Faculty Profiles - YOKOYAMA Satoshi

Papers - YOKOYAMA Satoshi

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森林利用と森林管理の視点から見た東南アジアの焼畑 Invited

横山　智

自然と文化 Vol. 76 page： 8 - 21 2004.9

Forest, ethnicity and settlement in the mountainous area of northern Laos Reviewed

Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Southeast Asian Studies Vol. 42 ( 2 ) page： 132 - 156 2004

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Center for Southeast Asian Area Studies, Kyoto University

This paper aims at clarifying the relationship between traditional forest use, ethnicity and settlement location in the mountainous area of northern Laos, by observing cash income activities, focusing particularly on non-timber forest product (NTFP) gathering.
As ethnic Lao settlements are located along the river, many households engage in nonagricultural activities. Khmu settlements are located throughout the whole region, with agriculture as the main activity of most households. Hmong settlements are located only in mountainous areas; almost all households have both rice farming and opium poppy cultivation asmain farming activities.
The most important activity contributing to cash income is NTFP gathering. A large quantity of NTFPs is grown as secondary vegetation after burning the forest for swidden agriculture. The most notable of these is the styrax tree (Styrax tonkinensis) which produces a balsamic resin known as benzoin. As a regeneration of styrax trees is performed in combination with swidden agriculture, this land use system of combined benzoin gathering and swidden agriculture is comparable to the concept of an agro-forestry. This type of forest use has long been practiced in the study area. However, the present study shows that this agro-forestry mode of forest use, or indigenous sustainable forest use system, is at risk of collapse, due to political regulations against forest utilization.

DOI： 10.20495/tak.42.2_132

Occupation Structure and Agriculture of Akha in the Mountainous Area of Northern Laos

Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Project 4-2 'A Trans-Disciplinary Study on the Regional Eco-History in Tropical Monsoon Asia : 1945-2005' FY2003 Repot page： 166 - 174 2004

Management of Typhoon-damaged Forest in Yabe Village, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan: The Analysis of Slope Failure and Recovery of Typhoon-Damaged Forest Reviewed

Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Geographical Review of Japan Series A Vol. 74A page： 287 - 304 2001

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Association of Japanese Geographers

In the expansive afforestation period after the Second World War, artificial forest was planted in Japanese mountain villages in expectation of the demand for timber in urban regions. These forests have already finished the thinning stage and have reached their final age. Due worsening circumstances of forestry management such as the timber price decline, however, mountain villages not only receive little forestry income but also worry about their continued existence. With the above-mentioned background, analysis of forestry management is important to clarify current problems in forestry and mountain villages. It is generally difficult to illustrate change in forest management and thus monitoring over the long term corresponding spatially with forest block data is needed. Analyzing the recovery of typhoon-damaged forest in the short term is one aspect of forest management, and the use of GIS data can assist in this analysis.
The purpose of this paper is to clarify the issues of forest management in typhoon-damaged forest and analyze natural, human, and economic factors involved in slope failure distribution and the recovery of typhoon-damaged forest. Yabe village, Fukuoka Prefecture, is afforested with Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and also suffered serious typhoon damage from typhoon No. 19 in 1991 and was then chosen as the study area.
Numerous slope failures were confirmed by aerial photographs taken in 1996; Slope failures overlapped 73.6 percentage with typhoon-damaged forest and resulted from the steep slope, BD brown forest soil and Japanese cedar afforestation sites. Moreover, in 86.4% of slope failures that overlap with typhoon-damaged forest the recovery from typhoon damege was abandoned. The occurrence of slope failure is related to human factors in addition to natural factors.
In the sites where forest management has ceased, absent forest holders are behind the recovery of typhoon-damaged forest. Forest management costs, for example, differential recovery cost depending on the distance from forest roads, timber price decline, and rising labor costs for forest management, are involved in the recovery status. Thus various factors are involved.
Forest resource preservation by carrying out appropriate forest management is important for mountain villages where the promotion policy focuses on natural resource utilization. Coping with the issue of forest management, especially that of absent holders, influences to the existence of mountain villages.

