Faculty Profiles - TAKAI, Jiro

The Effects of Language Competence and Self-regulatory Focus on Intercultural Communication Apprehension: Comparing Japan, China and America Reviewed

Wang, Lina; Wu, Xiaoyan; Lee, S. Peter; & Takai, Jiro

Intercultural Communication Studies Vol. 33 ( 1 ) page： 1 - 15 2024

Psychosocial Effects of Self-Disclosure Among Chinese International Students in Japan: Focusing on Disclosure Media and Its Targets Open Access

Gao X., Takai J.

Journal of International Students Vol. 14 ( 1 ) page： 58 - 77 2024

Publisher：Journal of International Students

This study examined the effects of four types of self-disclosure on the life satisfaction of Chinese international students studying in Japan. Using an online survey, the study found that offline self-disclosure predicted life satisfaction both directly and indirectly, mediated by received social support and perceived social support, while the direct effect of online self-disclosure was not significant. All four types of self-disclosures predicted received social support, while the social support obtained from host nationals online did not affect perceived support. The analysis also revealed that the paths were moderated by the length of residence in Japan. Only online self-disclosure positively and directly predicted life satisfaction for newcomers, while only offline self-disclosure did for those who had stayed longer. Offline received social support was perceived as helpful for both groups, while that of online predicted perceived social support only for newcomers. Theoretical implications and limitations were discussed.

DOI： 10.32674/jis.v14i1.5098

Open Access

Japan-China-US comparison of communication anxiety, intercultural sensitivity, and global awareness

Wang, L; Wu, XY; Lee, PS; Takai, J

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 58 page： 67 - 67 2023.12

Can imagined contact improve outgroup attitude in the long run?

Hu, AQ; Takai, J

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 58 page： 112 - 112 2023.12

Affective and motivational accounts of judging moral acceptability of anti-COVID-19-preventive behaviors Reviewed

Journal of Cognition and Culture Vol. 23 ( 1-2 ) page： 149 - 169 2023.4

The Relationship between mental processes and Japan’s unique communication style of aisou Reviewed

Rin ITO, Alexander NAVARRO & Jiro TAKAI

Intercultural Communication Studies Vol. 32 ( 2 ) page： 38 - 50 2023

Intercultural Communication Anxiety, Intercultural Sensitivity, and Global Awareness in Japan, China and the United States: The Mediating Roles of Culture and Language Competence Reviewed

Wang, Lina; Wu, Xiaoyan; Lee, S. Peter; & Takai, Jiro

Intercultural Communication Studies Vol. 32 ( 2 ) page： 21 - 37 2023

An International Comparison of Factors Related to Long Work Hours

Kanai, A; Laurence, GA; Sakata, K; Fujimoto, T; Yamaguchi, H; Takai, J; Suzuki, A; Tak, J

JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Vol. 64 ( 4 ) page： 410 - 425 2022.10

Language：Japanese Publisher：Japanese Psychological Research

This study aimed to examine psychosocial factors related to working long hours, which causes depression, anxiety, and so forth, including karoshi [work to death]. In particular, the issue of working very long hours and its impacts on employees is seen as an urgent issue in Japan, and by clarifying the factors associated with this phenomenon, we aim to contribute to efforts to identify appropriate mitigation measures. We proposed a model of factors related to long work hours from multiple perspectives, and tested it in six countries: China, Finland, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Data were collected via a web-based questionnaire survey. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that organizational level variables were related to work hours in all six countries, but individual level variables were related to work hours only in the United States. In addition, only in Japan did the maintenance dimension of leadership affect the extension of working hours. Organization level factors, rather than job or individual level factors, should be considered when establishing measures to prevent employees from working excessively long hours.

DOI： 10.1111/jpr.12338

Imaginal and Virtual Reality-based Public Speaking Practice for Communicating with Intercultural Audiences Reviewed

Media Exposure and Risk Perception as Predictors of Engagement in COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors: Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior Across Two Cultures Reviewed

Xuechen Hu, Xingjian Gao, Wenzhen Xu, Jiro Takai

Online Media and Global Communication Vol. 1 ( 1 ) page： 90 - 123 2022.3

Intracultural and Intercultural Contact Orientation of International Students in Japan: Uncertainty Management by Cultural

Taniguchi Norihito, Takai Jiro, Skowronski Dariusz

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS Vol. 12 ( 4 ) page： 843 - 866 2022

Josh Brunotte & Jiro Takai

Intercultural Communication Studies Vol. 31 ( 2 ) page： 6 - 28 2022

The relationship between frequency of performing acts of kindness and subjective well-being: A mediation model in three cultures

Claudia Gherghel, Dorin Nastas, Takeshi Hashimoto, Jiro Takai

Current Psychology Vol. 40 ( 9 ) page： 4446 - 4459 2021.9

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Springer

Two studies investigated the relationship between frequency of performing prosocial acts and subjective well-being. Adult participants from three countries (Japan, Romania, and the US) responded to online questionnaires measuring focal variables. In Study 1, a short scale measuring kindness was devised, and its validity for cross-cultural research was probed. Results revealed that engagement in prosocial behavior was positively associated with empathic concern and subjective well-being. Study 2 showed that the needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy mediate the relationship between frequency of performing acts of kindness and subjective well-being. The results contribute to the cross-cultural literature suggesting that engagement in prosocial behavior enhances the well-being of the benefactor.

DOI： 10.1007/s12144-019-00391-x

The effect of emotional competence on relational quality: Comparing Japan and Myanmar

May Cho Min, Jiro Takai

Current Psychology Vol. 40 ( 2 ) page： 782 - 792 2021.2

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. This study examined cultural influences on relational qualities through intrapersonal and interpersonal emotional competence (EC) for friendship networks (same-sex best friend and opposite-sex best friend), romantic partner, and family members (sibling, mother, and father). Much of the literature on cross-cultural comparison of emotions has been conducted in Western cultures, and a few cross-cultural comparisons have been made between Western cultures and Japan. Relatively little work has been done outside of these countries. This study aimed to compare the significance of EC on interpersonal relationships between Japan, and a Southeast Asian culture, namely, Myanmar, as an exploratory effort outside of the individualism-collectivism continuum, hence focusing on two collectivistic, and Asian cultures. We recruited 721 university students from one East Asian country (Japan) and one Southeast Asian country (Myanmar). We found cultural differences of EC and relational qualities for each target (same-sex best friend, opposite-sex best friend, romantic partner, sibling, mother, and father). Moreover, both interpersonal and intrapersonal EC mediated the impact of culture on positive relational qualities for family members. Intrapersonal EC mediated this effect for same-sex best friend and romantic partner, whereas interpersonal EC did so for opposite-sex best friend. Additionally, interpersonal EC mediated the effect between culture and negative relational qualities for father. Our findings suggest that EC mediates the effect of culture on relational qualities, and that there are cultural differences regarding this effect.

DOI： 10.1007/s12144-018-0002-9

Cross-cultural comparison of university students’ emotional competence in Asia

May Cho Min, Md Nurul Islam, Lina Wang, Jiro Takai

Current Psychology Vol. 40 ( 1 ) page： 200 - 212 2021.1

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature Emotional competence (EC) refers to individual differences in the identification, comprehension, expression, regulation, and use of one’s own emotions and others’ emotions, (Brasseur et al. in Plos One, 8(5), e62635, 2013) and is known to be culturally construed. Cross-cultural studies involving Asians typically sample one or two cultures as representatives of a collectivistic culture, but we opine to differ, in that these cultures have their distinct character, especially with regard to EC. We investigated the measurement invariance of Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC) with samples collected from four Asian countries, representing three distinct regions of the continent: Myanmar (N = 400), Japan (N = 400), China (N = 436), and Bangladesh (N = 400). We found that the PEC was a robust measure of both intrapersonal and interpersonal EC across these countries. Myanmar showed the highest global EC, followed by Bangladesh, China, and Japan, and significant effects of culture were found in all intrapersonal and interpersonal EC factors. Gender main effect was found in one intrapersonal EC (regulation of own emotions) and four interpersonal EC (identification of, listening to, regulation of, and utilization of others’ emotions), while gender-culture interaction effects were confirmed in two intrapersonal EC (comprehension and expression of own emotions). While cross-cultural studies typically bundle these cultures into one, that of Eastern, we found much variability within them, and they should be deemed independent of one another, especially in terms of EC. The findings enhance our understanding of EC across cultures, in particular with respect to the basis of which interpersonal behavior might differ across these four cultures.

