研究者詳細 - 稲垣　哲也

論文 - 稲垣　哲也

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Primary assessment of macronutrients in durian (CV Monthong) leaves using near infrared spectroscopy with wavelength selection 査読有り

Phanomsophon T., Jaisue N., Worphet A., Tawinteung N., Khurnpoon L., Lapcharoensuk R., Krusong W., Pornchaloempong P., Sirisomboon P., Inagaki T., Ma T., Tsuchikawa S.

Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 304 巻 2024年1月

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy

Farmers would be able to regulate fertilization and produce quality durian if they knew the nutrient concentration in durian leaves. A long period of time for traditional nutritional content determination is needed. Therefore, near-infrared spectroscopy is a good method for nondestructive and quick nutrient content evaluation. The leaf sample matrices (fresh leaves, dried ground leaves, and dried ground leaf pellets) were scanned by Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) with a wavelength of 12,500–3,600 cm−1. Regression models were developed using partial least squares (PLS) with full wavelength, short wavelength, and selected wavelength by successive projections algorithm (SPA). In this study, the model for N and K concentration was acceptable and the prediction was considered good but for P content not had succeeded. As a result, the PLS-SPA model using fresh leaf samples for evaluating N content in durian leaves exhibited performance of r2 = 0.852, SEP = 0.14%, RPD = 2.63 and bias = −0.020%. The PLS-SPA model using dried ground leaf samples for evaluating K content in durian leaves exhibited performance of r2 = 0.820, SEP = 0.13%, RPD = 2.36 and bias = 0.006%. This research found that it is possible to apply NIR waves to predict N and K concentrations in durian leaves. It is not necessary to predict directly from the wavelengths associated with -N or -K bonds. Instead, NIR can measure them indirectly from the bonding of proteins, which are products formed by N and K. In addition, selecting the wavelength that is related to the value to be measured can produce results that are not significantly different from using full or short wavelengths. These models can assist farmers in rapidly predicting N and K content in durian leaves for immediate fertilizer adjustment.

DOI： 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123398

Validation Study on the Practical Accuracy of Wood Species Identification via Deep Learning from Visible Microscopic Images 査読有り

Ma T., Kimura F., Tsuchikawa S., Kojima M., Inagaki T.

BioResources 19 巻 ( 3 ) 頁： 4838 - 4851 2024年

担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：BioResources

This study aimed to validate the accuracy of identifying Japanese hardwood species from microscopic cross-sectional images using convolutional neural networks (CNN). The overarching goal is to create a versatile model that can handle microscopic cross-sectional images of wood. To gauge the practical accuracy, a comprehensive database of microscopic images of Japanese hardwood species was provided by the Forest Research and Management Organization. These images, captured from various positions on wood blocks, different trees, and diverse production areas, resulted in substantial intra-species image variation. To assess the effect of data distribution on accuracy, two datasets, D1 and D2, representing a segregated and a non-segregated dataset, respectively—from 1,000 images (20 images from each of the 50 species) were compiled. For D1, distinct images were allocated to the training, validation, and testing sets. However, in D2, the same images were used for both training and testing. Furthermore, the influence of the evaluation methodology on the identification accuracy was investigated by comparing two approaches: patch evaluation and E2 image evaluation. The accuracy of the model for uniformly sized images was approximately 90%, whereas that for variably sized images it was approximately 70%.

DOI： 10.15376/biores.19.3.4838-4851

Validation study on light scattering changes in kiwifruit during postharvest storage using time-resolved transmittance spectroscopy 査読有り

Ma T., Inagaki T., Tsuchikawa S.

Scientific Reports 13 巻 ( 1 ) 2023年12月

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Scientific Reports

Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy has been well studied for characterizing the organic compounds in fruit and vegetables from pre-harvest to late harvest. However, due to the challenge of decoupling of optical properties, the relationship between the collected samples’ spectral data and their properties, especially their mechanical properties (e.g., firmness, hardness, and resilience) is hard to understand. This study developed a time-resolved transmittance spectroscopic method to validate the light scattering changing characteristics in kiwifruit during shelf-life and in cold storage conditions. The experimental results demonstrated that the reduced scattering coefficient (μs′) of 846 nm inside kiwifruit decreased steadily during postharvest storage and is more evident under shelf-life than in cold storage conditions. Moreover, the correlation between the μs′ and the storage time was confirmed to be much higher than that using the external color indexes measured using a conventional colorimeter. Furthermore, employing time-resolved profiles at this single wavelength, an efficacious mathematical model has been successfully formulated to classify the stages of kiwifruit softening, specifically early, mid-, and late stages. Notably, classification accuracies of 84% and 78% were achieved for the shelf-life and cold storage conditions, respectively.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-023-43777-5

Thermal behavior of heat-treated wood using two-dimensional correlation of near-infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry 査読有り

Mahdiyanti S.H., Inagaki T., Ridho M.R., Marsoem S.N., Tsuchikawa S.

