogen genome of Nanopore RNA sequencing were greater than those of Illumina. Host transcriptomic analysis of Nanopore sequencing revealed highly expressed genes related to the antiviral roles of innate immunity from pathogen-identified cases. Conclusions: The use of Nanopore RNA sequencing for metagenomic diagnostics of CSF samples should help to elucidate both pathogens and host immune responses of CNSI and could shed light on the pathogenesis of these infections.

DOI： 10.1093/ofid/ofac504

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology  

Objective: Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) is the most common acquired myopathy in patients older than 50 years of age. sIBM is hardly responds to any immunosuppressing theraphies, and its pathophysiology remains elusive. This study aims to explore pathogenic pathways underlying sIBM and identify novel therapeutic targets using metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we analyzed biopsied muscle samples from 14 sIBM patients and six non-diseased subjects to identify metabolic profiles. Frozen muscle samples were used to measure metabolites with cation and anion modes of capillary electrophoresis time of flight mass spectrometry. We validated the metabolic pathway altered in muscles of sIBM patients through RNA sequencing and histopathological studies. Results: A total of 198 metabolites were identified. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses identified specific metabolite changes in sIBM muscle samples. The pathways of histamine biosynthesis and certain glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis were upregulated in sIBM patients, whereas those of carnitine metabolism and creatine metabolism were downregulated. Histopathological examination showed infiltration of mast cells and deposition of chondroitin sulfate in skeletal muscle samples, supporting the results of metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Interpretation: We identified alterations of several metabolic pathways in muscle samples of sIBM patients. These results suggest that mast cells, chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis, carnitine, and creatine play roles in sIBM pathophysiology.

DOI： 10.1002/acn3.51657

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Human Genetics  

The identification of causative genetic variants for hereditary diseases has revolutionized clinical medicine and an extensive collaborative framework with international cooperation has become a global trend to understand rare disorders. The Initiative on Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (IRUD) was established in Japan to provide accurate diagnosis, discover causes, and ultimately provide cures for rare and undiagnosed diseases. The fundamental IRUD system consists of three pillars: IRUD diagnostic coordination, analysis centers (IRUD-ACs), and a data center (IRUD-DC). IRUD diagnostic coordination consists of clinical centers (IRUD-CLs) and clinical specialty subgroups (IRUD-CSSs). In addition, the IRUD coordinating center (IRUD-CC) manages the entire IRUD system and temporarily operates the IRUD resource center (IRUD-RC). By the end of March 2021, 6301 pedigrees consisting of 18,136 individuals were registered in the IRUD. The whole-exome sequencing method was completed in 5136 pedigrees, and a final diagnosis was established in 2247 pedigrees (43.8%). The total number of aberrated genes and pathogenic variants was 657 and 1718, among which 1113 (64.8%) were novel. In addition, 39 novel disease entities or phenotypes with 41 aberrated genes were identified. The 6-year endeavor of IRUD has been an overwhelming success, establishing an all-Japan comprehensive diagnostic and research system covering all geographic areas and clinical specialties/subspecialties. IRUD has accurately diagnosed diseases, identified novel aberrated genes or disease entities, discovered many candidate genes, and enriched phenotypic and pathogenic variant databases. Further promotion of the IRUD is essential for determining causes and developing cures for rare and undiagnosed diseases.

DOI： 10.1038/s10038-022-01025-0

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Dermatological Science  

Background: Sjögren–Larsson syndrome (SLS) is a neurocutaneous disorder whose causative gene is the fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH3A2 and of which ichthyosis is the major skin symptom. The stratum corneum contains a variety of ceramides, among which ω-O-acylceramides (acylceramides) and protein-bound ceramides are essential for skin permeability barrier formation. Objectives: To determine the ceramide classes/species responsible for SLS pathogenesis and the enzymes that are impaired in SLS. Methods: Genomic DNA was collected from peripheral blood samples from an SLS patient and her parents, and whole-genome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed. Lipids were extracted from stratum corneum samples from the SLS patient and healthy volunteers and subjected to ceramide profiling via liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Results: A duplication (c.55_130dup) and a missense mutation (p.Lys447Glu) were found in the patient's ALDH3A2 gene. The patient had reduced levels of all acylceramide classes, with total acylceramide levels at 25 % of healthy controls. Reductions were also observed for several nonacylated ceramides: ceramides with phytosphingosine or 6-hydroxysphingosine in the long-chain base moiety were reduced to 24 % and 41 % of control levels, respectively, and ceramides with an α-hydroxy fatty acid as the fatty acid moiety were reduced to 29 %. The fatty acid moiety was shortened in many nonacylated ceramide classes. Conclusion: These results suggest that reduced acylceramide levels are a primary cause of the ichthyosis symptoms of SLS, but reductions in other ceramide classes may also be involved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.08.003

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Brain and Development  

Introduction: An X-linked ZC4H2 variant is associated with a variety of phenotypes that have abnormalities related to external malformation and neurodevelopment. There have been no reports on severe respiratory dysfunction resulting in surgical treatments not being possible due to the deformity resulting from in this disease. Here we report a female with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with a severe respiratory complication. Case: A two-year-old girl had arthrogryposis multiplex congenita at delivery and subsequently had hypotonia and feeding difficulty. A novel ZC4H2 frameshift variant was identified by whole-exome sequencing in her genome. At eight months, she had recurrent aspiration pneumonia. A tracheostomy and gastrostomy were required; however, surgical intervention was not possible because of her short neck and complicated airway. Conclusion: We compared this case with previous reports. The truncation group had more described phenotypes than the non-truncation group. The patient had the most severe respiratory dysfunction in truncating variant.