DOI： 10.1007/s12144-018-9918-3

Moralization of Japanese cultural norms among student sojourners in Japan

Reina Takamatsu, May Cho Min, Lina Wang, Wenzhen Xu, Norihito Taniguchi, Jiro Takai

International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol. 80 page： 242 - 249 2021.1

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

This study investigated the relationship between different domains of cultural adaptation among international students in Japan and the moralization of culture-specific norms. Newcomers may adapt certain norms of the host culture and ascribe moral meanings to initially nonmoral activities or objects. Building on the existing model of sociocultural adaptation, we investigated how different types of sociocultural adaptation are associated with the moralization of Japanese cultural norms. For international students in Japan, there are three aspects of sociocultural adaptation: academic, daily living, and interpersonal. Our results showed that cultural adaptation in the interpersonal domain, but not in the academic and daily living domains, predicted harsher moral judgments of behaviors that violated Japanese cultural norms. These findings suggest that international students who are well adjusted in the interpersonal domain gain an understanding of what is sanctioned in the Japanese cultural context and come to see certain behaviors as morally appropriate. We discuss several implications for further investigating the moralization of certain behaviors within the context of acculturation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.12.001

Socio-ecological foundations of altruism toward strangers: An examination focusing on regional differences between north and south India

Terashima Yuto, Takai Jiro

The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Vol. 84 ( 0 ) page： PC-039 - PC-039 2020.9

Culture moderates the association between social expectations regarding helping and positive affect Reviewed International coauthorship

Claudia Gherghel, Takeshi Hashimoto, Jiro Takai

Vol. 60 ( 1 ) page： 56 - 60 2020.4

Culture, morality, and the effect of prosocial behavior motivation on positive affect

Claudia Gherghel, Dorin Nastas, Takeshi Hashimoto, Jiro Takai, Aaron Castelán Cargile

Ethics and Behavior Vol. 30 ( 2 ) page： 126 - 149 2020.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD

© 2019, Copyright © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. We investigated the effect of culture, moral discourse, and motivation to engage in prosocial behavior on benefactors’ positive affect. Participants from three cultures (Japan, Romania, and the United States) responded to scenarios in which they could perform small acts of kindness for different targets. A stronger relationship between agentic and obligated motivation to perform acts of kindness, as well as between obligated motivation and positive affect, was observed for participants from Japan, and for individuals with higher endorsement of the Community Ethic. Agentic motivation to engage in prosocial behavior was related to benefactors’ positive affect, regardless of relationship type.

DOI： 10.1080/10508422.2019.1651651

Better than average effect regarding altruism for stranger, friend and family member

Can imagined contact change intergroup attitude in the long run? Reviewed International journal

Hu, A., & Takai, J.

Intercultural Communication Studies Vol. 29 ( 2 ) page： 1 - 17 2020

Authorship：Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：International Association for Intercultural Communication Studies

The imagined contact method of cognitively manipulating intergroup relations has been reported to be widely successful in improving attitude toward the outgroup. However, little has been reported on its durability. Study 1 was conducted to test the stimulus scenario, involving 282 students who were given either an imagined contact scenario or a control, featuring Chinese as the outgroup. Pre-post measures of intergroup attitude were obtained. Imagined contact group showed some improvement in attitude. In study 2, the same method was applied to non-student participants (N=134), but this time, measurements were taken before, right after, one week after and one month after administering the imagined contact approach. Results indicated that the effect of imagined contact did not dissipate after one week, and even one month, particularly for the perception of social distance, but not for other measures. We discussed the potential of imagined contact in its application as a viable means of improving intergroup attitude toward Chinese in Japan.

Why do people experience loneliness while using social media? Reviewed International journal

Xu, W., ＆ Takai, J.

Intercultural Communication Studies Vol. 29 ( 2 ) page： 99 - 115 2020

Authorship：Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：International Association for Intercultural Communication Studies

The Cognitive Discrepancy Model of Loneliness (CDML) postulates that people experience loneliness when they perceive a difference between their desired (or expected) and actual levels of social relationships. Although the model has been widely cited, only a few empirical studies support this statement in Face-to-Face context. In the present study, we re-evaluate and expand the CDML in the digital context in two representative East Asian countries, Japan and China. The results partially support the idea of CDML that besides quantity and quality of SNS social activities, the self-defined and socially defined cognitive discrepancies are also potential predictors of feelings of satisfaction and loneliness, but the patterns may differ depending on communication purposes and cultural orientations.

Terashima Yuto, Takai Jiro

The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Vol. 83 ( 0 ) page： 3C-012 - 3C-012 2019.9

Interpersonal Duty as a Tool for Managing Uncertainty: Uncertainty Threat Changes Negative Affect Reaction Toward Duty Adherence/Violation

Yuto Terashima, Jiro Takai

Current Psychology Vol. 38 ( 3 ) page： 836 - 845 2019.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：SPRINGER

© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. We investigated changes in negative affect reactions toward interpersonal duty violation/adherence under uncertainty which we refer to as uncertainty threat. One’s feelings of duty and obligation toward the partner may induce him/her to act in accordance to the partner’s expectations, and this functions to free the relationship of uncertainty. However, if the partner fails to conform to his/her duty, we may become uncertain about the future of the relationship, and consequently, experience negative affect, including anger, contempt, and disappointment. We hypothesized that uncertainty threat leads to such negative affective arousal. Uncertainty threat motivates individuals to reduce uncertainty, and hence make them more sensitive toward the source of uncertainty, above and beyond the specific context in which it poses a threat. A series of three experiments were conducted, in which we manipulated uncertainty threat through priming and a distractor task. Participants then read a short scenario in which duty violation or adherence were described, and rated negative affect toward it. Results generally indicated significant interaction effects across the experiments. The effects of scenario manipulation on negative affect reaction were more acute under uncertainty threat than when no threat was present. The present study indicated that duty was not only beneficial for social coordination, but also vital to mask uncertainty and insecurity regarding relationships.

DOI： 10.1007/s12144-017-9660-2

With or Without Empathy: Primary Psychopathy and Difficulty in Identifying Feelings Predict Utilitarian Judgment in Sacrificial Dilemmas Reviewed

Prosocial behavior and well-being in different cultures

Gherghel, C., & Takai, J.

Bulletin of the Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University (Psychology and Human Development Sciences) Vol. 66 page： 17 - 30 2019.3

Reina Takamatsu, Jiro Takai

Ethics and Behavior Vol. 29 ( 1 ) page： 71 - 85 2019.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD

© 2018, Copyright © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Drawing from research on moral judgment and affective dysfunction, we examined how trait psychopathy and alexithymia, which are characterized as empathic deficits, relate to utilitarian moral judgments in sacrificial dilemmas. As predicted, primary and secondary psychopathy traits and alexithymia were associated with reduced empathic concern. However, primary psychopathy and difficulty identifying feelings (one of three alexithymia traits), but not secondary psychopathy and other two alexithymia traits, were associated with utilitarian judgments. Moreover, hierarchical regression analysis showed that primary psychopathy, difficulty identifying feelings, and empathic concern made unique contributions to the prediction of direct harm on the victim, whereas alexithymia traits made weaker contributions. Although the lack of affective empathy is found in psychopathy and alexithymia, the process through which the two traits lead to utilitarian judgment in sacrificial dilemmas may be distinct. The present findings add to the growing literature, contributing to a fuller picture of the relationship between empathy, trait psychopathy, and alexithymia.

DOI： 10.1080/10508422.2017.1367684

Emotional competence, conflict management styles, and relational factors: Cross-cultural comparison between Japan and Myanmar. Reviewed

Min, M. C., & Takai, J.

