Faculty Profiles - AOKI Hirofumi

Digital clock drawing test reflects visuospatial ability of older drivers

Yamauchi, S; Kawano, N; Shimazaki, K; Shinkai, H; Kojima, M; Shinohara, K; Aoki, H

FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 15 page： 1332118 2024.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Frontiers in Psychology

Objectives: To keep older drivers safe, it is necessary to assess their fitness to drive. We developed a touch screen-based digital Clock Drawing Test (dCDT) and examined the relationship between the dCDT scores and on-road driving performance of older drivers in a community-setting. Methods: One hundred and forty-one community-dwelling older drivers (range; 64–88 years old) who participated in this study were included in the analysis. Participants completed the dCDT, the Mini-Mental State Examination-Japanese (MMSE-J), and an on-road driving assessment. We examined the relationship between dCDT scores using the method by Rouleau et al. (maximum 10 points) and the on-road driving performance based on a driving assessment system originally developed by Nagoya University. Results: Multiple regression analyses showed that errors in the driving test were associated with dCDT score for the items “confirmation,” “turning left” and “maintains driving lane position”. Discussion: This study confirmed the relationship between the dCDT score and driving errors, such as confirmation, turning left and maintaining driving lane position. The increase in these errors indicates a decline in visuospatial ability while driving. The dCDT score may reflect older drivers’ visuospatial abilities while driving.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1332118

A Framework for Combining Lateral and Longitudinal Acceleration to Assess Driving Styles Using Unsupervised Approach

Zhu, YF; Jiang, ML; Yamamoto, T; Ding, NK; Shinkai, H; Aoki, H; Shimazaki, K

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Vol. 25 ( 1 ) page： 638 - 656 2024.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems

Driving style assessment plays an important role in intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications, such as driving feedback provision and usage-based insurance. Many previous studies used supervised algorithms to profile drivers. However, this cannot be applied to large-scale unlabeled driving data, which are increasingly prevalent in the ITS context. This paper proposes a framework that combines lateral and longitudinal accelerations to assess a driver's driving style using an unsupervised approach. The framework first detects risky acceleration maneuvers using a statistical method based on the G-G diagram that shows combinations of lateral and longitudinal accelerations. Hierarchical clustering was used to classify the average driving behavior of drivers into high-, medium-, and low-risk groups. Further, a unique Gaussian mixture model is trained for each driver to score their driving style and decompose risky acceleration maneuvers into several risk components. Finally, the spatio-temporal characteristics are extracted to provide implicit factors on the risky behavior of drivers. The proposed method was applied to a large-scale dataset obtained by in-vehicle data recorders. The results demonstrate the necessity to combine the two axes of acceleration for driver behavior assessment. The proposed method can model individual driving styles effectively from the driver's G-G diagram, enabling applicability to large-scale unlabeled data for driving style assessment. The extraction of spatio-temporal characteristics can improve the interpretability of the results obtained using machine learning algorithms. All these results can be used to create a driver's risk profile and provide tailored feedback for improving driving safety.

DOI： 10.1109/TITS.2023.3310213

The new guideline for evaluating effects of psychotropic drugs on the performance to drive a motor vehicle in Japan: Comparison with US FDA guideline

Iwamoto, K; Nakabayashi, T; Yamaguchi, A; Konishi, Y; Saji, M; Yoshimura, R; Kanemoto, K; Aoki, H; Ando, M; Ozaki, N

NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY REPORTS Vol. 43 ( 2 ) page： 172 - 176 2023.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Neuropsychopharmacology Reports

In December 2022, the new guideline for evaluating the effect of psychotropic drugs on the performance to drive a motor vehicle was issued by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) and implemented in Japan. Of the safety information, information on the influence of medications on driving performance is particularly important because it can be relevant to the social functioning of patients. In principle, the package inserts of medications are designed based on evidence and provide precautions regarding the operation of heavy machinery such as automobiles in Japan, the United States, and Europe. The effects of medications on driving performance are generally evaluated in a tiered approach involving nonclinical and clinical studies. Because of the wide variety of functional domains involved in automobile driving, the selection of evaluation methods for a given medication depends on their characteristics, which is a complicated method. Therefore, to evaluate the effects of psychotropic drugs on driving performance efficiently and appropriately, we developed the MHLW guideline that specifically defines the evaluation methods used in pharmacological studies, the neuropsychological tests used in pharmacodynamic studies, and the situations in which driving studies are necessary. Regarding the planning of appropriate drug development strategies, we review the background of the MHLW guideline and its differences from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guideline.

DOI： 10.1002/npr2.12339

Relationship Between Driving Risk Assessment Test Using Touch Panel Display and Compensation Intention and Driving Behavior

Shimazaki Kan, Kojima Masae, Shinkai Hiroko, Inagami Makoto, Aoki Hirofumi

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 54 ( 1 ) page： 63 - 68 2023

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

In the previous study, we developed a risk assessment test using a touch panel display, and attempted to measure self-monitoring ability based on the relationship between actual performance and its self-estimation. In this paper, in addition to this, we examined the relationship between the intention to compensate by velocity selection and the actual driving behavior on the road. In this study we increased the number of participants. In addition to this, a certified driving instructor rode along with the participants to evaluate their driving. Actual performance on the risk assessment test was uncorrelated with self-estimation of the test result. The self-estimation of the test result and the velocity considered appropriate for driving the same road again on the test were also uncorrelated. On the other hand, there was a significant correlation between the appropriate velocity selected on the test and the number of times the instructor rated the velocity as inappropriate. An analysis of variance of the two factors, with the adequacy of the self-assessment and the duration of the TMT-B time required as factors, revealed a significant interaction, with the group whose TMT-B time required exceeded 33.4 seconds (Median) and whose self-estimation deviated from the actual performance by more than 10% having significantly lower instructor driving score than the other groups.

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.54.63

Investigation of Cut-Off Points for the Operation of a Simplified Questionnaire Comprehensively Captures Driving Characteristics (SQ-CCDC) to Capture the Driving Characteristics of Older Drivers.

Kojima Masae, Shojima Kojiro, Aoki Hirofumi, Shimazaki Kan, Yamauchi Satsuki, Tanaka Takahiro, Yonekawa Takashi

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 54 ( 3 ) page： 650 - 657 2023

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

The SQ-CCDC, a simplified questionnaire with a variety of driving-related variables, was developed using items that can represent differences among elderly drivers, and it is better to be able to provide feedback immediately after answering in order to operationalise it. It is not realistic to estimate the latent rank of respondents from their response patterns using LRT software. It is more practical to be able to estimate the latent rank from the sum score. In this report, we examined the cut-off points so that ranks can be analogously estimated from the sum scores of each subscale.