DOI： 10.4157/grj1984a.74.5_287

The changing occupational structure of a Laos mountain village: A case study of Phonsavang, Oudomxay Province Reviewed

Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Japanese Journal of Human Geography Vol. 53 ( 4 ) page： 1 - 20 2001

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Human Geographical Society of Japan

This paper presents the results of a case study of a mountain village in northern Laos. The focus of the paper is on the change in its occupational structure after the introduction of nonagricultural activities.
In 1986, after 11 years of communist-based policies, the government adopted the Lao version of Perestroika or 'Chintanakan mai'. These policies appear to be having an impact even in remote, mountainous villages, as evidenced by an increase in non-agricultural activities in rural areas.
The village taken up in this study is Phonsavang, a mountain village in northern Laos that has moved its location twice in the last 25 years. With each change of location, the village has diversified its economic activities. To begin with, the village was located in the mountains and traditional activities such as swidden agriculture played a central role in its economy. However, in the mid-1970s, the village moved to Nam Beng riverside where the villagers tried to develop paddy fields and began the shipment of forest products under the influence of neig hboring villages. After the introduction of the 'Chintanakan mai' policy, in 1988, the village moved to its current location, based along the No.2 national road. Since this move, many households have introduced non-agricultural activities such as general shop management, sawmill labor and teak plantations. Despite these changes, the village is still self-sufficient in rice production.
A multivariate analysis using 'Quantification Theory Type II', a type of discriminant analysis, was carried out to describe the characteristics of households in the village. The criterion variable is the introduction of non-agricultural activities, and the predictor variables are types of rice field holdings, teak plantations and various types of agricultural capital goods. As a result of this analysis, households that introduced non-agricultural activities can be characterized as not holding any rice fields, or cultivating only paddy if they hold rice fields, and having expensive agricultural capital goods such as a thresher and a tractor. Ordinary households, on the other hand, can be characterized as specializing in rice farming using swidden methods.
After characterizing the different household structures, the study examined the economic activities of households that introduced non-agricultural activities in detail. These households have accumulated a variety of capital goods- for example, cars, threshers and tractors. Most successful households that have many capital goods achieve success through the brokerage of forest products. However, not all households have been able to accumulate capital goods by themselves. Instead, they have relied on remittances from relatives who now live in a foreign country.
This study suggests, therefore, that a diversification of the occupational structure has occurred with each village relocation. This diversification intensified after the introduction of 'Chintanakan mai' and an increase in non-agricultural activities was observed. In fact, a quarter of the households in this village had introduced non-agricultural activities by 1999. Nevertheless, the village is still producing a rice surplus as well as continuing to develop new paddy. Thus, it would seem that despite a diversification in occupational structure and the introduction of non-agricultural activities, rice farming remains a very important economic activity in rural villages.

DOI： 10.4200/jjhg1948.53.307

Mapping by GPS and GIS in Rural Villages of Laos Reviewed

Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Theory and Applications of GIS Vol. 9 ( 2 ) page： 1 - 8 2001

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Geographic Information Systems Association

This paper presents a village map using GPS and GIS, and examines the applicability to village studies in developing countries where it is hard to obtain maps with big scale. The focus of the paper is on methods for making the village map and its analysis by GIS in the study site of Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic). Location data such as Tracks and Waypoints stored in Handy-GPS receivers can be easily transferred to PC and processed in GIS application. The relative location error measured in several Tracks at 31 points by GPS was only 16.6m on average. This study suggests, therefore, that mapping by GPS and GIS can apply to village study, and shows the spatial change of tourism facilities in the study site as example of GPS data usage.

DOI： 10.5638/thagis.9.2_1

Industrial linkages in the electrical machinery industry in the Hitachi industry area, Japan International coauthorship

Masaki KAWASE, Kouich TANAKA. Satoshi YOKOYAMA, Zoltan ZAHORAN

Annual Report of the Institute of Geoscience, The University of Tsukuba Vol. 26 page： 3 - 8 2000.12

GIS instruction in colleges and universities: Hands-on training for geography majors

Yuji MURAYAMA, Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Tsukuba Studies in Human Geography Vol. 24 page： 77 - 97 2000

Authorship：Corresponding author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution) Publisher：Institute of Geoscience, The University of Tsukuba