Intercultural Communication Studies Vol. 28 page： 109 - 131 2019

Effects of relational uncertainty in heightening national identification and reactive approach motivation of Japanese. International journal

Yuto Terashima, Jiro Takai

International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie Vol. 53 page： 37 - 45 2018.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD

This study investigated whether relational uncertainty poses uncertainty threat, which causes compensatory behaviours among Japanese. We hypothesised that Japanese, as collectivists, would perceive relational uncertainty to pose uncertainty threat. In two experiments, we manipulated relational uncertainty, and confirmed that participants exhibited compensatory reactions to reduce aversive feelings due to it. In Study 1, we conducted direct comparison between relational uncertainty, independent self-uncertainty and control conditions. The results revealed that participants who were instructed to imagine events pertaining to relational uncertainty heightened national identification as compensation than did participants in the control condition, but independent self-uncertainty did not provoke such effects. In Study 2, we again manipulated relational uncertainty; however, we also manipulated participants' individualism-collectivism cultural orientation through priming, and the analyses yielded a significant interaction effect between these variables. Relational uncertainty evoked reactive approach motivation, a cause for compensatory behaviours, among participants primed with collectivism, but not for individualism. It was concluded that the effect of uncertainty on compensatory behaviour is influenced by cultural priming, and that relational uncertainty is important to Japanese.

DOI： 10.1002/ijop.12422

The psychology of culture in Japan

Cross-cultural comparison of relational values of Asians: Analysing the World Values Survey, International Social Survey Programme, and AsiaBarometer

Min, M. C., & Takai, J.

Bulletin of the Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University (Psychology and Human Development Sciences) Vol. 64 page： 87-97 2018.3

Reina Takamatsu, Jiro Takai

Asia-Pacific Perspectives on Intercultural Psychology page： 32 - 52 2018.1

Language：English Publishing type：Part of collection (book) Publisher：Taylor and Francis

Of late, the psychology of culture has been receiving much fanfare in Japan. This was evidenced by the record attendance of 1, 180 participants at the 2016 Conference of the International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology in Nagoya, Japan. That record attendance was largely due to the high number of domestic attendees. This chapter outlines how the psychology of culture has been developed in Japan, beginning with the introduction of psychology as a Western discipline in parallel with industrial, political, and cultural modernisation as the result of the Meiji reform. During the Meiji era of 1868-1912, dramatic changes pertaining to the government of the nation resulted in rapid industrialisation and economic development, opening up Japan’s doors for foreign influence. At the same time militarisation was accelerated, which gave impetus for colonisation of neighbouring lands. This reform began after the end of sakokushugi, the self-induced isolationism of the island nation, which awakened Japanese citizens to their uniqueness relative to foreign people and cultures.

DOI： 10.4324/9781315158358-8

Social projection to outgroups: Japanese students refer to psychologically distant others

ユーモア・センスの気質的基盤 ―「状態・特性快活さ尺度 (特性版)」邦訳項目の信頼性・妥当性の検討― Reviewed

鵜子修司、高井次郎

笑い学研究 Vol. 25 page： 120-135 2018

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Ruch, Köhler, & Van Thriel（1996）の作成した状態・特性快活さ尺度（State-Trait-Cheerfulness-Inventory: STCI）は、ユーモア・センスに関連する気質的基盤として快活さ、真剣さ、不機嫌さの３つを、個人の状態ないし特性として測定す
る尺度である。本研究ではSTCIの特性版（STCI-T）について、各項目の日本語訳を新たに作成し、信頼性・妥当性を検証
した。大学生263名を対象にした調査の結果、オリジナルのSTCI-Tを構成する下位特性（facet）モデルは、各下位特性における信頼性の低さから維持されなかった。その代わり、本研究では下位尺度への修正済I-T相関に基づく項目選定から、暫定的なSTCI-T <49>を構成した。このときSTCI-Tにおける、３つの下位尺度の信頼性は.73から.89であり何れも高かった。ま
た各下位尺度とBig Five、及びwell-beingの指標の相関は、先行研究の結果を再現した。以上から、STCI-T<49>はオリジナル
のSTCI-Tに類似した概念を測定する尺度として、ある程度の信頼性・妥当性を有していると結論付けられた。最後に、本研究
でオリジナルのSTCI-Tにおける下位特性・因子構造が再現されなかった結果の説明として、考えられる可能性について検討し、今後の課題についてまとめた。

DOI： https://doi.org/10.18991/warai.25.0_120

Chieko Yoshihara, Reina Takamatsu, Jiro Takai

Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology Vol. 12 2018

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS

© The Author(s) 2018. This study focused on social projection (SP) to outgroups. Two studies were conducted to show that SP to outgroups was greater than to ingroups when an issue is more relevant to the outgroup than to the ingroup and vice versa. These experiments were conducted for students of different schools (N1 = 92, N2 = 203). The results confirmed that students overestimated agreement with working adults when the topic was more relevant to working people. Also, when the topic was relevant to students, they overestimated agreement of other students relative to the working adults. These results suggested the relevance of the opinion was more important than perceived social distance when Japanese students refer to others.

DOI： 10.1017/prp.2018.17

Effect of imagined contact in reducing explicit prejudice toward outgroups of Japanese Reviewed

Hu, A., & Takai, J.

Intercultural Communication Studies Vol. 27 page： 00 2018

The effect of emotional competence on relational quality: Comparing Japan and Myanmar Reviewed

Min, M. C., & Takai, J.

Current Psychology 2018

Cross-cultural comparison of university students' emotional competence in Asia Reviewed

Min, M. C., Islam, N. M., Wang, L., & Takai, J.

Current Psychology 2018

Constructing the Social Media Uses and Gratifications Scale on Japanese and Chinese samples: Comparing content to Western conceived scales Reviewed

Xu, W., & Takai, J.

Intercultural Communication Studies Vol. 27 page： 125-144 2018

ユーモア・センスの気質的基盤

鵜子修司, 高井次郎

笑い学研究 Vol. 25 ( 0 ) page： 120 - 135 2018

Language：Japanese Publisher：日本笑い学会

Ruch, Kohler, & Van Thriel（1996）の作成した状態・特性快活さ尺度（State-Trait-Cheerfulness-Inventory: STCI）は、ユーモア・センスに関連する気質的基盤として快活さ、真剣さ、不機嫌さの３つを、個人の状態ないし特性として測定する尺度である。本研究ではSTCIの特性版（STCI-T）について、各項目の日本語訳を新たに作成し、信頼性・妥当性を検証した。大学生263名を対象にした調査の結果、オリジナルのSTCI-Tを構成する下位特性（facet）モデルは、各下位特性における信頼性の低さから維持されなかった。その代わり、本研究では下位尺度への修正済I-T相関に基づく項目選定から、暫定的なSTCI-T 49を構成した。このときSTCI-Tにおける、３つの下位尺度の信頼性は.73から.89であり何れも高かった。また各下位尺度とBig Five、及びwell-beingの指標の相関は、先行研究の結果を再現した。以上から、STCI-T 49はオリジナルのSTCI-Tに類似した概念を測定する尺度として、ある程度の信頼性・妥当性を有していると結論付けられた。最後に、本研究でオリジナルのSTCI-Tにおける下位特性・因子構造が再現されなかった結果の説明として、考えられる可能性について検討し、今後の課題についてまとめた。

DOI： 10.18991/warai.25.0_120

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION A JAPANESE PERSPECTIVE

Takai, J

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION page： 53 - 57 2017

Research Trends and Issues in the Study of Identity of Multi-ethnic Persons

TABA, A. &, TAKAI, J.