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.54.650

Assessment of senior drivers' internal state in the event of simulated unexpected vehicle motion based on near-infrared spectroscopy

Le, AS; Xuan, NH; Aoki, H

TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION Vol. 23 ( 5 ) page： 221 - 225 2022.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Traffic Injury Prevention

Objective: A driver’s internal state is a critical factor influencing driving performance, especially in cases of surprise or shock in response to unexpected incidents while driving. This study was designed to investigate the brain activity of a senior driver in response to simulated unexpected vehicle motion, compared with a relaxed state and normal driving. Methods: To accomplish this, we created a driving simulator paradigm wherein participants were involved in one of the following three scenarios: sitting down and relaxing, normal driving around the city with traffic signals and other vehicles, and the exiting of a parking area. In the scenario where the driver was to exit the parking area, the gear was switched automatically by the CarMaker software without the driver being notified, leading to an unexpected condition. The driver’s internal states were classified by artificial intelligence, based on information obtained through four-channel near-infrared spectroscopy. Results: Significant differences were observed between the hemodynamic responses obtained in the three conditions. Ultimately, this method can be used to update advanced driver assistance systems, with a view to preventing future traffic accidents, by activating in-vehicle safety functions based on the driver’s condition. Conclusions: A driver’s internal states in a panic situation while driving can be detected using near-infrared spectroscopy and artificial intelligence.

DOI： 10.1080/15389588.2022.2051019

Understanding Situations that Make Senior People Feel Reluctant to Drive

Masae KOJIMA, Makoto INAGAMI, Hirofumi AOKI

MERA Journal Vol. 24 ( 2 ) page： 24 - 28 2022.3

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Man-Environment Research Association

Recently, traffic accidents caused by senior drivers have attracted public attention and have encouraged some senior drivers to voluntarily give up their driver licenses. On the other hand, problems have been pointed out, including a decreased motivation to live and an increased risk of needing long-term care due to giving up driving. In order to support the mobility of the senior, there is an urgent need to obtain knowledge on driving support such as effective driving aids and environmental improvements. Of the data accumulated by the Center of Innovation (COI) Program, which is a research result development project of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), the current report focuses on the questionnaire items on driving environments that senior people find reluctant. The questionnaire items ask for an evaluation on “the frequency of encounters” and “the degree to which one does not want to drive” for 24 different driving environments. Using the responses of 216 senior people (55 to 87 years old), analysis by the latent rank theory was carried out. As a result, it was possible to classify the senior into five groups. Depending on the characteristics of the senior people, their evaluation of the driving environment was different. It was found that the perception of the driving environment differed among the subgroups of senior people.

DOI： 10.20786/mera.24.2_24

JointFlow: A Foot Motion Tracking Model Combining Pose Estimation Model with Optical Flow

Hayashi, H; Aoki, H; Kamezaki, M; Shimazaki, K; Aoki, K; Sugano, S

2022 IEEE 25TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ITSC) Vol. 2022-October page： 2875 - 2881 2022

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings) Publisher：IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC

Understanding driver's foot behavior helps reduce pedal-related traffic accidents. Conventional systems introduced wearable devices to track drivers' foot motion and tracking drivers' feet using non-contact sensors is still challenging. Moreover, to better understand driver's foot behavior, it is required to stably track drivers' small foot motion and at the joint level. To cope with this problem, we develop a novel foot motion tracking system, referred to as 'JointFlow.' This system integrates a pose estimation model, i.e., OpenPose, with Optical Flow. At first, a keypoint region-based convolutional neural network (keypoint R-CNN) is trained to detect the joints of the foot. At the same time, the Lucas-Kanade algorithm of Optical Flow is used to calculate the motion of each foot joint between consecutive frames. We implemented and evaluated the system using a real-world driving dataset of 50 drivers. The evaluation result shows that JointFlow could track both small and large foot motion. By comparing with the conventional pose estimation model, we could confirm that JointFlow tracked small foot motion more stable.

DOI： 10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9922332

A Study to Develop a Simple Questionnaire on Driving Characteristics of Elderly Drivers Reviewed

Kojima Masae, Shojima Kojiro, Aoki Hirofumi, Shimazaki Kan, Yamauchi Satsuki, Tanaka Takahiro, Yonekawa Takashi

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 53 ( 6 ) page： 1114 - 1121 2022

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

Many studies on driving behaviour and human characteristics often use multiple questionnaires, that is burdensome for older drivers. It works efficiently if only valid items are used to adequately represent differences among older drivers. The aim of the present report is to develop an exhaustive questionnaire incorporating several driving-related scales. The analysis was conducted using the latent rank theory. As a result, the 121 items of the existing questionnaire could be reduced to 45 items without significant loss of information. With the new questionnaire, it is possible to measure 8 different subjective assessments, such as safe driving orientation and awareness of change.

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.53.1114

Development of a Short Form of the Workload Sensitivity Questionnaire

Kojima Masae, Aoki Hirofumi, Yamauchi Satsuki, Shimazaki Kan, Yonekawa Takashi

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 53 ( 3 ) page： 560 - 566 2022

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

The 38-item Workload Sensitivity Questionnaire (WSQ38) was originally designed for general drivers. In this study, we attempted to create a shortened version for senior drivers. As a result of analysis using latent rank theory, we were able to classify the items into three groups of ranks according to the degree of subjective workload. A shortened form was proposed and validated using the top items with the highest item discriminancy. It became clear that about 10 to 9 items were sufficient to measure the degree of driving workload (WSQ9 or WSQ10).

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.53.560

Development of a Test to Measure Risk Estimation Ability and Self-Monitoring Ability

Shimazaki Kan, Kojima Masae, Shinkai Hiroko, Inagami Makoto, Aoki Hirofumi

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 53 ( 2 ) page： 397 - 403 2022

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

Sixty-five elderly drivers participated in an experiment to develop a risk estimation test that can measure self-monitoring ability. The test consisted to point hazards, blind spots, signals and road sign by touching display in a Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics (3DCG) image from the driver's viewpoint on a 21-inch touch panel display. After the test, participants were asked to self-evaluate the rate of the total objects they could touch for safety, and to select a velocity for their next driving. The results were compared with those of non-elderly drivers. And the relationship with cognitive function measured by the TMT-B was also examined. In addition, the variables affecting velocity selection were analyzed. The results revealed the following points. The hazard pointing rate of elderly drivers was significantly lower than that of non-elderly drivers. There were many elderly drivers whose self-estimation of the hazard pointing rate was high, even though the actual rate was low. There was a significant correlation between the decline in cognitive function and the decline in the potential hazard like blind spots at intersections pointing rate. There was no relationship between cognitive function or self-estimation of hazard pointing rate and selection velocity.