Wood Science and Technology 57 巻 ( 6 ) 頁： 1485 - 1506 2023年11月

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Wood Science and Technology

Heat treatment of wood can decrease its heat capacity and thermal transitions, which are thermal behavior properties of wood. A calorimetric study that highlights the thermal behavior of the molecular mobility of materials is necessary to investigate the thermal degradation of wood. Furthermore, combining it with a nondestructive measurement technique would widen its scope of applicability, especially for wood in service or historical wood that cannot be altered or damaged by invasive methods. Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser, also known as burflower-tree, a tropical fast-growing hardwood species that has become popular for light-construction works in the past decade, is treated at 90, 120, and 150 ℃ for a duration of 8 h to 3.5 months, scheduled logarithmically. Near-infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to measure the chemical changes and thermal behavior of the wood before and after heat treatment. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) analysis was then applied to assess the NIR second-derivative spectra and DSC thermograms. The results showed that 2DCOS analysis could assess NIR second-derivative spectra and DSC thermograms under careful observation, as DSC thermograms comprise both qualitative and quantitative information. It provides a new point of view in the non-destructive analysis of wood thermal degradation.

DOI： 10.1007/s00226-023-01506-1

Fit-free analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging data using chemometrics approach for rapid and nondestructive wood species classification 査読有り

Ma T., Inagaki T., Tsuchikawa S.

Holzforschung 77 巻 ( 9 ) 頁： 724 - 733 2023年9月

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Holzforschung

Conventional fluorescence spectroscopy has been suggested as a valuable tool for classifying wood species rapidly and non-destructively. However, because it is challenging to conduct absolute emission intensity measurements, fluorescence analysis statistics are difficult to obtain. In this study, another dimension of fluorescence, that is, fluorescence lifetime, was further evaluated to address this issue. A time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic measurement system was first designed, mainly using a streak camera, picosecond pulsed laser at 403 nm, and a spectroscope, to collect the fluorescence time-delay (FTD) profiles and steady-state fluorescence intensity (FI) spectra simultaneously from 15 wood species. For data analysis, principal component analysis was used to "compress"the mean-centered FTD and FI spectra. Then, support vector machine classification analysis was utilized to train the wood species classification model based on their principal component scores. To avoid overfitting, ten-fold cross-validation was used to train the calibration model using 70 % of the total samples, and the remaining 30 % hold-out validation was used to test its reproducibility. The cross-validation accuracies were 100 % (5 softwoods) and 96 % (10 hardwoods), with test-validation accuracies of 96 % and 89 %.

DOI： 10.1515/hf-2023-0017

その他リンク： https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2023-0017/pdf

Development of a sensitivity-enhanced chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime spectroscopic method for nondestructive monitoring of fruit ripening and postharvest decay 査読有り

Ma T., Inagaki T., Tsuchikawa S.

Postharvest Biology and Technology 198 巻 2023年4月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Postharvest Biology and Technology

Nondestructive monitoring of the environmental changes around fluorescent molecules in postharvest fruit is highly informative for monitoring their ripening and early decay process. In this study, a time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence (TRLIF) spectroscopic system, including a streak camera, spectrometer, and 403 nm picosecond-pulsed laser, was first developed. Then, representative pigments in photosynthesis (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids liquid samples) were initially measured and studied to determine whether the developed TRLIF spectroscopic system could produce the characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence decay traces. Finally, the same approach was tested to monitor the ripening and early decay processes of each three samples of avocado and strawberry. The overall findings demonstrated that the fluorescence lifetime (FLT) of the fruit samples declined steadily during the shelf-life storage. For the avocados samples, the average FLT loss at the wavelength range of 706–749 nm decreased by approximately 23 % and 31 % at 1 and 2 d under shelf-life storage, respectively. For the strawberry samples, the average FLT loss at the wavelength range of 631–706 nm decreased by approximately 22 %, 46 %, 68 %, and 73 % at 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 d under the same shelf-life storage condition. This study indicates that the developed TRLIF spectroscopic method is potentially robust and accurate for assessing the ripening and early decay process of various climacteric and non-climacteric fruit.