GIS (Geographical Information System) efficiently stores, searches, changes and analyzes map and attribute data into a computer. It also outputs maps and creates reports, making it a potentially useful tool for decision-making. With the advancements made in information technology, the downsizing of computers, price reductions in GIS software and development of spatial databases in the 1990s, GIS began to experience explosive growth.
This growth has been especially noticeable in recent years in local governments, private companies, etc., which have fully implemented GIS to handle daily operations. Given such an increase in GIS applications, many institutions of higher education are establishing special GIS courses and facilities, such as the Center for Spatial Information Science at the University of Tokyo. In geography classrooms, GIS is being acclaimed as an effective and efficient spatial analysis tool, and major universities with graduate departments have been especially keen to add GIS to the curriculum. Unfortunately, with the exception of just a few institutions, most classroom GIS instruction has been limited to non-interactive lectures.
In addition, there are many issues and problems confronting the addition of GIS courses to the curriculum. Although computer rooms designed for 20-30 students have been established in many universities, most of these facilities do not have important peripherals such as GIS digitizers and plotters. As well, it is difficult from a budgetary perspective to provide enough GIS software and digital maps for a given number of students, and it is hard to find teaching assistants who are knowledgeable about GIS applications. There is also a dearth of GIS study aides such as textbooks and manuals.
Clearly, it is much more efficient to teach GIS on a hands-on basis, rather than simply with lectures; thus, it is necessary to establish hands-on instruction using computers so that students can learn as much about GIS as possible. As the importance of hands-on instruction becomes apparent, more budget monies will likely be allotted for GIS, and more GIS-related equipment and materials may well become available. Thus, we might currently be in a transition period from lectures to hands-on instruction.
For the past several years, the authors have been teaching GIS by trial-and-error to geography majors at the University of Tsukuba. Through this process, they found that even on a limited budget with little equipment, they were able to give functionality to GIS instruction when a methodology could be established. The key to this was the liberal use of GIS educational software, free GIS applications, and geographical information on the Internet, among other resources.
Given this background, this paper will present an introduction to GIS materials that are effective in hands-on instruction and provide specific examples regarding effectiveness and methods for utilization. The second chapter, GIS Instruction for Beginners, examines the highly acclaimed GIS Tutor as an application for GIS education, and explains how Internet GIS, developed by the authors, effectively helps students learn more about this system. The third chapter, GIS Analysis Instruction, takes a look at TNTLite, a versatile, free GIS software to explain important concepts such as overlay and network analyses, as well as how to run these applications. The fourth chapter, GIS Analysis Applications for Students, introduces the functions of ILWIS, WinASEAN and IDRISI, which are considered to be particularly effective in GIS instruction.

Linkage of the manufacturing industry in Hitachinaka, lbaraki Prefecture: a case study of Hitachi Ltd. International coauthorship

Masaki KAWASE, Satoshi YOKOYAMA, Koichi TANAKA, Shingo SATO, Zoltan ZAHORAN

Regional Research Reports, University of Tsukuba (Chiiki Chosa Hokoku) Vol. 22 page： 39 - 68 2000

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution) Publisher：Graduate School of Geoscience, The University of Tsukuba