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.53.397

An Analysis of Vulnerable Road Users Overtaking Maneuver along the Urban Road

Vu, MD; Aoki, H; Suzuki, T; Nagiri, S; Van, QHN; Itou, S; Hattori, A

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL Vol. 11 ( 14 ) 2021.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Applied Sciences (Switzerland)

This paper discusses driving styles while overtaking a vulnerable road user who moves along the shoulder in urban roads. Based on the data obtained from an experiment in pre-defined conditions (combinations of four main effects: Vehicle’s initial speed, lane width of the road, vulnerable road users’ type, and location in the shoulder) with an immersive driving simulator, we analyzed four different driving styles of drivers while approaching and passing the objects. It is shown that drivers took avoidance maneuvers even if there was no clear risk of collision to vulnerable road users. The results showed that the drivers tended to have a unique perception about the lateral passing gap and overtaking strategy with two worth notice groups: Overcaution drivers and reckless drivers. The road characteristic has a statistically significant effect for all types of drivers. Moreover, the effect of the vehicle’s initial speed on overtaking strategy and the effect of vulnerable road user location on minimum lateral passing gap are statistically significant. The findings provide some implications for the development of automotive safety systems that can reduce the risk of overtaking maneuvers in urban areas.

DOI： 10.3390/app11146361

A New Mobility Society After COVID-19

AOKI Hirofumi

IATSS Review Vol. 46 ( 1 ) page： 57 - 63 2021.6

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences

Through the once-in-a-century mobility revolution, the concept of mobility has changed from just the physical displacement of people and things to a huge network system that also includes the invisible exchange of information and energy. As changes occur in the surrounding demographics and environment, the mobility revolution has accelerated due to COVID-19. In this paper, we outline the impact of COVID-19 on mobility and discuss the direction of the mobility revolution, taking into consideration the mobility revolution as a whole and the social situation surrounding Japan.

DOI： 10.24572/iatssreview.46.1_57

How will the COVID-19 pandemic change our current work/lifestyles, and how can Human factors and Ergonomics contribute to new work/lifestyles?

EBARA Takeshi, FUKASAWA Shinichi, MATSUZAKI Ippei, AOKI Hirofumi, SHIMOMURA Yoshihiro

The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics Vol. 57 ( 0 ) page： S03 - S03 2021

A Study on Pedal Operation in the Driving Behavior of Elderly Drivers

Aoki Kunitomo, Hirano Akio, Shinkai Hiroko, Yamauchi Satsuki, Takeda Natsuka, Inagami Makoto, Yonekawa Takashi, Shimazaki Kan, Aoki Hirofumi

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 52 ( 2 ) page： 500 - 504 2021

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

The aim of this study is to collect basic data for the prevention of accidents caused by pedal misapplication among the elderly. We hypothesized that frequent pedal changes in parking lots would increase the variance of the foot position on the brake pedal. We install on-dash cams in cars owned by elderly drivers and asked them to drive freely. The results supported the hypothesis. It is possible that this large variance may be a cause of the pedal misapplication.

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.52.500

Experimental Study on Driving Behavior of General Driver when Passing the Pedestrian's Side

Nagiri Sueharu, Aoki Hirofumi, Vu Manh Dung, Nguyen Van Quy Hung, Itou Shouji, Hattori Akira

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 52 ( 2 ) page： 480 - 485 2021

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

Pedestrians and cyclists account for a large proportion of traffic accidents in Japan. In this report, we investigate the driving behavior of general drivers when they pass by pedestrians using a driving simulator. Some factors influencing driving behavior included attributes such as road width and pedestrians, as well as the presence or absence of oncoming traffic and distance from one's vehicle. The results show that the two driver types can be categorized into drivers who perform safe driving behaviors when crossing pedestrians and drivers who are slightly less safe, and these two driver types have very different driving behaviors.

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.52.480

Changes of Behavior and Mobility in Elderly during COVID-19 Epidemic

Yamauchi Satsuki, Shimazaki Kan, Kojima Masae, Yonekawa Takashi, Takeda Natsuka, Shinkai Hiroko, Aoki Hirofumi

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 52 ( 5 ) page： 1143 - 1148 2021

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

In the present study, we conducted a questionnaire survey to clarify the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on the physical and mental health of elderly people and the changes in the feelings of elderly drivers toward driving. The number of outings, which decreased during the period of emergency declaration, gradually recovered to the level before COVID-19 epidemic. However, the number of outings for leisure and social activities did not recover. The number of times they used public transportation decreased, and the number of times they used cars driven by others increased. In addition, the number of times they drove by themselves decreased slightly, and their anxiety about driving by themselves increased. Furthermore, communication with others was association with mental health in the elderly. There is concern that the COVID-19 epidemic may cause a decline in quality of life in the elderly.

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.52.1143

Evaluating driver cognitive distraction by eye tracking: From simulator to driving

Le A.S.

Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives Vol. 4 2020.3

Driving Characteristics Database for Driving Assessment of Older Drivers: Data Repository for Human Life Driving Anatomy (Dahlia)

YAMAGISHI Misako, INAGAMI Makoto, TANAKA Takahiro, YONEKAWA Takashi, KAWANO Naoko, SATO Toshihisa, AKAMATSU Motoyuki, AOKI Hirofumi

The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics Vol. 56 ( 1 ) page： 1 - 10 2020.2

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society

Various data related to driving of older drivers were collected in this research to construct database, called Data Repository for Human Life-Driving Anatomy (Dahlia). The database includes visual functions, cognitive performance, driving aptitude tests, and questionnaires about driving attitudes and belief obtained from approximate 300 drivers. Further, naturalistic driving study has been conducted to collect driving behavior from some drivers. This paper describes concept of the database, details of data collection, case of the present applications, and prospects.