DOI： 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2022.112231

Visualization of Sugar Content Distribution of White Strawberry by Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging 査読有り

Seki H., Ma T., Murakami H., Tsuchikawa S., Inagaki T.

Foods 12 巻 ( 5 ) 2023年3月

担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Foods

In this study, an approach to visualize the spatial distribution of sugar content in white strawberry fruit flesh using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI; 913–2166 nm) is developed. NIR-HSI data collected from 180 samples of “Tochigi iW1 go” white strawberries are investigated. In order to recognize the pixels corresponding to the flesh and achene on the surface of the strawberries, principal component analysis (PCA) and image processing are conducted after smoothing and standard normal variate (SNV) pretreatment of the data. Explanatory partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis is performed to develop an appropriate model to predict Brix reference values. The PLSR model constructed from the raw spectra extracted from the flesh region of interest yields high prediction accuracy with an RMSEP and (Formula presented.) values of 0.576 and 0.841, respectively, and with a relatively low number of PLS factors. The Brix heatmap images and violin plots for each sample exhibit characteristics feature of sugar content distribution in the flesh of the strawberries. These findings offer insights into the feasibility of designing a noncontact system to monitor the quality of white strawberries.

DOI： 10.3390/foods12050931

Review of near infrared hyperspectral imaging applications related to wood and wood products 査読有り

Schimleck L., Ma T., Inagaki T., Tsuchikawa S.

Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 58 巻 ( 9 ) 頁： 585 - 609 2023年

記述言語：英語出版者・発行元：Applied Spectroscopy Reviews

Hyperspectral imaging is a technique that combines spectroscopy and imaging. Originally utilized in the 1980’s by the remote sensing community it is now utilized in a wide variety of applications. Spectral imaging was first used for the detection of compression wood in the late 1990’s and since that time research focused on wood and wood products has steadily increased with a variety of applications reported. While there are several reviews of wood related research utilizing near infrared spectrometers a comprehensive summary of wood—hyperspectral imaging research is lacking. Near infrared hyperspectral imaging systems (NIR-HSI) typically have a wavelength range of 900–1700 nm, whereas short-wave infrared hyperspectral imaging (SWIR-HSI) systems range from 1000 to 2500 nm. We provide a detailed account of the various studies that have been published utilizing both camera types.

DOI： 10.1080/05704928.2022.2098759

Experimental study and three-dimensional modeling of moisture transport in wood by means of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging coupled with a heat and mass transfer simulation method 査読有り

Ma T., Morita G., Inagaki T., Tsuchikawa S.

Holzforschung 76 巻 ( 8 ) 頁： 699 - 710 2022年8月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Holzforschung

Substantial efforts have been undertaken for visualizing and simulating the characteristics of water movement in wood. However, three-dimensional (3D) thermo-hygric simulations still pose challenges, not only because wood has a heterogeneous microstructure that results in complex computational models but also because there is a lack of proper experimental techniques to support and validate the model constructions. In this study, the moisture distribution in wood during the water adsorption and desorption processes was first visualized using a near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) method that has high resolution, sensibility, and stability. Then, based on the moisture visualization results, the main parameters of a mass transfer simulation code were varied. The visualization and simulation results were confirmed to match well with the main characteristics; e.g., drying speed was slower in the wood parts with higher densities. Additionally, there was a relatively large gradient over the surface layer of the wood samples as the drying progressed, whereas this was not an obvious feature in the water adsorption process. Hence, this study proposes that the NIR-HSI method can be combined with thermo-hygric and 3D simulation model construction. Such an approach provides the basis for optimizing drying conditions and providing high-quality wood products.

DOI： 10.1515/hf-2021-0203

Cognitive spectroscopy for the classification of rice varieties: A comparison of machine learning and deep learning approaches in analysing long-wave near-infrared hyperspectral images of brown and milled samples 査読有り

Onmankhong J., Ma T., Inagaki T., Sirisomboon P., Tsuchikawa S.