Bulletin of the Graduate School of Education and Human Development (Psychological Sciences) Vol. 63 page： 93-101 2016.12

Communal identification for uncertainty reduction regarding relationships

Terashima Yuto, Takai Jiro

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 51 page： 1099 - 1099 2016.7

Self-protective function of social projection : Social projection to out-group increases the validity of opinion

Chieko Yoshihara, Reina Takamatsu, Jiro Takai

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 51 page： 731 - 731 2016.7

Parent's behaviors and ways of thinking about children's' conflict management strategies in China, Japan, and South Korea

Hiroki Maruyama, Tatsuo Ujiie, Jiro Takai, Yuko Takahama, Hiroko Sakagami, Makoto Shibayama, Mayumi Fukumoto, Katsumi Ninomiya, Hyang Ah Park, Feng Xiaoxia, Chie Takatsuji, Miwa Hirose, Rei Kudo, Yoshihiro Shima, Rumiko Nakayama, Noriko Hamaie, Zhang Feng, Satoshi Moriizumi

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 51 page： 330 - 330 2016.7

Cultural Difference in Conflict Management Strategies of Children and Its Development: Comparing 3- and 5-Year-Olds Across China, Japan, and Korea. International journal

Hiroki Maruyama, Tatsuo Ujiie, Jiro Takai, Yuko Takahama, Hiroko Sakagami, Makoto Shibayama, Mayumi Fukumoto, Katsumi Ninomiya, Park Hyang Ah, Xiaoxia Feng, Chie Takatsuji, Miwa Hirose, Rei Kudo, Yoshihiro Shima, Rumiko Nakayama, Noriko Hamaie, Feng Zhang, Satoshi Moriizumi

Early education and development Vol. 26 ( 8 ) page： 1210 - 1233 2015.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD

Research Findings: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the development of conflict management strategies, focusing on 3- and 5-year-olds, through a comparison of 3 neighboring Asian cultures, those of China (n = 114), Japan (n = 98), and Korea (n = 90). The dual concern model of conflict management was adopted to probe which strategy children would prefer to use in 2 hypothetical conflict situations. Results indicated that, first, for disagreement, 3-year-olds in the 3 countries equally preferred the dominating strategy. For competition for resources, 3-year-olds differed in their strategy preference across all cultures. Second, the observed strategy preference of 3- to 5-year-old children in this study was more or less different from that of older schoolchildren, regardless of culture. Practice or Policy: These findings suggest the significance of the context, the complexity of the phenomenon of the development of cultural differences, and the significance of cohort sampling.

DOI： 10.1080/10409289.2015.1036344

THE EFFECT OF INTIMACY AND STATUS DISCREPANCY ON SALIENT AND NON-SALIENT CONFLICT STRATEGIES OF JAPANESE. International journal

Satomi Nakatsugawa, Jiro Takai

Psychological reports Vol. 117 ( 2 ) page： 597 - 613 2015.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMMONS SCIENTIFIC, LTD

It has been claimed that Japanese people prefer passive forms of conflict strategies to preserve interpersonal harmony. This study aimed to identify some conditions in which such passive strategies are used. The effects of target intimacy and status discrepancy on the intent and use of salient and non-salient conflict strategies were examined, along with respondent sex differences. Questionnaires were collected from 205 Japanese university students. Results indicated that women were more likely to have non-salient intents than men and that intimacy affected considerateness intent but not avoidance intent. Active non-salient strategy was affected by status while passive non-salient strategy was affected by intimacy. Overall, target characteristics proved to be a strong factor in the intents and strategies employed in conflict situations of Japanese.

DOI： 10.2466/17.21.PR0.117c20z3

Everyday Experience of Account-Giving Process : Accounts and Their Effects

The effect of intimacy and status discrepancy on salient and non-salient conflict strategies of Japanese Reviewed

Nakatsugawa, S., & Takai, J.

Psychological Reports Vol. 117 page： 597-613 2015

Everyday experiences of account-giving from victims' and offenders' perspectives: A comparison of U.S. American and Japanese perceptions Reviewed

Shimada, T., Thameling, C. L., & Takai, J.

Intercultural Communication Studies Vol. 24 page： 82-102 2015

Cultural difference in conflict management strategies of children and its development: Comparing 3- and 5-year-olds across China, Japan, and Korea Reviewed

Maruyama, H., Ujiie, T., Takai, J., Takahama, Y., Sakagami, H., Shibayama, M., Fukumoto, M., Ninomiya, K., Park, H. A., Feng, X., Takatsuji, C., Hirose, M., Kudo, R., Shima, Y., Nakayama, R., Hamaie, N., Zhang, F. & Moriizumi, S.

Early Education and Development Vol. 26 page： 1210-1233 2015

Out-group mind perception before and after territorial conflict: Empathy as a key to reducing extreme prejudice

TAKAMATSU, Reina, TAKAI, Jiro

Bulletin of the Graduate School of Education and Human Development (Psychological Sciences) Vol. 61 page： 69-76 2014.12

Everyday experience of account-giving process: Accounts and their effects Reviewed

Shimada, T., Thameling, C., & Takai, J.

Japanese Journal of Communication Studies Vol. 43 ( 1 ) page： 5-28 2014.11

An approach to work-home balance in Romania Reviewed

Muscalu, I. C. B., Matsumoto, M., Kanai, A., & Takai, J.

International Journal of Applied Psychology Vol. 4 page： 19-24 2014

The relationship between interpersonal competence and salient and non-salient conflict strategies of Japanese students Reviewed

Nakatsugawa, S., & Takai, J.

Intercultural Communication Studies Vol. 23 page： 103-116 2014

Roles of work-home balance skill and accommodation strategies for satisfaction at work-home interface Reviewed

Muscalu, I. C. B., Matsumoto, M., Kanai, A., & Takai, J.

Vol. 27 page： 1-11 2014

SHIMADA Takuji, THAMELING Carl L., TAKAI Jiro

Japanese Journal of Communication Studies Vol. 43 ( 1 ) page： 5 - 28 2014

Language：Japanese Publisher：Japan Communication Association

This study intends to explore the process of interpersonal accounts that Japanese and American college students experience in their everyday lives, with special emphases on the associations among the severity of offense, the nature of reproach, the preference for accounting tactics, and the relational consequences. Questionnaires were distributed to a total of 478 (260 Japanese and 218 American) students, who were asked about their own experiences of interpersonal accounts in terms of their perceived causes of account-making, nature of reproaches, the damages caused by the account-requiring incidents, and the accounting tactics from the perspectives of the account-receiver (the victim's role) and the account-giver (the offender's role). The results indicated that the causes of offense affect the relational consequences between offenders and victims. In addition, the relational consequences were found to be influenced by the choice of accounting tactics and the nature of reproach. The most interesting finding was that most hypotheses were supported by the victim's data only. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the self-serving attributional tendency and cultural differences.

DOI： 10.20698/comm.43.1_5

Roles of work-home balance skill and accommodation strategies for satisfaction at work-home interface

Muscalu Ioana-Cristina Bratescu, Matsumoto Miyuki, Kanai Atsuko, Takai Jiro

Japanese Journal of Administrative Science Vol. 27 ( 1 ) page： 1 - 11 2014

Language：English Publisher：The Japanese Association of Administrative Science

In this research we investigated the moderating role of the work-home balance skill and the work-home accommodation strategies on the relationship between the emotions at work-home interface and satisfactions and mental health among Romanian workers. We firstly hypothesized that, in the relationship between the experience of work-home interface's negative emotions and the outcomes referring to satisfaction and health, the skill in work-home balance and the work-home accommodation strategies have an opposed function. We assumed the former might act to enhance satisfaction and inhibit illness. Secondly, we hypothesized that this skill in work-home balance will probably moderate the negative effect of prolonged working hours on the satisfaction with workhome balance. We tested the hypotheses through structural equation modeling and the ANOVA method in a representative sample of 277 Romanian workers (age range 21-65). The results supported both hypotheses. We conclude that it is important that people should use the work-home accommodation strategies to the minimum and accumulate the work-home balance skills.

DOI： 10.5651/jaas.27.1

Face Concerns in Interpersonal Conflict : Elaborating on Face Negotiation Theory

Evaluation of work-life balance in Romania through semi-structured interview technique. Reviewed

Vol. 13 page： 11-16 2013

Keeping conflicts latent: "Salient" versus "non-salient" interpersonal conflict management strategies of Japanese

Nakatsugawa, S., & Takai, J.

Intercultural Communication Studies Vol. 22 page： 43-60 2013

Face concerns in interpersonal conflict: Elaborating on face negotiation theory Reviewed

Moriizumi, S., & Takai, J.