The study area, Hitachinaka, is situated in lbaraki Prefecture, 100 km to the north of Tokyo. Since the foundation of Hitachi Company in 1920, this region has developed into one of the most important industrial areas in Japan.
The aim of the research was to elucidate the vertical division of the production process, analyzing the spatial distribution of the subcontractor plants through outside order flow, as well as analyzing the commuting patterns of the workers, thus observing the parent company and its subcontractors' regional influence. The investigation focused on the supplier network of Hitachi Ltd.'s K Group.
Approaching from the employees' side, an investigation was carried out for the parent company and the subcontractors respectively, throwing light on the differences in employment structure and commuting pattern.
At the parent company, the difference between the number of male and female workers is quite conspicuous, since the male employees account for 90% of the workforce. In the case of Hitachi Ltd's K Group, the manufacturing and development of electron microscopes requires special technological skills from the workers. Mainly male employees are in possession of these skills, and this is the reason why they outnumber female employees.
Commuters arrive from as far away as Chiba Prefecture, but the main commuting zone is encompassed by a 60 km radius circle. Hitachi Company maintains workers' residents in the neighboring area, which can be cited as one reason why the vast majority of the employees commute from Hitachinaka.
In the case of the affiliated company and the other subcontractors involved in parts assembly, the laborintensive process requires relatively large numbers of employees. An interesting phenomenon at the affiliated firm is that workers directed from the parent company are employed there. Generally speaking, the make-up of the workforce, both in terms of the male-female and the white collar-blue collar ratio, and the commuting pattern differs according to the type of manufacturing or process these subcontractors carry out. At the subcontractor plants, the female workforce plays a bigger role in the manufacturing process, and includes several part-time workers.
As we take a look at the parent company's division of labor, we see that the subcontractor relations can be categorized into 5 levels, depending on what stage of the manufacturing process the firms are situated. At the first level stands the parent company followed by a subsidiary at the second level. At the lower levels suppliers are situated, and in contrast to the second level company they do not possess capital investment from the parent company These firms are involved in parts assembly, different metal processing work, coating and engraving. The order flow shows a complicated pattern but as we move toward the lower level subcontractors, it gets smaller in volume.
The authors took the manufacturing process of the electron microscope as an example to observe the different supply patterns. The supply patterns can be classified into 4 types in terms of the different level companies and products involved in the flow.
The parent company's busin~ss relations were also examined, and the analysis found that the primary outside order reaches 63 firms, which can be categorized according to the supplied products, as hardware and software firms. Since the manufacturing of hardware and software requires different environments, the spatial outside order pattern differs considerably. The differences in the business cooperation between the manufacturers are presented with case studies.
Depending on the type of processed parts, the spatial distribution of the outside order shows different features. Generally speaking, 50(~o of the subcontractors are concentrated at the territory adjacent (below 20km) to the parent company. This can be attributed to the fact that longer transportation distance means a disadvantage both in terms of time and cost. The study found that assemblers tend to be in close geographical proximity with the parent company due to the large volume and mass of assembled parts, thus from the point of transportation cost, shorter shipping distance results in more economical business. Nevertheless, in purchasing of parts and in metal manufacturing, remote flrms appear on the suppliers' Iist. Shipment costs may rise, but other reasons can be given to explain this phenomenon. First, the technological ability these companies possess enables them to manufacture better quality, as well as odd shaped or sized products, which cannot be procured in the parent company's neighboring area. Second, the parent company places the outside order to several suppliers, where one company accomplishes more than one process and this way they save time and cost by not shipping the parts back and forth between the different subcontractors. Using this method, it is profitable to have business relations with firms located even at a longer distance from the customer.
From the analyzed supplier network model it is clear that the former pyramid model has remarkably restructured into a much more complicated form, where the parent company's primary outside order reaches as far as the 4th level of subcontractors.
The frontier effect also influences the development of business tles. In other words, the supplier companies try to find other customers in order to diversify their business relations and not to depend on the orders of only one customer.
The manufacturing linkage between the parent company and its subcontractors is strong, with some suppliers are still linked almost exclusively to the parent firm. Partly, this may be attributed to the fact that the Hitachi Industrial Region was developed and built around one company, Hitachi. Numerous small and medium scale enterprises launched their businesses, or moved to this area counting on the steady orders of a large manufacturer. However the changes in the business environment and the economic situation has caused some loosening in the strong keiretsu ties. Both sides, the parent company and the suppliers, are working on improving cooperation and making the business more economical, even if it means braking up long-lasting ties. On the other hand, developments In logistics have made it possible to optimize outside orders and the flow of processed parts, thus resulting in a complicated network of business connections between customers and suppliers.

福岡県矢部村と星野村における山村地域振興

横山　智

地域調査報告（筑波大学） Vol. 21 page： 77[ - 87 1999

Analysis of Typhoon-Damaged Forest and Its Recovery Using GIS Reviewed

Satoshi YOKOYAMA

Theory and Applications of GIS Vol. 7 ( 2 ) page： 11 - 18 1999

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Geographic Information Systems Association

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the damaged state of forest by a typhoon and its recovery using GIS. Digital ortho-photographs, made by a GIS application were analyzed. The result shows that multiple layer operation between digital ortho-photographs and various thematic maps was effective in explaining the state of typhoon damaged forest. The recovery from typhoon-damage was also examined in relation to 50m buffer zones from forest road. The result shows that the location of forest roads had significant influence on damaged forest recovery.

DOI： 10.5638/thagis.7.2_11

都市近郊林業地域の構造変化－西川地域飯能市の事例－ Reviewed

横山　智

埼玉地理 Vol. 22 page： 1 - 8 1998.7

常陸太田市における郊外農村の存立基盤

田林　明, 李　鎔一, 武田涼一, 横山　智, 国澤恒久, 岡本友志, 斎藤實信, 松井圭介

地域調査報告（筑波大学） Vol. 20 page： 115 - 163 1998

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