DOI： 10.5100/jje.56.1

Development of Hybrid-Vehicle Energy-Consumption Model for Transportation Applications-Part I: Driving-Power Equation Development and Coefficient Calibration

Pitanuwat Siriorn, Aoki Hirofumi, Iizuka Satoru, Morikawa Takayuki

ENERGIES Vol. 13 ( 2 ) 2020.1

Analysis of Distraction and Driving Behavior Improvement Using a Driving Support Agent for Elderly and Non-Elderly Drivers on Public Roads

Tanaka, T; Fujikake, K; Yoshihara, Y; Karatas, N; Shimazaki, K; Aoki, H; Kanamori, H

2020 IEEE INTELLIGENT VEHICLES SYMPOSIUM (IV) page： 1029 - 1034 2020

The visual search for the traffic situation and cognitive functions of elderly drivers

SHIMAZAKI Kan, INAGAMI Makoto, AOKI Hirofumi, TAKEDA Natsuka, YAMAUCHI Satsuki

The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics Vol. 56 ( 0 ) page： 2E4 - 03-2E4-03 2020

Relation of On-Dash Cam observation of Emergency Braking Frequency and Looking Behavior at Stop Intersections and Cognitive/Physical Characteristics and Driving Attitude of Elderly Drivers

Yonekawa Takashi, Aoki Hirofumi, Yamagishi Misako, Tanaka Takahiro, Yoshihara Yuki, Fujikake Kazuhiro, Inagami Makoto, Kanamori Hitoshi, Aoki Kunitomo, Hirano Akio, Takeda Natsuka

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 51 ( 4 ) page： 701 - 706 2020

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

Recently, the number of traffic accidents involving elderly drivers has been increasing, and it is known that side collisions at the intersection are particularly frequent. Thus, we put on-dash cams for 22 drivers aged 50-82 years old to measure their driving behavior at stop intersections. The relation between emergency braking frequency and looking behavior, and cognitive/physical characteristics and driving attitude were investigated. The results show that some elderly drivers can perform compensatory driving behaviors such as looking both ways at stop intersections to reduce the frequency of emergency braking even though their cognitive and physical characteristics have deteriorated.

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.51.701

Transformation of Acceptability with Continued Use of Driver-agents

FUJIKAKE Kazuhiro, TANAKA Takahiro, YOSHIHARA Yuki, KARATAS Nihan, AOKI Hirofumi, KANAMORI Hitoshi

The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics Vol. 56 ( Supplement ) page： 2E2-04 - 2E2-04 2020

Analysis of Distraction and Driving Behavior Improvement Using a Driving Support Agent for Elderly and Non-Elderly Drivers on Public Roads

Tanaka T., Fujikake K., Yoshihara Y., Karatas N., Shimazaki K., Kanamori H., Aoki H.

IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Proceedings page： 1029 - 1034 2020

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings) Publisher：IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Proceedings

Japan has become a more aged society and there are more drivers, 65 years of age and above. Cars represent an important mode of transportation for the elderly; however, in recent years, the number of traffic accidents caused by elderly drivers has been on the rise, and this has become a social issue. Thus, to ensure driving safety, we study a driver agent system that provides driving and feedback support to the elderly drivers for encouraging them to improve their driving. In this paper, we present a summary of the proposed agent and report on a set of experiments using our agent for the elderly and non-elderly drivers in an actual environment with car on public roads. From the analysis of driving operations and fixation points during driving, the results revealed that the acceptability of the agent was high, the agent in the actual car environment did not distract the driver, and the agent could improve driving behavior.

DOI： 10.1109/IV47402.2020.9304569

Study on acceptability of and distraction by driving support agent in actual car environment

Tanaka T., Fujikake K., Yoshihara Y., Karatas N., Aoki H., Kanamori H.

HAI 2019 - Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction page： 202 - 204 2019.9

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings) Publisher：HAI 2019 - Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction

Cars represent an important mode of transportation for the elderly; however, in recent years, the number of traffic accidents caused by elderly drivers in Japan has increased. Thus, to ensure driving safety, we are researching a driver agent system that provides driving support and feedback support to elderly drivers to encourage them to improve their driving. In this paper, we report on a set of preliminary experiments using our agent in an actual car environment designed to evaluate the subjective acceptability of and distraction by the agent based on subjective evaluation and analysis of driver fixation points during driving. The results revealed that the acceptability of the agent was high and that the agent in an actual car environment did not distract the driver.

DOI： 10.1145/3349537.3352765

Towards online detection of driver distraction: Eye-movement simulation based on a combination of vestibulo-ocular reflex and optokinetic reflex models

Le, AS; Inagami, M; Hamada, H; Suzuki, T; Aoki, H

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR Vol. 65 page： 716 - 729 2019.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

With the aim of developing a method for evaluating driver distraction based on the difference between simulated and observed eye movements, we integrated a vestibulo–ocular reflex (VOR) model and an optokinetic reflex (OKR) model. On the basis of 2 × 2 factorial design analysis (VOR model only and VOR+OKR model; with and without visual stimulus), we confirmed that the VOR+OKR model showed a better performance than the VOR model, with a smaller mean-square error. We also conducted an experiment that used an n-back task to simulate mental workload while driving. The mean-square error between the simulated and observed eye movement became larger in the presence of mental workload. This result suggests that the VOR+OKR model could be applied in the evaluation of driver distraction.

DOI： 10.1016/j.trf.2018.02.019

Development of hybrid vehicle energy consumption model for transportation applications-Part II: Traction force-speed based energy consumption modeling

Pitanuwat S.

World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 10 ( 2 ) 2019.6

2C3-6　ドライバエージェントの運転支援・振り返り支援に対する主観評価

藤掛和広, 田中貴紘, 吉原佑器, 稲上誠, 米川隆, 青木宏文, 金森等

人間工学 Vol. 55 ( 0 ) page： 2C3-6-2C3-6 2019

Effect of Driving Behavior Improvement by Driving-Support and Feedback-Support of Driver-Agent

Fujikake Kazuhiro, Tanaka Takahiro, Yoshihara Yuki, Yonekawa Takashi, Inagami Makoto, Aoki Hirofumi, Kanamori Hitoshi

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 50 ( 1 ) page： 134 - 141 2019

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

In this study, we used robot which was the most acceptable among ´voice´, ´vision´ and ´robot´ as a driver-agent. We verified whether the driving behavior improvement by driving the driving simulator together with the agent. The agent's support was 3 kinds of "driving-support", "feedback" and "driving support and feedback". Driving-support was real-time support by robot's voice. Feedback looked back on unsafe driving behaviors with movie after driving. Driving-support and feedback was combined use of both. As a result, driving behavior was improvement by using an agent. Driving behavior was the most improved condition was "driving-support and feedback". And, the condition with higher subjective evaluation was "driving-support and feedback".

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.50.134

Identifying factors related to the estimation of near-crash events of elderly drivers

Yamagishi M., Yonekawa T., Inagami M., Sato T., Aakamatsu M., Aoki H.