DOI： 10.1016/j.braindev.2022.04.009

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports  

Recently, whole-exome sequencing (WES) has been used for genetic diagnoses of patients who remain otherwise undiagnosed. WES was performed in 177 Japanese patients with undiagnosed conditions who were referred to the Tokai regional branch of the Initiative on Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (IRUD) (TOKAI-IRUD). This study included only patients who had not previously received genome-wide testing. Review meetings with specialists in various medical fields were held to evaluate the genetic diagnosis in each case, which was based on the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. WES identified diagnostic single-nucleotide variants in 66 patients and copy number variants (CNVs) in 11 patients. Additionally, a patient was diagnosed with Angelman syndrome with a complex clinical phenotype upon detection of a paternally derived uniparental disomy (UPD) [upd(15)pat] wherein the patient carried a homozygous DUOX2 p.E520D variant in the UPD region. Functional analysis confirmed that this DUOX2 variant was a loss-of-function missense substitution and the primary cause of congenital hypothyroidism. A significantly higher proportion of genetic diagnoses was achieved compared to previous reports (44%, 78/177 vs. 24–35%, respectively), probably due to detailed discussions and the higher rate of CNV detection.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-022-14161-6

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Translational Psychiatry  

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable, complex disorder in which rare variants contribute significantly to disease risk. Although many genes have been associated with ASD, there have been few genetic studies of ASD in the Japanese population. In whole exomes from a Japanese ASD sample of 309 cases and 299 controls, rare variants were associated with ASD within specific neurodevelopmental gene sets, including highly constrained genes, fragile X mental retardation protein target genes, and genes involved in synaptic function, with the strongest enrichment in trans-synaptic signaling (p = 4.4 × 10−4, Q-value = 0.06). In particular, we strengthen the evidence regarding the role of ABCA13, a synaptic function-related gene, in Japanese ASD. The overall results of this case-control exome study showed that rare variants related to synaptic function are associated with ASD susceptibility in the Japanese population.

DOI： 10.1038/s41398-022-02033-6

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports  

SLC26A4 is a known iodide transporter, and is localized at the apical membrane of thyrocytes. Previously, we reported that SLC26A7 is also involved in iodide transport and that Slc26a7 is a novel causative gene for congenital hypothyroidism. However, its detailed role in vivo remains to be elucidated. We generated mice that were deficient in Slc26a7 and Slc26a4 to delineate differences and associations in their roles in iodide transport. Slc26a7−/− mice showed goitrous congenital hypothyroidism and mild growth failure on a normal diet. Slc26a7−/− mice with a low iodine environment showed marked growth failure. In contrast, Slc26a4−/− mice showed no growth failure and hypothyroidism in the same low iodine environment. Double-deficient mice showed more severe growth failure than Slc26a7−/− mice. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Slc26a7−/− mice was significantly higher than that in Slc26a4−/− mice. These indicate that SLC26A7 is more strongly involved in iodide transport and the maintenance of thyroid function than SLC26A4.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-022-15151-4

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Dermatology  

DOI： 10.1111/1346-8138.16348

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：International Journal of Molecular Sciences  

Superficial epidermolytic ichthyosis (SEI) is an autosomal dominant inherited ichthyosis. SEI is caused by mutations in KRT2 and frequently shows erythroderma and widespread blistering at birth. We report the clinical manifestations of two patients from a Japanese family with SEI caused by a hotspot mutation, p.Glu487Lys, in KRT2. In addition, we summarize previous reports on SEI patients with the identical mutation. One of the two patients had disease onset at the age of 7 months. The other patient’s age of onset is unknown, but it was in childhood. Neither of the two patients showed erythroderma. To perform deep phenotyping, we studied the age of onset and the frequency of erythroderma in 34 reported SEI cases with the p.Glu487Lys mutation, including the present cases. Among the cases with sufficient clinical information, 44.4% of the cases that were due to p.Glu487Lys in KRT2 occurred at birth. Erythroderma was observed in 11.1% of the cases with p.Glu487Lys in KRT2.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms23147791

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BMC Infectious Diseases  

Background: Congenital human cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection can cause sensorineural hearing loss and neurodevelopmental disabilities in children. Ganciclovir and valganciclovir (GCV/VGCV) improve long-term audiologic and neurodevelopmental outcomes for patients with cCMV infection; however, antiviral drug resistance has been documented in some cases. Long-read sequencing can be used for the detection of drug resistance mutations. The objective of this study was to develop full-length analysis of UL97 and UL54, target genes with mutations that confer GCV/VGCV resistance using long-read sequencing, and investigate drug resistance mutation in patients with cCMV infection. Methods: Drug resistance mutation analysis was retrospectively performed in 11 patients with cCMV infection treated with GCV/VGCV. UL97 and UL54 genes were amplified using blood DNA. The amplicons were sequenced using a long-read sequencer and aligned with the reference gene. Single nucleotide variants were detected and replaced with the reference sequence. The replaced sequence was submitted to a mutation resistance analyzer, which is an open platform for drug resistance mutations. Results: Two drug resistance mutations (UL54 V823A and UL97 A594V) were found in one patient. Both mutations emerged after 6 months of therapy, where viral load increased. Mutation rates subsided after cessation of GCV/VGCV treatment. Conclusions: Antiviral drug resistance can emerge in patients with cCMV receiving long-term therapy. Full-length analysis of UL97 and UL54 via long-read sequencing enabled the rapid and comprehensive detection of drug resistance mutations.