Japan Journal of Language in Society Vol. 15 page： 46-57 2013

MORIIZUMI Satoshi, TAKAI Jiro

The Japanese Journal of Language in Society Vol. 15 ( 2 ) page： 46 - 57 2013

Language：English Publisher：The Japanese Association of Sociolinguistic Sciences

This study examined the relationship between relational features, face concerns, and conflict styles by confirming and elaborating on face negotiation theory (FNT). In the study 344 Japanese university students were asked to rate face concerns and interpersonal conflict style in relation to targets of differing relational closeness and social status. These relationships were tested through structural equation modeling. The general results confirmed the situational model proposed by FNT. Moreover, the further examination of face concepts was valuable in explaining conflict communication processes. First, relational features were found to impact the use of conflict styles directly and indirectly through face concerns. Second, through examining face concerns from the two dimensions of content and locus, we could gain a more detailed picture of the relationship between face concerns and conflict styles. By applying the results of the current study, educators will be able to focus on relational features and face concerns to offer training in interpersonal communication competence needed to resolve interpersonal conflict.

DOI： 10.19024/jajls.15.2_46

Considering cross-cultural student exchange from a social psychological perspective

Jiro Takai

Transnational Higher Education in the Asian Context page： 185 - 194 2012.12

What Makes for a Good Life? A Four-Nation Study

Romin W. Tafarodi, Greg Bonn, Hanyu Liang, Jiro Takai, Satoshi Moriizumi, Vivek Belhekar, Amruta Padhye

Journal of Happiness Studies Vol. 13 ( 5 ) page： 783 - 800 2012.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：SPRINGER

How do we assess the value of our lives? What makes the life we live a good or worthy one in our own eyes? What are its aims? The answers to these questions are implicit in the often unarticulated commitments by which people define their selves, purposes, and actions. These commitments structure the moral framework that guides our everyday qualitative distinctions and positions us within a unified narrative of continuity and change. The substantive conception of a good life, we argue, presupposes but is not reducible to a set of basic values. As an initial exploration of cultural variation, Canadian, Chinese, Indian, and Japanese university students were compared on what they held to be most important for assessing the worth of their lives. The results revealed considerable commonality of content with notable differences consistent with the cultural ethos of each group. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

DOI： 10.1007/s10902-011-9290-6

Cross-cultural comparison of the developmental process of conflict management skills in early childhood

対人葛藤における建設的潜在化方略選好の規定因

中津川智美、吉田琢哉、高井次郎

名古屋大学教育発達科学研究科紀要 Vol. 58 page： 47-55 2012.3

対人ストレスの日米比較―親密性とソーシャルスキルの観点から Reviewed

橋本剛、吉田琢哉、矢崎祐美子、森泉哲、高井次郎、John Oetzel

実験社会心理学研究 Vol. 51 page： 91-103 2012

A specific of the balance between work and life in Romania: Gender differences in labor support Reviewed

Muscalu, I. C. B., Matsumoto, M., Kanai, A., & Takai, J.

Revista de Psyihologie Organizationala (Romanian Journal of Organizational Psychology) Vol. 12 page： 61-68 2012

MATSUI Hiroki, TAKAI Jiro, TAKAHAMA Yuko, SHIBAYAMA Makoto, FUKUMOTO Mayumi, SAKAGAMI Hiroko, NINOMIYA Katsumi, OMI Rei, SHIMA Yoshihiro, NAKAYAMA Rumiko, HAMAIE Noriko

The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Vol. 75 ( 0 ) page： 3PM056 - 3PM056 2011

A cross-cultural comparison of interpersonal stress between Japan and the United States: Featuring relational closeness and social skills

Hashimoto Takeshi, Yoshida Takuya, Yazaki Yumiko, Moriizumi Satoshi, Takai Jiro, Oetzel John G.

THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 51 ( 2 ) page： 91 - 103 2011

Language：Japanese Publisher：The Japanese Group Dynamics Association

This study investigated cultural differences between the United States and Japan in terms of frequency of interpersonal stressors in close and non-close relationships, effects of social skills on the relationship between culture and stressors, and effects of interpersonal stressors on distress. Japanese and American undergraduates participated in a questionnaire survey. The three major findings were as follows. First, regarding frequency of stressors, cultural differences were not found in interpersonal conflicts (arguments and confrontations), but effects of culture and closeness were found in both interpersonal blunders (imposing a burden on someone) and interpersonal friction (suppressing true feelings and being considerate); particularly, in close relationships, Japanese experienced more interpersonal blunders, but less interpersonal friction than Americans. Second, social skills served as a mediator to the relationship between culture and frequency of interpersonal blunders for close relationships, indicating that interpersonal blunders are more frequent in Japan than the U.S. Also, regarding associations between social skills and frequency of interpersonal conflicts in close relationships, a moderator effect of culture was significant; that is, those with higher skills experienced less interpersonal conflict for Americans, but not for Japanese. Finally, the relationship between interpersonal stressors in close relationships and distress was stronger in Japan than the U.S.<br>

DOI： 10.2130/jjesp.51.91

Cross-cultural comparison of the developmental process of conflict management skills in early childhood

HAMAIE Noriko, TAKAI Jiro, TAKAHAMA Yuko, SHIBAYAMA Makoto, FUKUMOTO mayumi, SAKAGAMI Hiroko, NINOMIYA Katsumi, OMI Rei, SHIMA Yoshihiro, NAKAYAMA Rumiko, MATSUI Hiroki

The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Vol. 75 ( 0 ) page： 3PM055 - 3PM055 2011

Cross-cultural comparison of the developmental process of conflict management skills in early childhood:

HAMAIE Noriko, TAKAI Jiro, TAKAHAMA Yuko, SHIBAYAMA Makoto, FUKUMOTO Mayumi, SAKAGAMI Hiroko, NINOMIYA Katsumi, OMI Rei, SHIMA Yoshihiro, NAKAYAMA Rumiko, MATSUI Hiroki

The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Vol. 74 ( 0 ) page： 2EV120 - 2EV120 2010.9

The relationships between Japanese interpersonal conflict styles and their language expressions

Satoshi Moriizumi, Jiro Takai

Journal of Social Psychology Vol. 150 ( 5 ) page： 520 - 539 2010.9

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD

The present study investigated the influence of interpersonal conflict management styles on language expressions and the differences in expressions in same-sex relational categories based on specific in-group-out-group classifications. Questionnaires were administered to 367 university students in Japan. After reading a scenario, participants reported on actual language use and gave ratings on an interpersonal conflict management scale. The results revealed that Japanese change their expressions, along with psychological styles, depending on the relational target. They also indicated psychological constructs were related to their equivalent expressions. The results suggested that future research should take into consideration the potential differences in behavior and interaction posture inherent in various relational and situational categories. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

DOI： 10.1080/00224540903365349

Current and future directions of socio-cultural support model for Asian immigrants older adults

The Relationships between Japanese Interpersonal Conflict Styles and Their Language Expressions Reviewed

Satoshi Moriizumi, Jiro Takai

Journal of Social Psychology Vol. 150 page： 520-539 2010.9

Hoshino Kazumi, Zarit Steven H., Sundstrom Gerdt, Takenoshita Hirohisa, Nakayamoto Yoshihiko, Toyama Hironori, Takase Koji, Dodge Hiroko H., Takai Jiro, Hirayama Ryo, Nakayama Makoto

アジア研究 ( 5 ) page： 119 - 128 2010.3

International comparisons of multicultural lifelong education for the oldest old based on psychosocial development

Zarit Steven H.