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing Vol. 826 page： 23 - 31 2019

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

This study attempted to identify factors associated with driving behavior of elderly drivers to assess their safety and estimate their risk during naturalistic driving. We performed binomial logistic regression using self-reported past crash involvement as a response variable to identify critical factors and provided an estimation model has 18 variables. However, applying driver category based on crash and near-crash events (CNCs) collected from naturalistic driving study employed on-dash cam instead of self-reported crash involvement to the previous model showed lower predictive performance (0.63 for sensitivity and 0.51 for specificity). This implies that the model based on self-reported crash experiences was difficult to detect for drivers with CNC during naturalistic driving. Then, we performed binomial logistic regression based on CNC involvement and indicated another model, where the predictive performance was improved, with 0.81 for sensitivity and 0.70 for specificity. To predict the number of CNCs as drivers’ risk, this study adopted Poisson regression analysis using nine variables selected from the second model. The analyses showed a plausible model and significant variables for the estimation of CNCs. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was one of the better predictor putting in this model, and showed the probability that lower performance associated with higher number of CNCs. This model for CNC estimation would be helpful for the development of safety programs for elderly drivers with possible incidents.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-319-96065-4_4

Factors leading to inconsistency between self-reported and objective driving habits

Yamagishi Misako, Aoki Hirofumi

Proceedings of the Japanese Society for Cognitive Psychology Vol. 2019 ( 0 ) 2019

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japanese Society for Cognitive Psychology

Although drivers' driving habits have been investigated using self-report methods, some studies have reported inconsistency between self-reported driving exposure and actual driving data. Data on self-reported and objective driving exposure were collected from 66 drivers aged 50–83 years. Agreement between these measures was 0.07 and 0.03 for distance driven per day and number of days driven per week, respectively. Factors related to agreement between the two measures investigated, and the odds ratios computed by a binomial logistic analysis for gender and some attitudes (confidence to driving, hesitation about driving, and car as self-expression) were higher than those for other variables. Scores on these variables did not differ significantly between under- and over-estimated self-reports. These findings suggest that the direction of inconsistency between self-reported and objective driving exposure might involve different and general personality traits. Further, self-reported driving exposure may be affected to monitoring experiences brought by attitudes about driving.

DOI： 10.14875/cogpsy.2019.0_40

Effect of Sliding Window Time on the Classification of Driver Mental Workload Performance Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)

Le A.S., Aoki H.

IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC Vol. 2018-November page： 1815 - 1819 2018.12

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings) Publisher：IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a promising solution for classifying mental workload while driving, which is important for creating a support system and preventing traffic accidents. Most of the existing research classified mental workload levels via machine learning or deep learning algorithms, where the sliding window time plays an important role in obtaining the features. This study investigated a novel classification of mental workload level using NIRS data by the difference of sliding window time in both channel-independent and subject-independent scenarios. Five sliding times from 1 to 5 s were tested for classification of the mental workload level in 60 experiments in the naturalistic condition. The results indicated that the sliding times were not significantly related to the accuracy of classification using NIRS data when the sample size was just enough. Furthermore, this study succeeded in indicating the driver mental workload using NIRS information in the naturalistic situation with autocross and car-following conditions with an accuracy of over 80%.

DOI： 10.1109/ITSC.2018.8569996

Investigation of Factors on Usability Evaluation of Advanced Driver Assistance System Reviewed

Maehigashi Akihiro, Miwa Kazuhisa, Aoki Hirofumi, Suzuki Tatsuya

Cognitive Studies: Bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society Vol. 25 ( 3 ) page： 310 - 323 2018.12

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Cognitive Science Society

This study investigated which factors affect the usability evaluation of an ACC (Adaptive cruise control). In the experiment, the participants drove a Toyota Prius car with an ACC on real highway. 215 different kinds of driving data were sampled at 60 Hz during driving. At each of the six designated stop points set on driving course, the participants stopped the car and evaluated the usability of the ACC by answering Usability Questionnaire for Automation System. The participants’ driving styles were measured with Driving Style Questionnaire. As results of multiple regression analyses,we found how the participants’ driving styles, the driving control of the ACC, and the participants’ intervention in the driving control of the ACC influenced the usability evaluation. The results were discussed in terms of the human-automation interaction and the design principles of an ACC.

DOI： 10.11225/jcss.25.310

Review of the Impact of Cognitive Problems in the Elderly People on Safe-Driving and Mobility Maintenance Reviewed

A Novel Method for Classifying Driver Mental Workload Under Naturalistic Conditions With Information From Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Le Anh Son, Aoki Hirofumi, Murase Fumihiko, Ishida Kenji

FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE Vol. 12 2018.10

Kawano Naoko, Aoki Hirofumi, Ozaki Norio

Cognitive Studies: Bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society Vol. 25 ( 3 ) page： 243 - 258 2018.9

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Cognitive Science Society

This article reviewed the association between safe driving and cognitive impairment in elderly individuals, and discussed leaving problems about assessing elderly drivers for fitness to drive and facilitating their mobility. This review placed particular emphasis on the concept of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which has been used in clinical practice and research over the last two decades. The technical term “MCI” has been based on various criteria, contributing to the difficulty in achieving a consistent explanation of the results from previous studies. Each diagnosis was therefore summarized at first, then previous studies were reviewed to gain an understanding of the impact of cognitive decline on driving safety in drivers with MCI and dementia. Findings of previous studies were also classified into each cognitive disorder due to specific disease (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease; Perkinson’s disease; Lewy body disease; frontotemporal lobar degeneration). Finally, the needs of future studies regarding safe-driving and mobility maintenance for elderly individuals are discussed.

DOI： 10.11225/jcss.25.243

Study on Driver Agent Based on Analysis of Driving Instruction Data — Driver Agent for Encouraging Safe Driving Behavior (1) —

SmartEye and Polhemus data for vestibulo-ocular reflex and optokinetic reflex model

Anh Son Le, Aoki Hirofumi

DATA IN BRIEF Vol. 18 page： 882 - 885 2018.6

TANAKA Takahiro, FUJIKAKE Kazuhiro, YONEKAWA Takashi, YAMAGISHI Misako, INAGAMI Makoto, KINOSHITA Fumiya, AOKI Hirofumi, KANAMORI Hitoshi

IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems Vol. E101D ( 5 ) page： 1401 - 1409 2018.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

In recent years, the number of traffic accidents caused by elderly drivers has increased in Japan. However, cars are an important mode of transportation for the elderly. Therefore, to ensure safe driving, a system that can assist elderly drivers is required. We propose a driver-agent system that provides support to elderly drivers during and after driving and encourages them to improve their driving. This paper describes the prototype system and the analysis conducted of the teaching records of a human instructor, the impression caused by the instructions on a subject during driving, and subjective evaluation of the driver-agent system.