DOI： 10.1186/s12879-022-07537-6

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Genetics in Medicine  

Purpose: This study aimed to describe the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of ARCN1-related syndrome. Methods: Patients with ARCN1 variants were identified, and clinician researchers were connected using GeneMatcher and physician referrals. Clinical histories were collected from each patient. Results: In total, we identified 14 cases of ARCN1-related syndrome, (9 pediatrics, and 5 fetal cases from 3 families). The clinical features these newly identified cases were compared to 6 previously reported cases for a total of 20 cases. Intrauterine growth restriction, micrognathia, and short stature were present in all patients. Other common features included prematurity (11/15, 73.3%), developmental delay (10/14, 71.4%), genitourinary malformations in males (6/8, 75%), and microcephaly (12/15, 80%). Novel features of ARCN1-related syndrome included transient liver dysfunction and specific glycosylation abnormalities during illness, giant cell hepatitis, hepatoblastoma, cataracts, and lethal skeletal manifestations. Developmental delay was seen in 73% of patients, but only 3 patients had intellectual disability, which is less common than previously reported. Conclusion: ARCN1-related syndrome presents with a wide clinical spectrum ranging from a severe embryonic lethal syndrome to a mild syndrome with intrauterine growth restriction, micrognathia, and short stature without intellectual disability. Patients with ARCN1-related syndrome should be monitored for liver dysfunction during illness, cataracts, and hepatoblastoma. Additional research to further define the phenotypic spectrum and possible genotype–phenotype correlations are required.

DOI： 10.1016/j.gim.2022.02.005

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：加齢皮膚医学研究会  

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：加齢皮膚医学研究会  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology  

DOI： 10.1111/jdv.17890

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：American Journal of Human Genetics  

Neurodevelopmental disorders are highly heterogenous conditions resulting from abnormalities of brain architecture and/or function. FBXW7 (F-box and WD-repeat-domain-containing 7), a recognized developmental regulator and tumor suppressor, has been shown to regulate cell-cycle progression and cell growth and survival by targeting substrates including CYCLIN E1/2 and NOTCH for degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system. We used a genotype-first approach and global data-sharing platforms to identify 35 individuals harboring de novo and inherited FBXW7 germline monoallelic chromosomal deletions and nonsense, frameshift, splice-site, and missense variants associated with a neurodevelopmental syndrome. The FBXW7 neurodevelopmental syndrome is distinguished by global developmental delay, borderline to severe intellectual disability, hypotonia, and gastrointestinal issues. Brain imaging detailed variable underlying structural abnormalities affecting the cerebellum, corpus collosum, and white matter. A crystal-structure model of FBXW7 predicted that missense variants were clustered at the substrate-binding surface of the WD40 domain and that these might reduce FBXW7 substrate binding affinity. Expression of recombinant FBXW7 missense variants in cultured cells demonstrated impaired CYCLIN E1 and CYCLIN E2 turnover. Pan-neuronal knockdown of the Drosophila ortholog, archipelago, impaired learning and neuronal function. Collectively, the data presented herein provide compelling evidence of an F-Box protein-related, phenotypically variable neurodevelopmental disorder associated with monoallelic variants in FBXW7.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.03.002

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology  

DOI： 10.1111/jdv.17752

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1111/1346-8138.16301

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Pediatrics International  

DOI： 10.1111/ped.15335

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PLoS ONE  

Background Most sequencing studies of schizophrenia (SCZ) have focused on de novo genetic variants due to interpretability. However, investigating shared rare variants among patients in the same multiplex family is also important. Relatively large-scale analyses of SCZ multiplex families have been done in Caucasian populations, but whether detected variants are also pathogenic in the Japanese population is unclear because of ethnic differences in rare variants. Materials and methods We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) of 14 Japanese SCZ multiplex families. After quality control and filtering, we identified rare variants shared among affected persons within the same family. A gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed to identify gene categories possibly affected by these candidate variants. Results We found 530 variants in 486 genes as potential candidate variants from the 14 SCZ multiplex families examined. The GO analysis demonstrated significant enrichment in calcium channel activity. Conclusion This study provides supporting evidence that calcium ion channel activity is involved in SCZ. WES of multiplex families is a potential means of identifying disease-associated rare variants for SCZ.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0268321

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Open Forum Infectious Diseases  

Background. Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a frequent complication in immunocompromised patients. However, causative microorganisms are detected in only 10% of patients. This study aimed to detect the microorganisms that cause FN using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify the genome derived from pathogenic microorganisms in the bloodstream. Here, we implemented a metagenomic approach to comprehensively analyze microorganisms present in clinical samples from patients with FN. Methods. FN is defined as a neutrophil count <500 cells/µL and fever ≥37.5°C. Plasma/serum samples of 112 pediatric patients with FN and 10 patients with neutropenia without fever (NE) were sequenced by NGS and analyzed by a metagenomic pipeline, PATHDET. Results. The putative pathogens were detected by NGS in 5 of 10 FN patients with positive blood culture results, 15 of 87 FN patients (17%) with negative blood culture results, and 3 of 8 NE patients. Several bacteria that were common in the oral, skin, and gut flora were commonly detected in blood samples, suggesting translocation of the human microbiota to the bloodstream in the setting of neutropenia. The cluster analysis of the microbiota in blood samples using NGS demonstrated that the representative bacteria of each cluster were mostly consistent with the pathogens in each patient. Conclusions. NGS technique has great potential for detecting causative pathogens in patients with FN. Cluster analysis, which extracts characteristic microorganisms from a complex microbial population, may be effective to detect pathogens in minute quantities of microbiota, such as those from the bloodstream.

DOI： 10.1093/ofid/ofab223

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Arthritis and Rheumatology  

DOI： 10.1002/art.41775

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：DNA Repair  

Transcription-blocking DNA lesions (TBLs) in genomic DNA are triggered by a wide variety of DNA-damaging agents. Such lesions cause stalling of elongating RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) enzymes and fully block transcription when unresolved. The toxic impact of DNA damage on transcription progression is commonly referred to as transcription stress. In response to RNA Pol II stalling, cells activate and employ transcription-coupled repair (TCR) machineries to repair cytotoxic TBLs and resume transcription. Increasing evidence indicates that the modification and processing of stalled RNA Pol II is an integral component of the cellular response to and the repair of TBLs. If TCR pathways fail, the prolonged stalling of RNA Pol II will impede global replication and transcription as well as block the access of other DNA repair pathways that may act upon the TBL. Consequently, such prolonged stalling will trigger profound genome instability and devastating clinical features. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms by which various types of TBLs are repaired by distinct TCR pathways and how RNA Pol II processing is regulated during these processes. We will also discuss the clinical consequences of transcription stress and genotype-phenotype correlations of related TCR-deficiency disorders.