Infrared Physics and Technology 123 巻 2022年6月

担当区分：責任著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Infrared Physics and Technology

Rapid and non-destructive detection of genuine Thai Jasmine rice (Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105)) from Pathum Thani1 (PTT1) and Phitsanulok2 (PSL2) under either milled or brown conditions is required to disrupt fraudulent. This study aimed to resolve this real issue using long-wave near infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) coupled with machine learning and deep learning approaches. The best classification accuracy for the milled rice was achieved using the spectral imaging-based analysis on the NIR-HSI data with selected wavelength, approximately 95% for the test set either by convolutional neural network or support vector machine (SVM), whereas for the brown rice, the SVM model based on the averaged NIR spectra could achieve the best classification accuracy of 95.4%. It suggests the chemical component difference and its spatial distribution in the milled rice could contribute higher classification accuracy. Additionally, the surface bran effects of brown rice could be reduced by using averaged spectral data coupled with the SVM method.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infrared.2022.104100

Production of Nanocellulose Film from Abaca Fibers 査読有り

Lapuz A.R., Tsuchikawa S., Inagaki T., Ma T., Migo V.

Crystals 12 巻 ( 5 ) 頁： 601 2022年5月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Crystals

Abaca fibers were subjected to a TEMPO mediated oxidation to extract nanocellulose on a 500 L capacity locally fabricated reactor. A yield of 46.7% white gel material with 2.23% solid content was obtained from an overnight reaction. Transmission electron microscopy scan of the white gel material confirms the production of relatively short highly individualized cellulose nanofibril (CNF) as the diameter of abaca fiber was reduced from 16.28 µm to 3.12 nm with fiber length in the range of 100 nm to 200 nm. Nanocellulose film was prepared using air drying (CNF-VC) and vacuum oven drying (CNF-OD). The effect of CNF concentration on the physical, morphological, thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated. FTIR spectra showed cellulose I spectra between abaca fiber with both the CNF-VC film and CNF-OD film with two distinct peaks at 1620 cm−1 and 1720 cm−1 attributed to the carboxyl group resulting from the TEMPO oxidation. In addition, the carboxyl group decreases in thermal stability of cellulose. Moreover, the XRD scan showed a decrease in crystallinity index of CNF films compared to abaca fibers. CNF-VC film showed the highest tensile strength at 0.4% concentration with 88.30 MPa, while a 89.72 MPa was observed for CNF-OD film at 0.8% concentration.

DOI： 10.3390/cryst12050601

Rapid and nondestructive prediction of firmness, soluble solids content, and pH in kiwifruit using Vis–NIR spatially resolved spectroscopy 査読有り

Ma T., Zhao J., Inagaki T., Su Y., Tsuchikawa S.

Postharvest Biology and Technology 186 巻 2022年4月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Postharvest Biology and Technology

This paper reports an evaluation of firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), and acidity (pH) in kiwifruit using a newly designed visible–near-infrared (Vis–NIR) spatially resolved spectroscopic (SRS) system. The system mainly comprises a cost-effective Vis–NIR hyperspectral imaging camera, a halogen light source, and 36 light-receiving silica fibers which were divided into six groups (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 mm away from the light illumination) used to collect diffusely reflected light from sample surface. During the experiment, time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS) was used to validate the light scattering characteristics at a single wavelength of 846 nm by transmission measurement, which differed from the reflectance measurement of the SRS system. The TRS results show that firmer kiwifruits tended to have a lower transmitted light intensity and a higher full width at half maximum value. The SRS results indicate that the reflected light intensity decreased more with an increased distance from the illumination spot in firmer kiwifruits. The results of the two methods supported the same view, i.e., firmer kiwifruit indicated higher degrees of light scattering inside. Following on, the calibration models for kiwifruit properties were constructed using the SRS data coupled with partial least squares regression analysis. Finally, the prediction accuracies were benchmarked against standard diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using one fiber group position of the same SRS system. The overall results showed the benefits of using the SRS system to predict fruit firmness by enhancing light scattering effects and predicting the SSC required for reducing such effects.

DOI： 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2022.111841

Application of near-infrared spectroscopy to agriculture and forestry 査読有り

Tsuchikawa S., Ma T., Inagaki T.

Analytical Sciences 38 巻 ( 4 ) 頁： 635 - 642 2022年4月

担当区分：最終著者記述言語：英語出版者・発行元：Analytical Sciences

Depending on the uniformity of the quality attribute within agricultural products, there is often a need to develop non-destructive and efficient evaluation methods to assure their qualities. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a well-suited method to characterize organic compounds, particularly when coupled with multivariate analysis methods. This review article introduces scientific and technical reports using the NIRS to evaluate food, agriculture, and forest products. Overall, basic spectroscopic research is continuously progressing; indeed, in combination with big-data information technology and spectral imaging techniques, material analysis is improving to maximize performance. Portable and low-cost devices have also been designed and produced, enabling remote analysis. Future advancements are expected to result in its applications in even more fields for online or at-line quality monitoring. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

DOI： 10.1007/s44211-022-00106-6

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy as a novel tool for crystallographic analysis in cellulose: cellulose I to cellulose II, tracing the structural changes under chemical treatment 査読有り

Wang H., Kataoka H., Tsuchikawa S., Inagaki T.