The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association Vol. 73 ( 0 ) page： WS013 - WS013 2009.8

葛藤処理方略の文化差の発生過程(5)

濱家德子, 氏家達夫, 高井次郎, 高濱裕子, 柴山真琴, 福元真由美, 坂上裕子, 二宮克美, 近江玲, 島義弘, 中山留美子, 松井宏樹

日本心理学会大会発表論文集 Vol. 73 ( 0 ) page： 3AM131 - 3AM131 2009.8

何が対人関係のストレスをもたらすのか（２）

吉田琢哉, 矢崎裕美子, 森泉哲, 高井次郎, 橋本剛

日本心理学会大会発表論文集 Vol. 73 ( 0 ) page： 1PM034 - 1PM034 2009.8

何が対人関係のストレスをもたらすのか（１）

橋本剛, 吉田琢哉, 矢崎裕美子, 森泉哲, 高井次郎

日本心理学会大会発表論文集 Vol. 73 ( 0 ) page： 1PM033 - 1PM033 2009.8

Gaming tool as a method of natural disaster risk education: Educating the relationship between risk and insurance

T. Unagami, T. Motoyoshi, J. Takai

Safety, Reliability and Risk Analysis: Theory, Methods and Applications - Proceedings of the Joint ESREL and SRA-Europe Conference Vol. 4 page： 2685 - 2688 2009

Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)

The present study aimed to revise disaster risk communication gaming tool RisCom (Unagami, Motoyoshi, Takai, & Yoshida, 2007). In a previous study, the authors developed and tested the effectiveness of RisCom in terms of natural disaster risk education, and pointed out the necessity for a better gaming tool that reflects more factors related to natural disaster prevention. In the present study, disaster insurance was implemented into the previous version of RisCom. The game was designed to provide better educational tools for natural disaster risk education, as well as to provide research method for research in the perception of risk and willingness to accept some cost to avoid possible risks (i.e., willingness to pay). A total of 115 Japanese students participated in RisCom II. Individual difference in the risk aversive strategy was observed, and most of the participants evaluated the new version of RisCom as being both educative and entertaining. Participants* interests towards natural disaster insurance increased significantly after playing the game. © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group.

No mobile, no life: Self-perception and text-message dependency among Japanese high school students.

葛藤処理方略の文化差の発生過程（4）

近江玲, 氏家達夫, 高井次郎, 高濱裕子, 柴山真琴, 福元真由美, 坂上裕子, 二宮克美, 島義弘, 中山留美子

日本心理学会大会発表論文集 Vol. 72 ( 0 ) page： 3AM048 - 3AM048 2008.9

葛藤処理方略の文化差の発生過程(3)

坂上裕子, 氏家達夫, 近江玲, 柴山真琴, 島義弘, 高井次郎, 二宮克美

日本心理学会大会発表論文集 Vol. 72 ( 0 ) page： 3AM047 - 3AM047 2008.9

葛藤処理方略の文化差の発生過程（1）

氏家達夫, 高井次郎, 高濱裕子, 柴山真琴, 福元真由美, 坂上裕子, 二宮克美, 近江玲, 島義弘, 中山留美子

日本心理学会大会発表論文集 Vol. 72 ( 0 ) page： 3AM045 - 3AM045 2008.9

葛藤処理方略の文化差の発生過程（2）

島義弘, 氏家達夫, 高井次郎, 高濱裕子, 柴山真琴, 福元真由美, 坂上裕子, 二宮克美, 近江玲, 中山留美子

日本心理学会大会発表論文集 Vol. 72 ( 0 ) page： 3AM046 - 3AM046 2008.9

No mobile, no life: Self-perception and text-message dependency among Japanese high school students. Reviewed

Igarashi, T., Motoyoshi, T., Takai, J., & Yoshida, T.

Computers in Human Behavior Vol. 24 page： 2311-2324 2008.9

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

A survey was conducted to investigate how self-perception of text-message dependency leads to psychological/behavioral symptoms in relation to personality factors. Japanese high school students completed a self-report questionnaire measuring frequency of text-messages, self-perception of text-message dependency, psychological/behavioral symptoms, extroversion and neuroticism. Self-perception of text-message dependency was composed of three factors: perception of excessive use, emotional reaction, and relationship maintenance. Although message frequency was significantly related to psychological/behavioral symptoms, this effect was qualified by self-perception and personality factors. In particular, self-perception of text-message dependency strongly affected psychological/behavioral symptoms. Importance of distinction between extroverted and neurotic text-message dependency through the process of self-perception of maladaptive behavior is discussed.

Tasuku Igarashi, Tadahiro Motoyoshi, Jiro Takai, Toshikazu Yoshida

Comput. Hum. Behav. Vol. 24 ( 5 ) page： 2311 - 2324 2008.9

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD

DOI： 10.1016/j.chb.2007.12.001

The effect of the norm related to anger regulation according to interpersonal relationships Reviewed

Takuya Yoshida, & Jiro Takai

Japanese Journal of Interpersonal Social Psychology Vol. 8 page： 35-42 2008.6

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Effects of emotion regulation tactics which represent expression or non-expression have been examined in relation to psychological well-being. However, which tactic is effective would be contingent on the interpersonal relationships with the agent of arousal at least for anger regulation, as the norms pertaining to emotion expression may differ with intimacy or social status of the target. As it was vague that whether both intimacy and status influenced the cognition of norm and use of each tactic, the present study, focusing on anger, examined the influence of intimacy and status on norm and use of anger regulation tactics. A vignette approach revealed that social status generally had some effect on the norm of anger regulation. Results also showed that the social status had positive relationships with the anger regulation tactics after the effects of the norm had been statistically controlled.

Duration to prepare against natural disasters: Fail to plan or plan to fail

Tomoaki Unagami, Tadahiro Motoyoshi, Jiro Takai, Toshikazu Yoshida

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 43 ( 3-4 ) page： 164 - 164 2008.6

怒り感情の制御に関する調整要因の検討－感情生起対象との関係性に着目して Reviewed

吉田琢哉、高井次郎

感情心理学研究 Vol. 15 page： 89-106 2008.4

*Effects of anonymity on antisocial behavior committed by individuals Reviewed

Nogami, Tatsuya, Jiro Takai

Psychological Reports Vol. 102 page： 119-130 2008.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

The present study examined association between anonymity and antisocial individual behavior without any influence from die presence of others. Anonymity was operationally defined as consisting of two components, nonidentifiability and nonaccountability. Antisocial behavior was defined as rule-breaking behavior seeking a monetary reward. It was hypothesized that anonymity would increase antisocial behavior among individuals. Undergraduate students (20 men, 50 women) were recruited from two psychology classes and were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions (Anonymous, Nonidentifiable, Nonaccountable, and Nonanonymous) to examine whether they would violate game rules to obtain the monetary reward through anonymity. Only participants in the Anonymous condition violated the rules to obtain the reward. Implications for the effects of anonymity on antisocial individual behavior are discussed.

Effects of anonymity on antisocial behavior committed by individuals. International journal

Tatsuya Nogami, Jiro Takai

Psychological reports Vol. 102 ( 1 ) page： 119 - 30 2008.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC

The present study examined association between anonymity and antisocial individual behavior without any influence from the presence of others. Anonymity was operationally defined as consisting of two components, nonidentifiability and nonaccountability. Antisocial behavior was defined as rule-breaking behavior seeking a monetary reward. It was hypothesized that anonymity would increase antisocial behavior among individuals. Undergraduate students (20 men, 50 women) were recruited from two psychology classes and were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions (Anonymous, Nonidentifiable, Nonaccountable, and Nonanonymous) to examine whether they would violate game rules to obtain the monetary reward through anonymity. Only participants in the Anonymous condition violated the rules to obtain the reward. Implications for the effects of anonymity on antisocial individual behavior are discussed.