DOI： 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103192

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Human Molecular Genetics  

Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is a rare hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder defined by sulfur-deficient brittle hair and nails and scaly skin, but with otherwise remarkably variable clinical features. The photosensitive TTD (PS-TTD) forms exhibits in addition to progressive neuropathy and other features of segmental accelerated aging and is associated with impaired genome maintenance and transcription. New factors involved in various steps of gene expression have been identified for the different non-photosensitive forms of TTD (NPS-TTD), which do not appear to show features of premature aging. Here, we identify alanyl-tRNA synthetase 1 and methionyl-tRNA synthetase 1 variants as new gene defects that cause NPS-TTD. These variants result in the instability of the respective gene products alanyl- and methionyl-tRNA synthetase. These findings extend our previous observations that TTD mutations affect the stability of the corresponding proteins and emphasize this phenomenon as a common feature of TTD. Functional studies in skin fibroblasts from affected individuals demonstrate that these new variants also impact on the rate of tRNA charging, which is the first step in protein translation. The extension of reduced abundance of TTD factors to translation as well as transcription redefines TTD as a syndrome in which proteins involved in gene expression are unstable.

DOI： 10.1093/hmg/ddab123

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Dermatology  

DOI： 10.1111/1346-8138.15951

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy  

Background: Diabetes and obesity contribute to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, how diabetes and obesity accelerate liver tumorigenesis remains to be fully understood. Moreover, to verify the therapeutic potential of anti-diabetic drugs, there exists a strong need for appropriate animal models that recapitulate human pathophysiology of NASH and HCC. Methods: We established a novel murine model of NASH-associated liver tumors using genetically obese melanocortin 4 receptor-deficient mice fed on Western diet in combination with a chemical procarcinogen, and verified the validity of our model in evaluating drug efficacy. Findings: Our model developed multiple liver tumors together with obesity, diabetes, and NASH within a relatively short period (approximately 3 months). In this model, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor Tofogliflozin prevented the development of NASH-like liver phenotypes and the progression of liver tumors. Tofogliflozin attenuated p21 expression of hepatocytes in non-tumorous lesions in the liver. Interpretation: Tofogliflozin treatment attenuates cellular senescence of hepatocytes under obese and diabetic conditions. This study provides a unique animal model of NASH-associated liver tumors, which is applicable for assessing drug efficacy to prevent or treat NASH-associated HCC.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111738

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Dermatological Science  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.06.002

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Acta Dermato-Venereologica  

DOI： 10.2340/00015555-3844

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BMC Infectious Diseases  

Background: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an important cause of invasive infection in neonates and infants. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings and culture may not show evidence of infection early in GBS meningitis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has the potential to detect microbial genetic material in patients with infectious diseases. We report two cases of infantile sepsis of GBS meningitis with negative results for CSF culture tests, but positive results for NGS analysis. Case presentation: Patient 1 was a 22-day-old male infant diagnosed with sepsis and meningitis. His CSF findings showed pleocytosis, decreased glucose, and increased protein levels. However, CSF and blood culture results at admission were negative. He received a total of 3 weeks of treatment with ampicillin and cefotaxime, and showed clinical improvement. GBS was detected through NGS analysis of CSF collected at admission. Patient 2 was a 51-day-old male infant with sepsis. CSF findings on admission were normal, and blood and CSF cultures were also negative. Intravenous ampicillin and cefotaxime treatment were initiated. Treatment was de-escalated to ampicillin alone because Enterococcus faecalis was cultured from urine. He was discharged after a total of 1 week of antibiotic treatment. Six days after discharge, he was re-hospitalized for sepsis. Blood and CSF cultures were negative, and E. faecalis was again cultured from urine. He received a total of 3 weeks of ampicillin treatment for enterococcal-induced nephritis and did not relapse thereafter. NGS pathogen searches were retrospectively performed on both blood and CSF collected at the first and second admission. GBS was detected in the CSF collected at the first admission, but no significant pathogen was detected in the other samples. Inadequate treatment for GBS meningitis at the first admission may have caused the recurrence of the disease. Conclusion: Infantile sepsis may present bacterial meningitis that is not diagnosed by either culture testing or CSF findings. NGS analysis for CSF may be useful for confirming the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.

DOI： 10.1186/s12879-021-06231-3

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease  

TOP3A promotes processing of double Holliday junction dissolution and also plays an important role in decatenation and segregation of human mtDNA. Recently, TOP3A mutations have been reported to cause Bloom syndrome-like disorder. However, whether the two function play equal roles in the disease pathogenesis is unclear. We retrospectively studied the disease progression of two siblings with Bloom-like syndrome caused by two novel mutations of TOP3A, p.Q788* and p.D479G. Beside the common clinical manifestations, our patients exhibited liver lipid storage with hepatomegaly. In cellular and molecular biological studies, TOP3A deficiency moderately increased sister chromatid exchanges and decreased cell proliferation compared with BLM or RMI2 deficiency. These changes were rescued by ectopic expression of either of the wildtype TOP3A or TOP3A-D479G. In contrast, reduced mitochondrial ATP generation and oxygen consumption rates observed in TOP3A defective cells were rescued by over-expression of the wildtype TOP3A, but not TOP3A-D479G. Considering the different impact of the TOP3A-D479G mutation on the genome stability and mitochondrial metabolism, we propose that the impaired mitochondrial metabolism plays an important role in the pathogenesis of TOP3A-deficient Bloom-like disease.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166106

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Investigative Dermatology  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.035

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Nature Cell Biology  

Cells employ transcription-coupled repair (TCR) to eliminate transcription-blocking DNA lesions. DNA damage-induced binding of the TCR-specific repair factor CSB to RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) triggers RNAPII ubiquitylation of a single lysine (K1268) by the CRL4CSA ubiquitin ligase. How CRL4CSA is specifically directed towards K1268 is unknown. Here, we identify ELOF1 as the missing link that facilitates RNAPII ubiquitylation, a key signal for the assembly of downstream repair factors. This function requires its constitutive interaction with RNAPII close to K1268, revealing ELOF1 as a specificity factor that binds and positions CRL4CSA for optimal RNAPII ubiquitylation. Drug–genetic interaction screening also revealed a CSB-independent pathway in which ELOF1 prevents R-loops in active genes and protects cells against DNA replication stress. Our study offers key insights into the molecular mechanisms of TCR and provides a genetic framework of the interplay between transcriptional stress responses and DNA replication.