Cellulose 29 巻 ( 6 ) 頁： 3143 - 3151 2022年4月

担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Cellulose

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) has expanded possibilities in cellulose crystallography research, as THz radiation detects most intermolecular vibrations and responds to the phonons of crystalline lattices. In this study, we traced the transformation of the cellulose crystalline lattice from cellulose I to cellulose II by THz-TDS and X-ray powder diffraction. Cellulose II was obtained by treating cellulose I with NaOH of different concentrations (0 wt%–20 wt%, at 2 wt% intervals). The THz absorption coefficient spectra of cellulose II showed three characteristic peaks (at 1.32 THz, 1.76 THz, and 2.77 THz). The THz absorption coefficient spectra of cellulose II treated with 20-wt% NaOH and cellulose I without NaOH treatment were fitted by a seventh-order Fourier series. Thus, the THz absorption coefficient spectra of samples treated with NaOH of other concentrations could be considered a combination of these two fitted profiles of cellulose I and cellulose II, multiplied by different coefficients. Furthermore, the coefficients could reflect the relative contents of cellulose I and cellulose II in the samples.

DOI： 10.1007/s10570-022-04493-x

Moisture transport dynamics in wood during drying studied by long-wave near-infrared hyperspectral imaging 査読有り

Ma T., Morita G., Inagaki T., Tsuchikawa S.

Cellulose 29 巻 ( 1 ) 頁： 133 - 145 2022年1月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Cellulose

The complexities of wood microstructure cause difficulties in understanding water movement characteristics during drying. Here, the water transport dynamics in softwood (Japanese cypress) with different sample lengths (30 mm, 60 mm, and 90 mm) and various drying temperatures (30 °C, 60 °C, and 90 °C) were studied using a rapid and high-resolution moisture content (MC) mapping method based on long-wave near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI). The observations of this study are as follows: slow drying at approximately 30 °C, the area near the subsurface of the wood samples tends to have higher MC than the central parts during drying, especially in the case of longer wood samples. For drying at higher temperatures, strongly bonded water appeared at the surface areas much earlier, which could easily cause sample deformation and cracking. Overall, the experimental results suggest the capillary effects could play a major role at the first stage of slow drying at fiber level; then, the transfers between bound and free water could play a significant power source in the second drying stage. It is expected that this study will be of help in providing a basis to study and simulate the drying characteristics of cellular and hydrophilic materials.

DOI： 10.1007/s10570-021-04290-y

Cognitive spectroscopy for the classification of rice varieties: A comparison of machine learning and deep learning approaches in analysing long-wave near-infrared hyperspectral images of brown and milled samples 査読有り国際共著

Jiraporn Onmankhong, Te Ma, Tetsuya Inagaki*, Panmanas Sirisomboon, Satoru Tsuchikawa

Infrared Physics and Technology 123 巻頁： 104100 2022年

Near-infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging can aid in the prediction and mapping of polyploid acacia hybrid wood properties in tree improvement programs 査読有り

Viet D.D., Ma T., Inagaki T., Kim N.T., Tsuchikawa S.

Holzforschung 75 巻 ( 12 ) 頁： 1067 - 1080 2021年12月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Holzforschung

Acacia, including Acacia hybrids, are some of the most important species grown as part of the Vietnamese wood industry. Rapid methods to identify the variations in the wood properties of Acacia hybrids however, are a currently lacking and creating limits for their breeding programs. In this study, nine Acacia hybrid clones, including those that were diploid, triploid, and tetraploid were evaluated using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI). The standard normal variate (SNV) and second derivative (SP2D) were applied to compare the performances of NIR and HSI using partial least square regression. The HSI images were acquired at wavelengths from 1033 to 2230 nm and the SNV and SP2D described the variations in the wood properties. The NIR predicted the wood physical properties better than HSI, while they provided similar predictions for the mechanical properties. The mapping results showed low densities around the pith area and high densities near the bark. They also revealed that the air-dry moisture content changed at different positions within a disk and was dependent on its position within the tree. Overall, NIR and HSI were found to be potential wood property prediction tools, suitable for use in tree improvement programs.

DOI： 10.1515/hf-2021-0024

Measuring the tensile strain of wood by visible and near-infrared spatially resolved spectroscopy 査読有り

Ma T., Inagaki T., Yoshida M., Ichino M., Tsuchikawa S.