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2017EDP7203

Effect of Sliding Window Time on the Classification of Driver Mental Workload Performance Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)

Anh Son Le, Aoki Hirofumi

2018 21ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ITSC) page： 1815 - 1819 2018

Evaluation of Cognitive Distraction in a Real Vehicle Based on the Reflex Eye Movement

Son Le Anh, Suzuki Tatsuya, Aoki Hirofumi

International Journal of Automotive Engineering Vol. 9 ( 1 ) page： 1 - 8 2018

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, INC

We have developed a method to estimate driver distraction by mean of involuntary eye movement of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic response (OKR) by using a driving simulator. This paper presents a practical application of the method to the real vehicle situation. The main concern was whether we can measure the eye movement of VOR and OKR caused by the road surface vibration in the situation. The experiments were conducted with participants sitting on the passenger seat for safety reasons. The results have shown that our method can be applied for evaluating cognitive distraction not only in a driving simulator but also in actual vehicles.

DOI： 10.20485/jsaeijae.9.1_1

Evaluating Driver Mental Workload in a Realistic Condition using Eye Movement Sensor

Son Le Anh, Aoki Hirofumi

Vol. 2018 ( 0 ) 2018

Driving Behavior Improvement through Driving Support and Review Support from Driver Agent

Tanaka Takahiro, Fujikake Kazuhiro, Yoshihara Yuki, Yonekawa Takashi, Inagami Makoto, Aoki Hirofumi, Kanamori Hitoshi

HAI'18: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMAN-AGENT INTERACTION page： 36 - 44 2018

Development of traction force-speed based fuel consumption prediction model for hybrid vehicles

Pitanuwat S., Aoki H., Iizuka S., Morikawa T.

31st International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition, EVS 2018 and International Electric Vehicle Technology Conference 2018, EVTeC 2018 2018

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：31st International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition, EVS 2018 and International Electric Vehicle Technology Conference 2018, EVTeC 2018

In the transportation sector, fuel consumption model is a fundamental tool for vehicles’ energy consumption and emission analysis. Over the past decades, Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) has been adopted in a number of studies to estimate vehicles’ instantaneous driving power. Then, the relationship between driving power and fuel consumption is established as a fuel consumption model. However, this paper has discovered that driving power is not the only factor that indicates vehicles’ fuel consumption. Thus, this study proposes a new methodology for a fuel consumption model development based on fundamentals of hybrid powertrain operation characteristics, which aim to minimize error from the conventional modeling method. First, this study introduces a new driving power estimation equation calibrated for Toyota Prius generation 3. Then, Traction Force-Speed Based Fuel Consumption Model (TFS model) is proposed. By combining these two processes together, it provides a significant improvement on fuel consumption prediction error compared to the conventional VSP prediction method. The absolute maximum error was reduced from 57% to 23%, and more than 90% of the predictions fell inside the 95% confidential interval. In addition, the results show that the proposed model well captures the efficiency variation of the hybrid powertrain. This model is also applicable throughout a variety of real-world traffic and driving conditions.

Proposal of Safe Driving Evaluation Method with Drive Recorder and Analysis of Elderly Driver Characteristics

Yonekawa Takashi, Tanaka Takahiro, Aoki Hirofumi, Yamagishi Misako, Yoshihara Yuki, Inagami Makoto, Fujikake Kazuhiro, Kinoshita Fumiya, Kanamori Hitoshi, Ninomiya Yoshiki, Suzuki Tatsuya

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 49 ( 2 ) page： 384 - 389 2018

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

Recently, traffic accidents caused by elderly drivers have been increasing. It is thought that the reason of accidents is decline of driving skill caused by aging. In order to assist driving according to driving skill of elderly drivers, it is necessary to evaluate senior driver’s driving behavior. In this paper, using driving school instructor's driving as safe driving, the safe driving ability including elderly driver was evaluated by driving behavior at stop sign intersection measured by drive recorder. Using the evaluation method and criteria, relationship of elderly driver’s cognition, physical strength and driving behavior was studied.

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.49.384

Investigation of Factors Affecting the Usability Evaluation of an Adaptive Cruise Control System

Maehigashi Akihiro, Miwa Kazuhisa, Aoki Hirofumi, Suzuki Tatsuya

ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS (EPCE 2018) Vol. 10906 page： 445 - 456 2018

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)

In this study, we investigate the factors affecting the usability evaluation of an adaptive cruise control (ACC) system. In this experiment, the participants drove a Toyota Prius car with an ACC on a highway. We sampled 215 types of driving data recorded at a frequency of 60 Hz during driving. At each of the six designated stop points on the driving course, the participants stopped their cars and evaluated the usability of the ACC system by answering the usability questionnaire for automation systems. The participants’ driving styles were measured using the driving style questionnaire. The multiple regression analyses showed that the participants’ driving styles, the ACC’s driving control, and the participants’ intervention in the driving control of the ACC influenced the usability evaluation. The results were discussed in terms of the human–automation interactions and the design principles of an ACC.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-319-91122-9_36

Comparison of Subjective Evaluation of Different Forms of Driving Agents by Elderly People

FUJIKAKE Kazuhiro, TANAKA Takahiro, YONEKAWA Takashi, YAMAGISHI Misako, INAGAMI Makoto, KINOSHITA Fumiya, AOKI Hirofumi, KANAMORI Hitoshi

The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics Vol. 53 ( 6 ) page： 214 - 224 2017.12

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society

This study examined subjective assessments to clarify how agents for assistance with driving are accepted. The assessors were of various ages, including some who were elderly people. Three kinds of agents were assessed: voice, virtual and robot agents. The results showed that both the elderly people and people in other age groups positively assessed robot agents on the item ‘Familiarity’. The results also indicated that robot agents received lower assessments on the item ‘Obstruction’ than did voice or virtual agents. From these findings, robot agents are considered to be well accepted and tend not to cause hindrances. Moreover, the results changed after repeated use of agents, suggesting that continued use has an impact. Therefore, future directions for research include the following: differences in reception depending on differences in the types of robot agents, changes in assessments when agents are used over a long period of time, and changes in behaviors after driving with the assistance of agents.