DOI： 10.1038/s41556-021-00688-9

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Trends in Cell Biology  

DNA lesions pose a major obstacle during gene transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) enzymes. The transcription-coupled DNA repair (TCR) pathway eliminates such DNA lesions. Inherited defects in TCR cause severe clinical syndromes, including Cockayne syndrome (CS). The molecular mechanism of TCR and the molecular origin of CS have long remained enigmatic. Here we explore new advances in our understanding of how TCR complexes assemble through cooperative interactions between repair factors stimulated by RNAPII ubiquitylation. Mounting evidence suggests that RNAPII ubiquitylation activates TCR complex assembly during repair and, in parallel, promotes processing and degradation of RNAPII to prevent prolonged stalling. The fate of stalled RNAPII is therefore emerging as a crucial link between TCR and associated human diseases.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.02.007

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Dermatological Science  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.03.003

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology  

DOI： 10.1111/jdv.17098

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Nagoya Journal of Medical Science  

Basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) is an autosomal dominant skin disorder characterized by multiple basal cell nevi. Patients with BCNS tend to develop basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and frequently show skeletal abnormalities. Most cases of BCNS are caused by mutations in patched 1 (PTCH1). PTCH1 encodes a transmembrane receptor protein for the secreted molecule sonic hedgehog, which plays a key role in the development of animals ranging from insects to mammals. We analyzed two Japanese BCNS patients from two independent families. Both of our patients had multiple jaw keratocysts. In one patient, these were the key to noticing his BCNS, as he had no skin tumors. The early detection of PTCH1 mutations would enable BCNS patients to be carefully followed up for the occurrence of BCC. The diagnosis of BCC at the early stage leads to prompt surgical treatments, resulting in a good prognosis. The present cases suggest that keratocysts of the jaw might be an important clue for diagnosing BCNS.

DOI： 10.18999/nagjms.83.2.393

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Clinical Neurology  

A 33-year-old man with an unremarkable family history has had limb muscle weakness, joint contracture and skeleton deformation from early childhood. He was diagnosed with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) by a pediatrician. He needed assistance and used orthoses in his daily life. There was no subjective sensory disturbance. However, physical examination showed slight sensory impairment, and nerve conduction study indicated sensory motor axonal neuropathy. This finding suggested Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). Gene analysis detected MORC2 S87L mutation, leading to a diagnosis of CMT type 2Z. Patients with MORC2 S87L mutation are known to exhibit a severe phenotype, and may mimic SMA. It is important to demonstrate subclinical sensory neuropathy in patients with MORC2 S87L mutation mimicking SMA.

DOI： 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001542

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BMC Microbiology  

Background: Immunosuppression during liver transplantation (LT) enables the prevention and treatment of organ rejection but poses a risk for severe infectious diseases. Immune modulation and antimicrobials affect the plasma microbiome. Thus, determining the impact of immunosuppression on the microbiome may be important to understand immunocompetence, elucidate the source of infection, and predict the risk of infection in LT recipients. We characterized the plasma microbiome of LT recipients at early post-LT and assessed the association between the microbiome and clinical events. Results: In this study, 51 patients who received LT at Nagoya University Hospital from 2016 to 2018 were enrolled. Plasma samples were retrospectively collected at the following time points: 1) within a week after LT; 2) 4 ± 1 weeks after LT; 3) 8 ± 1 weeks after LT; and 4) within 2 days after a positive blood culture. A total of 111 plasma samples were analyzed using shotgun next-generation sequencing (NGS) with the PATHDET pipeline. Relative abundance of Anelloviridae, Nocardiaceae, Microbacteriaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae significantly changed during the postoperative period. Microbiome diversity was higher within a week after LT than that at 8 weeks after LT. Antimicrobials were significantly associated with the microbiome of LT recipients. In addition, the proportion of Enterobacteriaceae was significantly increased and the plasma microbiome diversity was significantly lower in patients with acute cellular rejection (ACR) than non-ACR patients. Sequencing reads of bacteria isolated from blood cultures were predominantly identified by NGS in 8 of 16 samples, and human herpesvirus 6 was detected as a causative pathogen in one recipient with severe clinical condition. Conclusions: The metagenomic NGS technique has great potential in revealing the plasma microbiome and is useful as a comprehensive diagnostic procedure in clinical settings. Temporal dynamics of specific microorganisms may be used as indirect markers for the determination of immunocompetence and ACR in LT recipients.