Cellulose 28 巻 ( 17 ) 頁： 10787 - 10801 2021年11月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Cellulose

Strain measurement is critical for wood quality evaluation. Using conventional strain gauges constantly is high cost, also challenging to measure precious wood materials due to the use of strong adhesive. This study demonstrates the correlation between the light scattering degrees inside the wood during tension testing and their macroscopic strain values. A multifiber-based visible-near-infrared (Vis–NIR) spatially resolved spectroscopy (SRS) system was designed to rapidly and conveniently acquire such light scattering changes. For the preliminary experiment, samples with different thicknesses, from 2 to 5 mm, were measured to evaluate the influence of sample thickness. The differences in Vis–NIR SRS spectral data diminished with an increase in sample thickness, suggesting that the SRS method can successfully measure the wood samples' whole strain (i.e., surface and inside). Then, for the primary experiment, 18 wood samples were each prepared with approximately the same sample thickness of 2 mm and 5 mm to construct strain calibration models, respectively. The prediction accuracy of the 2-mm samples was characterized by a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.81 with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 343.54 με for leave-one-out cross-validation; for test validation, the validation accuracy was characterized by an R2 of 0.76 and an RMSE of 395.35 με. For the validation accuracy of the 5-mm samples, R2val was 0.69 with 440.78 με RMSEval. Overall, the presented calibration results of the SRS approach were confirmed to be superior to the standard diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

DOI： 10.1007/s10570-021-04239-1

Parameter optimization of vibrating and comb‐brushing harvesting of lycium barbarum l. Based on fem and rsm 査読有り

Zhao J., Ma T., Inagaki T., Chen Y., Hu G., Wang Z., Chen Q., Gao Z., Zhou J., Wang M., Tsuchikawa S., Chen J.

Horticulturae 7 巻 ( 9 ) 2021年9月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Horticulturae

The current mechanical harvesting methods of Lycium barbarum L. are labor intensive and cause too much damage, but vibrating and comb‐brushing harvesting can increase the efficiency while minimizing the damage. However, optimizing the main factors and their parameter values of vibrating and comb‐brushing harvesting is challenging. To achieve the high‐efficiency and low‐damage harvesting of L. barbarum, firstly, the mechanical models of the materials used in the experiments were established based on the physical tests. Then, the vibrating and comb‐brushing harvesting simulations were conducted based on FEM to acquire the ranges of the parameter values. The effects of the rotating speed, material, and amplitude on the harvesting rate of ripe fruit and harvesting rate of unripe fruit, as well as the damage rate of ripe fruit were determined based on RSM. Finally, the optimized parameters were obtained and verified using the field experiments. The field experiments showed that the harvesting rate of ripe fruit was 85.8%, the harvesting rate of unripe fruit was 10.5%, and the damage rate of ripe fruit was 9.7%. The findings provided the optimal parameter values, which were a design basis for the vibrating and comb‐brushing harvesters of L. barbarum.

DOI： 10.3390/horticulturae7090286

Finite element method simulations and experiments of detachments of lycium barbarum l. 査読有り

Zhao J., Ma T., Inagaki T., Chen Q., Gao Z., Sun L., Cai H., Chen C., Li C., Zhang S., Tsuchikawa S., Chen J.

Forests 12 巻 ( 6 ) 2021年6月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：Forests

When harvesting Lycium barbarum L., excess amounts of detachments of the half-ripe fruit, unripe fruit, flowers, and leaves significantly affect the yield and adversely affect the subsequent processing, such as drying and grading. Finite element method (FEM) simulations and experiments of detachments were performed to harvest more ripe fruit and less half-ripe fruit, unripe fruit, flowers, and leaves. Three-dimensional (3D) models of the ripe fruit, half-ripe fruit, unripe fruit, flowers, leaves, fruit calyxes (flower calyx), fruit stems (flower stem), and branches were constructed using a 3D scanner, and material mechanics models of the above parts were established based on physical tests with universal testing machines. Detachment simulations and experiments of the ripe fruit, half-ripe fruit, unripe fruit, flowers, and leaves were performed to determine the detachment mechanisms and sequences. The detachment forces of each set of two parts were obtained. The field experiments showed that the detachment force between the fruit and calyx of ripe fruit was the lowest value of these forces, and only the ripe fruit was the first to detach from the calyx when harvesting. The results provided data support on the mechanics properties of wood and the optimization basis for the harvesting method of L. barbarum.

DOI： 10.3390/f12060699

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