DOI： 10.5100/jje.53.214

Effect of Mental Workload and Aging on Driver Distraction Based on the Involuntary Eye Movement

Son Le Anh, Hamada Hiroto, Inagami Makoto, Suzuki Tatsuya, Aoki Hirofumi

ADVANCES IN HUMAN ASPECTS OF TRANSPORTATION Vol. 484 page： 349 - 359 2017

Driver Agent for Encouraging Safe Driving Behavior for the Elderly

Tanaka Takahiro, Fujikake Kazuhiro, Yonekawa Takashi, Yamagishi Misako, Inagami Makoto, Kinoshita Fumiya, Aoki Hirofumi, Kanamori Hitoshi

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMAN AGENT INTERACTION (HAI'17) page： 71 - 79 2017

Development of an automated vehicle stop system for cardiac emergencies

Nguyen T.

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Vol. 2 ( 3 ) page： 669 - 673 2017

The Effect of Visual Stimulus on Voluntary Eye Movement Based on a VOR/OKR Model

Anh Son Le, Inagami Makoto, Hamada Hiroto, Suzuki Tatsuya, Aoki Hirofumi

International Journal of Automotive Engineering Vol. 8 ( 2 ) page： 37 - 44 2017

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, INC

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of visual stimulus on voluntary eye movement during driving. In this paper, we examine two cases: driving with/without visual stimulus by means of a driving simulator. We develop a model that consists of both vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) components. By comparing the observed eye movement and the simulation result of the model, the results of eye movement simulation was more accurate than VOR model only even in a naturalistic situation with optic flow of the visual scene and the driver’s voluntary eye movement.

DOI： 10.20485/jsaeijae.8.2_37

H6-1　Drive recorder data and its driving behavior for a year on middle and older drivers

YAMAGISHI Misako, YONEKAWA Takashi, TANAKA Takahiro, INAGAMI Makoto, SATO Toshihisa, AKAMATSU Motoyuki, AOKI Hirofumi

The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics Vol. 53 ( 1 ) page： S248 - S249 2017

Analysis of Relationship between Driving Behavior and Biofunction of Drivers including Elderly at Intersection with a Stop Sign

Tanaka Takahiro, Yonekawa Takashi, Aoki Hirofumi, Yamagishi Misako, Takahashi Issey, Inagami Makoto, Kanamori Hitoshi

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 48 ( 1 ) page： 147 - 153 2017

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

Traffic accidents on an intersection with a stop sign caused by elderly drivers have been increasing. The effect of changes associated with aging in physical functions and cognitive functions is pointed out as one of the reasons. In this paper, we conducted the experiment that the drivers including elderly go through or turn right at an intersection with a stop sign on different sight distances using a driving simulator, and analyzed the relationship between the collision rate, the behavior and the biofunction of the drivers.

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.48.147

H7-3　Subjective evaluation of elderly people on driver assistance of driver-agents

Kazuhiro FUJIKAKE, Takahiro TANAKA, Takashi YONEKAWA, Misako YAMAGISHI, Makoto INAGAMI, Fumiya KINOSHITA, Hirofumi AOKI, Hitoshi KANAMORI

The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics Vol. 53 ( 1 ) page： S276 - S277 2017

A study on the relationship between robotic movement with animacy and visual attention of young children

Lee J., Aoki H., Stefanov D., Yamamoto T., Obinata G.

25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, RO-MAN 2016 page： 682 - 687 2016.11

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, RO-MAN 2016

Socially assistive robots have been used successfully for improvement of communication skills of young children. Such robots need to attract children's attention and stimulate sustainable interactions. Many recent research studies propose various approaches for increasing of interaction effectiveness of such robots. In this study, we investigate the effect of robotic movements with animacy on the visual attention of young children. For the experiments, we used the TurtleBot robot. The effect of three different robot movement patterns were explored with the conducted tests: simple circle movement, inanimated movement, and animated movement. Thirty four children (21 males, 13 females, Mean of ages: 4.5) participated in an experiment. Results show that robot movement raises visual attention. Most of the children demonstrated increased interest toward animated robotic movement than simple motion. The animated movement that elicits much interest depends on children's age. The findings of this study contribute to effective use of interactive robots in education and therapy of young children and children with developmental disorder.

DOI： 10.1109/ROMAN.2016.7745192

Automated safety vehicle stop system for cardiac emergencies

Takahashi I., Nguyen T.T., Kanamori H., Tanaka T., Kato S., Ninomiya Y., Takeuchi E., Nakagawa T., Makiguchi M., Aoki H.

2016 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovative Business Practices for the Transformation of Societies, EmergiTech 2016 page： 9 - 12 2016.11

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：2016 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovative Business Practices for the Transformation of Societies, EmergiTech 2016

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a considerable risk factor of driving. The pain of cardiac events distracts driver's concentration, and ischemia brought by the CVD induces incapacity of driving. In this study, a prototype of the automated safety vehicle stop system has been developed. The system collects bio-signals through the steer-sensor and recognizes the driver's posture by a camera, and detects driver's incapacity. The system takes over the vehicle maneuver when the driver lost his capacity, and automatically drives to a safety spot by sensing the traffic environment. The system has been demonstrated in a prepared emergency scenario and verified the potential. This paper describes the concept and configuration of the system, and a future prospect of the study.

DOI： 10.1109/EmergiTech.2016.7737302

A Study on the Relationship between Robotic Movement with Animacy and Visual Attention of Young Children

An HMD-based assistance system for elderly drivers with visual impairments

Inagami Makoto, Aoki Hirofumi, Yonekawa Takashi, Ito Yasuki, Iwase Aiko, Terasaki Hiroko

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 51 page： 1145 - 1145 2016.7

The association between driving safety and mild cognitive impairment: Self-reported driving accidents and traffic violations by elderly people with normal cognition and mild cognitive impairment.

Kawano Naoko, Iwamoto Kunihiro, Kurashina Rie, Yamagishi Misako, Aoki Hirofumi, Kanamori Hitoshi, Ozaki Norio

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 51 page： 1144 - 1144 2016.7

Senior Drivers: How perception and cognition changes with aging affect driving behaviors?

Aoki Hirofumi

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 51 page： 1144 - 1144 2016.7

Lee, J; Aoki, H; Stefanov, D; Yamamoto, T; Obinata, G

2016 25TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ROBOT AND HUMAN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION (RO-MAN) page： 682 - 687 2016

Study of the Human-vehicle System by a Driving Simulator with Stereoscopic Vision of Five Large Screens(First Report)

Gemba Makoto, Haraguchi Tetsunori, Aoki Hirofumi, Tanaka Takahiro

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 47 ( 3 ) page： 783 - 788 2016

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

We construct a driving simulator (DS) to be used for the human-vehicle system research. It can reproduce the driving
environment by immersive stereoscopic display which has five high brightness and high-definition screens. In this
report, we describe the functional requirements and the effectiveness of the DS for the human-vehicle system research.