DOI： 10.1186/s12866-021-02154-w

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Neurobiology of Aging  

Mutations in the valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene are known to cause various neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we report 8 Japanese patients [6 men, 2 women; median age at onset: 49.5 (range, 35–58) years] from 5 unrelated families with VCP missense mutations. Although 7 of 8 patients were diagnosed with either inclusion body myopathy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 1 patient showed demyelinating polyneuropathy, which was confirmed by longitudinal nerve conduction studies. Sural nerve biopsy of the patient revealed intranuclear ubiquitin staining in Schwann cells. Three known pathogenic VCP mutations (p.Arg191Gln, p.Arg155Cys, and p.Ile126Phe) were detected. A novel mutation, c.293 A>T (p.Asp98Val), was also identified in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. This mutation was predicted to be “deleterious” or “disease causing” using in silico mutation analyses. In conclusion, demyelinating polyneuropathy may be a novel phenotype caused by VCP mutations. The p.Asp98Val mutation was found to be a novel pathogenic mutation of VCP proteinopathy. We believe our cases represent a wide clinical spectrum of VCP mutations.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.028

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Acta Dermato-Venereologica  

DOI： 10.2340/00015555-3764

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：European Journal of Dermatology  

DOI： 10.1684/ejd.2021.4017

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Acta Neuropathologica Communications  

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although microglia in aging and neurodegenerative disease model mice show a loss of homeostatic phenotype and activation of disease-associated microglia (DAM), a correlation between those phenotypes and the degree of neuronal cell loss has not been clarified. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing of microglia isolated from three representative neurodegenerative mouse models, AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F with amyloid pathology, rTg4510 with tauopathy, and SOD1G93A with motor neuron disease by magnetic activated cell sorting. In parallel, gene expression patterns of the human precuneus with early Alzheimer’s change (n = 11) and control brain (n = 14) were also analyzed by RNA sequencing. We found that a substantial reduction of homeostatic microglial genes in rTg4510 and SOD1G93A microglia, whereas DAM genes were uniformly upregulated in all mouse models. The reduction of homeostatic microglial genes was correlated with the degree of neuronal cell loss. In human precuneus with early AD pathology, reduced expression of genes related to microglia- and oligodendrocyte-specific markers was observed, although the expression of DAM genes was not upregulated. Our results implicate a loss of homeostatic microglial function in the progression of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, analyses of human precuneus also suggest loss of microglia and oligodendrocyte functions induced by early amyloid pathology in human.

DOI： 10.1186/s40478-020-01099-x

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part A  

The NSUN2 gene encodes a tRNA cytosine methyltransferase that functions in the maturation of leucyl tRNA (Leu) (CAA) precursors, which is crucial for the anticodon-codon pairing and correct translation of mRNA. Biallelic loss of function variants in NSUN2 are known to cause moderate to severe intellectual disability. Microcephaly, postnatal growth retardation, and dysmorphic facial features are common complications in this genetic disorder, and delayed puberty is occasionally observed. Here, we report four individuals, two sets of siblings, with biallelic loss-of-function variants in the NSUN2 gene. The first set of siblings have compound heterozygous frameshift variants: c.546_547insCT, p.Met183Leufs*13; c.1583del, p.Pro528Hisfs*19, and the other siblings carry a homozygous frameshift variant: c.1269dup, p.Val424Cysfs*14. In addition to previously reported clinical features, the first set of siblings showed novel complications of juvenile cataract and chronic nephritis. The other siblings showed hypomyelination and simplified gyral pattern in neuroimaging. NSUN2-related intellectual disability is a very rare condition, and less than 20 cases have been reported previously. Juvenile cataract, chronic nephritis, and brain anomaly shown in the present patients have not been previously described. Our report suggests clinical diversity of NSUN2-related intellectual disability.

DOI： 10.1002/ajmg.a.61927

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Science Advances  

Rs671 in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene (ALDH2) is the cause of Asian alcohol flushing response after drinking. ALDH2 detoxifies endogenous aldehydes, which are the major source of DNA damage repaired by the Fanconi anemia pathway. Here, we show that the rs671 defective allele in combination with mutations in the alcohol dehydrogenase 5 gene, which encodes formaldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH5FDH), causes a previously unidentified disorder, AMeD (aplastic anemia, mental retardation, and dwarfism) syndrome. Cellular studies revealed that a decrease in the formaldehyde tolerance underlies a loss of differentiation and proliferation capacity of hematopoietic stem cells. Moreover, Adh5−/−Aldh2E506K/E506K double-deficient mice recapitulated key clinical features of AMeDS, showing short life span, dwarfism, and hematopoietic failure. Collectively, our results suggest that the combined deficiency of formaldehyde clearance mechanisms leads to the complex clinical features due to overload of formaldehyde-induced DNA damage, thereby saturation of DNA repair processes.

DOI： 10.1126/sciadv.abd7197

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：EMBO Journal  

Microglia are the principal phagocytes that clear cell debris in the central nervous system (CNS). This raises the question, which cells remove cell debris when microglial phagocytic activity is impaired. We addressed this question using Siglechdtr mice, which enable highly specific ablation of microglia. Non-microglial mononuclear phagocytes, such as CNS-associated macrophages and circulating inflammatory monocytes, did not clear microglial debris. Instead, astrocytes were activated, exhibited a pro-inflammatory gene expression profile, and extended their processes to engulf microglial debris. This astrocytic phagocytosis was also observed in Irf8-deficient mice, in which microglia were present but dysfunctional. RNA-seq demonstrated that even in a healthy CNS, astrocytes express TAM phagocytic receptors, which were the main astrocytic phagocytic receptors for cell debris in the above experiments, indicating that astrocytes stand by in case of microglial impairment. This compensatory mechanism may be important for the maintenance or prolongation of a healthy CNS.