DOI： 10.2466/PR0.102.1.119-130

Does self-concept differentiation really damage mental health?: Exploring the role of expectancy from others

Yoshida Takuya, Takai Jiro

THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 47 ( 2 ) page： 118 - 133 2008

Language：Japanese Publisher：The Japanese Group Dynamics Association

There have been a myriad of studies focusing on self-concept-in-situation. However, it has yet to be empirically clarified why self concept may change, depending on the context. Based on previous studies, it was hypothesized that expectation from others peculiar to a situation will influence changes in self-concept. Also, the relationship between self-concept change and mental health was examined. Although studies in self-concept differentiation have shown that changes in self concept are a sign of maladaptation, this study forwarded that changes in the direction toward the expectations from others should be regarded as adaptive. Thus, self-concept change along with expectations, were hypothesized to positively relate to situation-specific self-evaluation and global mental health. Results supported these hypotheses except for mental health. The relationship between self concept change and self-monitoring was also examined, and it was determined that sensitivity to expressive behavior of others have a positive influence on self concept change. The difference between the effects of the two components of self-monitoring on self concept change was discussed, and it was concluded that further exploration of social situations are warranted.<br>

DOI： 10.2130/jjesp.47.118

Moderating factors of anger regulation: Focusing on interpersonal relationships with the agent of arousal

Yoshida Takuya, Takai Jiro

JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS Vol. 15 ( 2 ) page： 89 - 106 2008

Language：Japanese Publisher：JAPAN SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS

The effects of expression or non-expression of negative emotions have been of particular interest to researchers of emotion regulation. Among the variety of negative emotions, anger poses a particularly detrimental consequence on interpersonal relationships and mental health, whether expressed or not. The constructive expression of anger and trial of revision has been the recent focus of an effective method of anger regulation. However, the most effective tactic is contingent on the interpersonal relationship with the agent of arousal, as norms pertaining to emotional expression may differ depending on the level of intimacy or power distance. Thus, the present study examined the moderating effect of relational variables with the agent of anger arousal. A native anger regulation scale suggested a five-factor structure: Emotional expression, Constructive expression, Expression toward third person, Suppression, and Reappraisal attempt. To confirm the moderating effects of interpersonal relations, evaluations of past anger-arousing experiences between two conditions, one toward a non-intimate target with higher status, and another toward an intimate target with equal status, were compared. Results suggested that Reappraisal attempt had a positive effect on relationship evaluation in the non-intimate, higher status condition, while constructive expression had a positive effect in the intimate, equal status condition. Further examination of relationship factors, content of anger experience, and other moderating factors was discussed.

DOI： 10.4092/jsre.15.89

Dissociation as a mediator between perceived parental rearing style and depression in an adult community population using college students

Development of the Career Information Exploration Behavior Scale

Yumiko Yazaki, Kazushi Saito, Jiro Takai

Vol. 54 page： 127-134 2007.12

Takahiro Yoshizumi, Satomi Murase, Takashi Murakami, Jiro Takai

Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 43 ( 2 ) page： 353 - 364 2007.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating process in the relationship between early parenting and depressive symptoms. In particular, the potential role of dissociation as a mediator between the perceived parental rearing style during childhood and depression in adulthood was examined, along with the effect of avoidance as a coping style. A total of 449 undergraduates (231 men and 218 women) completed five measures: the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Parenting Scale of Inconsistency (PSI), the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the Depression Scale of the GHQ-60, and the Tri-axial Coping Scale (TAC-24). Path analyses were conducted to test for mediating effects. The findings showed different paths by gender. For men, dissociation mediated the relationship between overprotective parenting and depressive symptoms, although for women, dissociation mediated the relationship between inconsistent parenting and depressive symptoms. Avoidance as a coping style had no effect on depressive symptoms. The mediating role of dissociation between perceived parenting style and depressive symptoms was confirmed in a community sample. Some clinical and research implications of the study were outlined. © 2007.

DOI： 10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.010

Teacher Immediacy Scales: Testing for Validity Across Cultures

Qin Zhang, John G. Oetzel, Xiaofang Gao, Richard G. Wilcox, Jiro Takai

Communication Education Vol. 56 ( 2 ) page： 228 - 248 2007.4

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Cross-cultural validity of teacher immediacy scales is a constant concern in instructional communication research. The present study examines the validity of two existing teacher immediacy scales: the Revised Nonverbal Immediacy Measure (RNIM) and the Chinese Teacher Immediacy Scale (CTIS) in U.S., Chinese, German, and Japanese cultures. Results of confirmatory factor analysis and Pearson correlation provide evidence for the validity of both the RNIM and the CTIS. Overall, both scales are found to have adequate factorial, construct, convergent, and discriminant validity pan-culturally and within culture, despite some slight variations across cultures. Implications and future directions are also addressed.

DOI： 10.1080/03634520601089092

The influence of time pressure on mood-congruent effects: Evaluating products with limited information

Masayo Noda, Jiro Takai, Toshikazu Yoshida

Journal of Applied Social Psychology Vol. 37 ( 2 ) page： 403 - 425 2007.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：WILEY

This study tested mood effects on product evaluation, varying information type and time pressure. In this experiment, happy or sad moods were induced in participants, then they were asked to evaluate products. The results showed that in the happy mood/non-time-prcssure condition, a favorable evaluation was seen when complete information was provided compared to incomplete. However, when time pressure was induced, no such difference was observed. On the other hand, in the sad mood/non-time-pressure condition, there was no difference in evaluation between complete and incomplete information, but when time pressure was induced, a less favorable evaluation of products was seen under incomplete relative to complete. The results provide support for the process in which participants depend on their mood as a source of information when inferring about missing information under reduced cognitive capacity. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing, Inc.

DOI： 10.1111/j.0021-9029.2007.00166.x

A further test of immediacy-learning models: A cross-cultural investigation

Positive-negative asymmetry in mental state inference: Replication and extension Reviewed

Itoh, K., & Takai, J.

Psychologia Vol. 49 page： 267-277 2007

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Our present study examined whether this asymmetrical inference is evident in the case of inference from real-life behavioral episodes. Participants were asked to remember desirable and undesirable behavior performed by other persons, and to infer the actors' mental states from their behaviors. The results supported the hypothesis, indicating that, while people's inclinations to infer correspondent mental states from both behaviors were potent, inference of non-correspondent mental states from desirable behaviors were more frequent than inference from undesirable behaviors. The results also provided insight into the process of idea generation in mental state inference.

*The influence of time pressure on mood congruent effects: Evaluating products under limited information conditions Reviewed

Noda, M., Takai, J., & Yoshida, T.

Journal of Applied Social Psychology Vol. 37 page： 403-425 2007

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

This study tested mood effects on product evaluation, varying information type and time pressure. In this experiment, happy or sad moods were induced in participants, then they were asked to evaluate products. The results showed that in the happy mood/non-time-pressure condition, a favorable evaluation was seen when complete information was provided compared to incomplete. However, when time pressure was induced, no such difference was observed. On the other hand, in the sad mood/non-time-pressure condition, there was no difference in evaluation between complete and incomplete information, but when time pressure was induced, a less favorable evaluation of products was seen under incomplete relative to complete. The results provide support for the process in which participants depend on their mood as a source of information when inferring about missing information under reduced cognitive capacity.

Dissociation as a mediator between perceived parental rearing style and depression in an adult community population using college students Reviewed

Yoshizumi, T., Murase, S., Murakami, T., & Takai, J.

Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 43 page： 353-364 2007

Teacher Immediacy Scales: Testing for Validity across Cultures Reviewed

Zhang, Q., Oetzel, J., Gao, X., Wilcox, R. G., & Takai, J.

Communication Education Vol. 56 page： 228-248 2007

A further test of immediacy-learning models: A cross-cultural investigation Reviewed

Zhang, Q., Oetzel, J., Gao, X., Wilcox, R. G., & Takai, J.

Journal of Intercultural Communication Research Vol. 36 page： 1-13 2007

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

The present study was designed to test and compare the four existing immediacy-learning models, namely the learning model, the motivation model, the affective learning model, and the integrating model, in US, Chinese, German, and Japanese college classrooms. Altogether 695 college students from the four cultures completed the questionnaire, and the results from structural equation modeling indicate that the integrating model produces the best fit to the four-cultural data. Teacher immediacy has both a direct path and indirect paths mediated through affective learning and motivation to cognitive learning. The findings are consistent with both the relevant theories pertinent to immediacy, cognition, and behavior, and previous empirical findings regarding the immediacy-learning relationship.