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.783

Study of the Human-vehicle System by a Driving Simulator with Stereoscopic Vision of Five Large Screens (Second Report)

Haraguchi Tetsunori, Gemba Makoto, Aoki Hirofumi, Tanaka Takahiro

Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Vol. 47 ( 3 ) page： 789 - 794 2016

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan

We develop a driving simulator (DS) to be used for the human-vehicle system research. It can reproduce the driving environment by immersive stereoscopic display, which has five high brightness and high definition screens. The purpose of this work using this DS is to study the fuel consumption on follow-driving as an example of real world usage. In this report, we confirm 35% - 71% increased fuel consumption of the following vehicles to the vehicle ahead. Then we compare the driver’s operations on the point of fuel consumption. And finally we study the feasibility modification of vehicle response in order to reduce fuel consumption on follow-driving.

DOI： 10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.789

Automated safety vehicle stop system for cardiac emergencies

Takahashi, I; Nguyen, TT; Kanamori, H; Tanaka, T; Kato, S; Ninomiya, Y; Takeuchi, E; Nakagawa, T; Makiguchi, M; Aoki, H

2016 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIVE BUSINESS PRACTICES FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETIES (EMERGITECH) page： 9 - 12 2016

Gait generation for powered Hip-Ankle-Linkage-Orthosis.

Jaeryoung Lee, Mizumoto R, Obinata G, Genda E, Stefanov D, Aoki H, Yanling Pei

Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference Vol. 2015-November page： 5732 - 5735 2015.11

Gait Generation for Powered Hip-Ankle-Linkage-Orthosis

Lee Jaeryoung, Mizumoto Ryota, Obinata Goro, Genda Eiichi, Stefanov Dimitar, Aoki Hirofumi, Pei Yanling

2015 37TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY (EMBC) page： 5732 - 5735 2015

Elderly Driver Supporting Agent: Analysis of Instructor's teaching Model

Tanaka Takahiro, Yonekawa Takashi, Yoshihara Yuki, Takeuchi Eijirou, Yamagishi Misako, Takahashi Issei, Aoki Hirofumi, Ninomiya Yoshiki, Kanamori Hitoshi

Proceedings of the Fuzzy System Symposium Vol. 31 ( 0 ) page： 375 - 378 2015

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Society for Fuzzy Theory and Intelligent Informatics

In recent year, the number of traffic accidents caused by elderly drivers has increased. The effect of changes associated with aging in physical functions and cognitive functions is pointed out as one of the reasons. However, the car is one of important transportation for elderly. Therefore, the assistance measure to realize the safety driving for elderly drivers is needed. To overcome the problem, we are developing the agent that supports elderly drivers. The agent provides the advisement to elderly driver during driving a car and also encourages the driver to improve their driving behavior by showing their past driving records. In this paper, we described the analysis of human instructor's teaching model for considering the supporting method by the agent. From the analysis, we categorized the instructions into several groups and obtained findings about the impression of trainee caused by the instructions.

DOI： 10.14864/fss.31.0_375

Stimulus-response behavior among senior drivers using the driving aptitude test

Yamagishi Misako, Aoki Hirofumi, Tanaka Takahiro, Takahashi Issey, Yonekawa Takashi, Kanamori Hitoshi

Proceedings of the Japanese Society for Cognitive Psychology Vol. 2015 ( 0 ) page： 122 - 122 2015

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japanese Society for Cognitive Psychology

To discuss the development of driving-assistance systems and enhancement of driving ability, we investigated stimulus-response behavior among elderly people by using the driving aptitude test. Participants were 100 drivers and were assigned to 3 groups based on age: 50s, 60s, and over 70. All participants provided informed consent and performed several cognitive tests and the driving aptitude test including 7 kinds of tests similar to those in the Lecture for Elderly Drivers in Japan. Analyses of response times and accuracy obtained from 4 of the 7 tests showed that participants in the 60s and over-70 groups delayed their responses when they were required to discriminate among various signals and respond using the foot pedal; and showed decreased performance under the blue-signal condition. The results helped determine elderly drivers' stimulus-response behavior from the driving aptitude test data and indicated a factor-induced performance decrease during driving.

DOI： 10.14875/cogpsy.2015.0_122

Human Centered Design of a Pre-Collision System Reviewed

Aoki, H., Takahashi, H., Udaka, S., Okita, T., Ichida, H., Aga, M.

Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 8025 page： 3-10 2013.7

普及型プリクラッシュセーフティシステムの開発 Reviewed

市田浩靖，沖田敏宣，魚住重康，青木宏文，浅沼久輝，岡謙治

トヨタテクニカルレビュー Vol. 59 page： 88-92 2013.3

A study on the method for predicting the driver's car-following tendency

Aoki H., Ozaki O.

IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline) Vol. 7 ( PART 1 ) page： 319 - 321 2013

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline)

This study aimed to develop a simple method that can predict the car-following tendency of the driver. Based on the analysis of the naturalistic driving data, some parameters such as the throttlepedal released timing and the average deceleration by braking were found to be correlated with the braking timing. Therefore, the car-following tendency was predicted by a model with those parameters. The model was evaluated on the public road and it was shown that the proposed method can predict the car-following tendency well within a short distance.

DOI： 10.3182/20130904-4-JP-2042.00017

Development of a Car-Following Tendency Prediction Method and Its Application to a Forward Collision Warning System

Aoki H., Ozaki O.

20th ITS World Congress Tokyo 2013 2013

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：20th ITS World Congress Tokyo 2013

It is important to understand the driver's car-following tendency to enhance the effectiveness as well as the acceptance of advanced driving support systems. If a system can estimate the driver's usual car-following tendency, it can provide avoidance support matched to his/her sense of normal safety driving when the vehicle is approaching a preceding one. Since the car-following tendency varies not only between drivers but also within a driver by the feeling and/or the driving environment, real-time estimation is essential. This study introduces a method that can easily predict the car-following tendency. The method uses such parameters as the throttle-pedal released timing and the braking timing that were found to be correlated from the naturalistic driving data analysis. It was found that the method can predict the car-following tendency within a short distance. We applied the method to a forward collision warning system and confirmed the potential benefit of the system.