DOI： 10.15252/embj.2020104464

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Dermatological Science  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.05.001

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BMC Pediatrics  

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an idiopathic systemic vasculitis that predominantly damages coronary arteries in children. Various pathogens have been investigated as triggers for KD, but no definitive causative pathogen has been determined. As KD is diagnosed by symptoms, several days are needed for diagnosis. Therefore, at the time of diagnosis of KD, the pathogen of the trigger may already be diminished. The aim of this study was to explore comprehensive pathogens in the sera at the acute stage of KD using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Methods: Sera of 12 patients at an extremely early stage of KD and 12 controls were investigated. DNA and RNA sequences were read separately using HTS. Sequence data were imported into the home-brew meta-genomic analysis pipeline, PATHDET, to identify the pathogen sequences. Results: No RNA virus reads were detected in any KD case except for that of equine infectious anemia, which is known as a contaminant of commercial reverse transcriptase. Concerning DNA viruses, human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B, two cases) and Anelloviridae (eight cases) were detected among KD cases as well as controls. Multiple bacterial reads were obtained from KD and controls. Bacteria of the genera Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Delfita, Roseomonas, and Rhodocyclaceae appeared to be more common in KD sera than in the controls. Conclusion: No single pathogen was identified in serum samples of patients at the acute phase of KD. With multiple bacteria detected in the serum samples, it is difficult to exclude the possibility of contamination; however, it is possible that these bacteria might stimulate the immune system and induce KD.

DOI： 10.1186/s12887-020-02380-7

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience  

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a prototypic chemical synapse between the spinal motor neuron and the motor endplate. Gene expression profiles of the motor endplate are not fully elucidated. Collagen Q (ColQ) is a collagenic tail subunit of asymmetric forms of acetylcholinesterase and is driven by two distinct promoters. pColQ1 is active throughout the slow-twitch muscle, whereas pColQ1a is active at the motor endplate of fast-twitch muscle. We made a transgenic mouse line that expresses nuclear localization signal (NLS)-attached Cre recombinase under the control of pColQ1a (pColQ1a-Cre mouse). RiboTag mouse expresses an HA-tagged ribosomal subunit, RPL22, in cells expressing Cre recombinase. We generated pColQ1a-Cre:RiboTag mouse, and confirmed that HA-tagged RPL22 was enriched at the NMJ of tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Next, we confirmed that Chrne and Musk that are specifically expressed at the NMJ were indeed enriched in HA-immunoprecipitated (IP) RNA, whereas Sox10 and S100b, markers for Schwann cells, and Icam1, a marker for vascular endothelial cells, and Pax3, a marker for muscle satellite cells, were scarcely detected. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of RNA-seq data showed that “phosphatidylinositol signaling system” and “extracellular matrix receptor interaction” were enriched at the motor endplate. Subsequent analysis revealed that genes encoding diacylglycerol kinases, phosphatidylinositol kinases, phospholipases, integrins, and laminins were enriched at the motor endplate. We first characterized the gene expression profile under translation at the motor endplate of TA muscle using the RiboTag technique. We expect that our gene expression profiling will help elucidate molecular mechanisms of the development, maintenance, and pathology of the NMJ.

DOI： 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00154

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Epilepsy Research  

We report on familial 5 epilepsy patients with autosomal dominant inheritance of a novel heterozygous NUS1 frameshift mutation. All patients had cerebellar ataxia and tremor. Three patients were diagnosed with childhood absence epilepsy, 1 patient with generalized epilepsy, and 1 patient with parkinsonism without epilepsy. Our cases and previously reported cases with deletions of chromosome 6q22 that include NUS1 share these common symptoms. In a cellular experiment, NUS1 mutation led to a substantial reduction of the protein level of NUS1. NUS1 mutation could contribute to epilepsy pathogenesis and also constitute a distinct syndromic entity with cerebellar ataxia and tremor.

DOI： 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106371

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) removes helix-destabilizing adducts including ultraviolet (UV) lesions, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs). In comparison with CPDs, 6-4PPs have greater cytotoxicity and more strongly destabilizing properties of the DNA helix. It is generally believed that NER is the only DNA repair pathway that removes the UV lesions as evidenced by the previous data since no repair of UV lesions was detected in NER-deficient skin fibroblasts. Topoisomerase I (TOP1) constantly creates transient single-strand breaks (SSBs) releasing the torsional stress in genomic duplex DNA. Stalled TOP1-SSB complexes can form near DNA lesions including abasic sites and ribonucleotides embedded in chromosomal DNA. Here we show that base excision repair (BER) increases cellular tolerance to UV independently of NER in cancer cells. UV lesions irreversibly trap stable TOP1-SSB complexes near the UV damage in NER-deficient cells, and the resulting SSBs activate BER. Biochemical experiments show that 6-4PPs efficiently induce stable TOP1-SSB complexes, and the long-patch repair synthesis of BER removes 6-4PPs downstream of the SSB. Furthermore, NER-deficient cancer cell lines remove 6-4PPs within 24 h, but not CPDs, and the removal correlates with TOP1 expression. NER-deficient skin fibroblasts weakly express TOP1 and show no detectable repair of 6-4PPs. Remarkably, the ectopic expression of TOP1 in these fibroblasts led them to completely repair 6-4PPs within 24 h. In conclusion, we reveal a DNA repair pathway initiated by TOP1, which significantly contributes to cellular tolerance to UV-induced lesions particularly in malignant cancer cells overexpressing TOP1.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.1920165117

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：NAR Genomics and Bioinformatics  

In predicting the pathogenicity of a nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variant (nsSNV), a radical change in amino acid properties is prone to be classified as being pathogenic. However, not all such nsSNVs are associated with human diseases. We generated random forest (RF) models individually for each amino acid substitution to differentiate pathogenic nsSNVs in the Human Gene Mutation Database and common nsSNVs in dbSNP. We named a set of our models ‘Individual Meta RF’ (InMeRF). Ten-fold cross-validation of InMeRF showed that the areas under the curves (AUCs) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and precision–recall curves were on average 0.941 and 0.957, respectively. To compare InMeRF with seven other tools, the eight tools were generated using the same training dataset, and were compared using the same three testing datasets. ROC-AUCs of InMeRF were ranked first in the eight tools. We applied InMeRF to 155 pathogenic and 125 common nsSNVs in seven major genes causing congenital myasthenic syndromes, as well as in VANGL1 causing spina bifida, and found that the sensitivity and specificity of InMeRF were 0.942 and 0.848, respectively. We made the InMeRF web service, and also made genome-wide InMeRF scores available online (https://www.med.nagoya-u.ac.jp/neurogenetics/InMeRF/).

DOI： 10.1093/nargab/lqaa038

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Cell  

Transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) is initiated by the stalling of elongating RNA polymerase II (RNAPIIo) at DNA lesions. The ubiquitination of RNAPIIo in response to DNA damage is an evolutionarily conserved event, but its function in mammals is unknown. Here, we identified a single DNA damage-induced ubiquitination site in RNAPII at RPB1-K1268, which regulates transcription recovery and DNA damage resistance. Mechanistically, RPB1-K1268 ubiquitination stimulates the association of the core-TFIIH complex with stalled RNAPIIo through a transfer mechanism that also involves UVSSA-K414 ubiquitination. We developed a strand-specific ChIP-seq method, which revealed RPB1-K1268 ubiquitination is important for repair and the resolution of transcriptional bottlenecks at DNA lesions. Finally, RPB1-K1268R knockin mice displayed a short life-span, premature aging, and neurodegeneration. Our results reveal RNAPII ubiquitination provides a two-tier protection mechanism by activating TC-NER and, in parallel, the processing of DNA damage-stalled RNAPIIo, which together prevent prolonged transcription arrest and protect against neurodegeneration.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.010

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Molecular Genetics and Genomic Medicine  

Background: Achondroplasia (ACH), the most common form of short-limbed skeletal dysplasia, is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene. More than 97% of patients result from a heterozygous p.G380R mutation in the FGFR3 gene. We present here a child who had two de novo variants in the FGFR3 on the same allele, a common p.G380R mutation and a novel p.S378N variant. Methods: A 3-year-old Japanese girl born from non-consanguineous healthy parents showed more severe clinical and radiological phenotypes than classic ACH, including severe short-limbed short stature with marked ossification defects in the metaphysis and epiphysis, hydrocephalus and cervicomedullary compression due to foramen magnum stenosis, prolonged pulmonary hypoplasia, and significant delay in the gross motor development. Genomic DNA was extracted from the proband and whole-exome sequencing was performed. The variants were subsequently confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Results: Mutation analysis demonstrated that the proband had p.S378N (c.1133G>A) and p.G380R (c.1138G>A) variants in the FGFR3 gene. Both variants were not detected in her parents and therefore considered de novo. An allele-specific PCR was developed in order to determine whether these mutations were on the same allele (cis) or on different alleles (trans). The c.1138G>A mutation was found in the PCR product generated with the primer for the mutant 1133A, but it was not detected in the product with the wild-type 1133G, confirming that p.S378N and p.G380R variants were located on the same allele (cis). Conclusion: This is the second case who had two FGFR3 variants in the transmembrane domain on the same allele. The p.S378N variant may provide an additive effect on the activating receptor with the p.G380R mutation and alter the protein function, which could be responsible for the severe phenotype of the present case.

DOI： 10.1002/mgg3.1148

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Journal of Dermatological Science  

Background: NIPAL4, encoding the NIPA-like domain containing 4 protein (NIPAL4), is one of the causative genes of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI). The physiological role of NIPAL4 and the pathogenetic mechanisms of ARCI caused by NIPAL4 mutations remain unclear. Objective: To clarify the changes of ceramide components in the lesional stratum corneum (SC) and the gene expression profile in the lesional skin of an ARCI patient with a novel frameshift mutation in NIPAL4. Methods: We performed ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analyses of the skin. We used RNA sequencing to determine the mRNA expression in the skin of the patient and healthy individuals. We investigated ceramide components using tape stripped SC samples from the patient. Results: mRNA expression profiling in the patient's skin showed significant upregulation of IL-17/TNFα-related genes (IL17C, IL36A, IL36G, S100A7A, S100A9) and psoriasis hallmark genes (VNN3, LCE3D, PLA2G4D), and significant downregulation of lipid-associated genes (GAL, HAO2, FABP7). Ceramide analysis in the patient's SC revealed amounts of CER[NS] with carbon chain-length (C) 32–52 were increased, while amounts of most acylceramide with C66:2 - C72:2 were reduced relatively to those in healthy individuals. After the retinoid treatment, CER[NS] with carbon chains C46–54, CER[EOH] and CER[EOP] increased. Conclusion: IL-17C and IL-36 family cytokines might be involved in the pathogenetic process of ARCI with NIPAL4 mutations. Reduced amounts of the acylceramides in the SC are associated with the skin phenotype due to NIPAL4 mutations. Efficacy of the oral retinoid treatment might be due to restored amounts of CER[EOH] and CER[EOP] in the SC.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.12.001

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1182/blood-2019-121681

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106213

PubMed

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1111/bjd.18445

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1684/ejd.2019.3507

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.06.017

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1089/thy.2018.0212

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その他リンク： https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/thy.2018.0212

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.2340/00015555-3119

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.3390/genes10010060

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104877

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1002/cia2.12011

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007277

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1038/s10038-017-0408-5

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-10-6722-8_2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1038/ncomms16214

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その他リンク： http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5492-9072

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1093/nar/gkx970

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0188320

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-017-09115-2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1038/ncomms16102

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1111/bjd.15051

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0177375

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006789

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1111/1346-8138.13727

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1111/phpp.12240

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.06.007

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.clim.2015.07.004

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1093/nar/gkv722

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1038/srep08055

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1038/nprot.2014.194

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1172/JCI74593

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1172/JCI67349

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.04.007

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1002/ijc.27709

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1038/jid.2012.22

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1038/ng.2229

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002945

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.12.002

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.01.015

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.02.009

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000828

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1093/nar/gkp023

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.02.003

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1128/JB.00009-07

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1038/ncb1417

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DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M506153200

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1099/mic.0.27879-0

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1242/jcs.01603

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/S0065-3233(04)69009-7

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DOI： 10.1073/pnas.222377899

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