Qin Zhang, John G. Oetzel, Xiaofang Gao, Richard G. Wilcox, Jiro Takai

Journal of Intercultural Communication Research Vol. 36 ( 1 ) page： 1 - 13 2007

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

DOI： 10.1080/17475750701265209

PA042 就職に関する情報探索行動尺度の作成(2) : 就職活動の結果に与える影響

矢崎裕美子, 斎藤和志, 高井次郎

日本教育心理学会総会発表論文集 Vol. 49 ( 0 ) page： 42 - 42 2007

Positive-negative asymmetry in mental state inference: Replication and extension

Ito Koichiro, Takai Jiro

PSYCHOLOGIA Vol. 49 ( 4 ) page： 267 - 277 2006.12

Reliability and validity of the Parenting Scale of Inconsistency. International journal

Takahiro Yoshizumi, Satomi Murase, Takashi Murakami, Jiro Takai

Psychological reports Vol. 99 ( 1 ) page： 74 - 84 2006.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC

The purposes of the present study were to develop a Parenting Scale of Inconsistency and to evaluate its initial reliability and validity. The 12 items assess the inconsistency among parents' moods, behaviors, and attitudes toward children. In the primary study, 517 participants completed three measures: the new Parenting Scale of Inconsistency, the Parental Bonding Instrument, and the Depression Scale of the General Health Questionnaire. The Parenting Scale of Inconsistency had good test-retest reliability of .85 and internal consistency of .88 (Cronbach coefficient alpha). Construct validity was good as Inconsistency scores were significantly correlated with the Care and Overprotection scores of the Parental Bonding Instrument and with the Depression scores. Moreover, Inconsistency scores' relation with a dimension of parenting style distinct from Care and Overprotection suggested that the Parenting Scale of Inconsistency had factorial validity. This scale seems a potential measure for examining the relationships between inconsistent parenting and the mental health of children.

DOI： 10.2466/PR0.99.1.74-84

Explaining intercultural conflict: Promising approaches and future directions

Stella Ting-Toomey, Jiro Takai

The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Communication: Integrating Theory, Research, and Practice page： 691 - 726 2006.1

*Attitudes toward African-American vernacular English: A US export to Japan? Reviewed

Cargile, A., Takai, J., & Rodriguez, J.

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development Vol. 27 page： 443-456 2006

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine attitudes towards African–American vernacular English (AAVE) in a setting outside of the USA. Because foreign attitudes toward AAVE can serve as an indirect assessment of a society's racial prejudice, we decided to explore these attitudes in Japan: a country with an intriguing mix of ties that are both close (i.e. politically and economically) and distant (i.e. culturally) vis-à-vis the USA. Considering the ostensible similarities in racial beliefs widely held in both countries, we hypothesised that evaluations of AAVE in Japan would be comparable to those in the USA. We found that the evaluations expressed by a sample of Japanese college students were virtually indistinguishable from the overall pattern of AAVE evaluations made by US Americans and recommend additional research in order to better understand the nature of contemporary Japanese attitudes towards different varieties of English.

対人コミュニケーション場面における自己主張性方略の規定因―対人関係と自他意識の観点から Reviewed

森泉哲・高井次郎

ヒューマン・コミュニケーション研究 Vol. 34 page： 95-117 2006

Reliability and validity of the parenting scale of inconsistency Reviewed

Yoshizumi, T., Murase, S., Murakami, T., & Takai, J.

Psychological Reports Vol. 99 page： 74-84 2006

言語スタイルによってもたらされる“知的な印象”の構造

海上智昭, 高井次郎

日本認知心理学会発表論文集 Vol. 2006 ( 0 ) page： 029 - 029 2006

Factors Affecting Self-Assertive Strategies in an Interpersonal Communication Setting : From the Viewpoint of Interpersonal Relations and Self-Other Orientation

MORIIZUMI Satoshi, TAKAI Jiro

Human communication studies ( 34 ) page： 95 - 117 2006

Attitudes toward African-American vernacular English: A US export to Japan?

Aaron Castelan Cargile, Jiro Takai, José I. Rodríguez

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development Vol. 27 ( 6 ) page： 443 - 456 2006

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine attitudes towards African-American vernacular English (AAVE) in a setting outside of the USA. Because foreign attitudes toward AAVE can serve as an indirect assessment of a society's racial prejudice, we decided to explore these attitudes in Japan: a country with an intriguing mix of ties that are both close (i.e. politically and economically) and distant (i.e. culturally) vis-à-vis the USA. Considering the ostensible similarities in racial beliefs widely held in both countries, we hypothesised that evaluations of AAVE in Japan would be comparable to those in the USA. We found that the evaluations expressed by a sample of Japanese college students were virtually indistinguishable from the overall pattern of AAVE evaluations made by US Americans and recommend additional research in order to better understand the nature of contemporary Japanese attitudes towards different varieties of English. © 2006 A.C. Cargile et al.

DOI： 10.2167/jmmd472.1

Peace and Coexistence （III. Practice of Alternative Subjects)

HARA J., SANKODA H., TAKAHASHI N., NODA M., TAKAI J., SATO Y.

( 50 ) page： 100 - 108 2005.11

Gender differences in social network development via mobile phone text messages: A longitudinal study

Tasuku Igarashi, Jiro Takai, Toshikazu Yoshida

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships Vol. 22 ( 5 ) page： 691 - 713 2005.10

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

We examined the development of face-to-face (FTF) social networks and mobile/cell phone text message (MPTM)-mediated social networks, and gender differences in the social network structure of 64 male and 68 female first-year undergraduate students. Social network analysis showed that MPTM social networks consisted of dyadic relationships, and its growth was slower than FTF social networks. The intimacy of friends who communicate via both FTF and MPTM was rated higher than those who communicate only via FTP. The structure of MPTM social networks coincided with known gender differences in network characteristics. Females tended to expand their MPTM social networks more than males. These findings suggest that patterns of interpersonal relationships for MPTM social networks corresponded to Matsuda's (2000) selective interpersonal relationship theory. Copyright © 2005 SAGE Publications.

DOI： 10.1177/0265407505056492

Peace and Coexistence (III. Practice of Elective Subjects and Alternative Subjects)

アメリカ合衆国における入学者選抜関連機関の機能と役割 Reviewed

高井次郎・阿曽沼明裕・松岡靖・村上隆　(2005)　「

大学入試研究ジャーナル Vol. 15 page： 7－12 2005

Gender differences in social network development via mobile phone text messages: A longitudinal study Reviewed

Igarashi, T., Takai, J., & Yoshida, T.

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships Vol. 22 page： 691-713 2005

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

We examined the development of face-to-face(FTF) social networks and mobile/cell phone text message(MPTM)-mediated social networks, and gender differences in the social network structure of 64 male and 68 female first-year undergraduate students. Social network analysis showed that MPTM social networks consisted of dyadic relationships, and its growth was slower than FTF social networks.The intimacy of friends who communicate via both FTF and MPTM was rated higher than those who communicate only via FTF. The structure of MPTM social networks coincided with known gender differences in network characteristics. Females tended to expand their MPTM social networks more than males. These findings suggest that patterns of interpersonal relationships for MPTM social networks corresponded to Matsuda's(2000) selective interpersonal relationship theory.

HARA J., TAKAHASHI N., SANKODA H., TAKAI J.

( 49 ) page： 80 - 93 2004.11

Current trends of intercultural communication research in Japan Invited Reviewed

教育心理学年報 Vol. 42 page： 240-254 2003

依頼および断りの状況における直接的・間接的対人方略の地域比較

高井次郎

名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科紀要（心理発達科学) Vol. 49 page： 181-190 2003

Current Trends of Intercultural Communication Research in Japan

TAKAI Jiro

The Annual Report of Educational Psychology in Japan Vol. 42 ( 0 ) page： 240 - 254 2003

Language：English Publisher：The Japanese Association of Educational Psychology

Domestic research in intercultural communication has a history of less than three decades, yet a wide variety of studies have been conducted. This overview of current trends of the research in this field presents a review of studies conducted within the last decade in the areas of Japanese communication patterns, cross-cultural communication, intercultural interaction, intercultural adjustment, and intercultural communication training. Discussion of the current state of these areas are conducted from theoretical and methodological perspectives, and future directives are outlined.

DOI： 10.5926/arepj1962.42.0_240

Direct and Indirect Interpersonal Strategies in Refusal and Requesting : A Japanese Regional Comparison

TAKAI Jiro

Bulletin of the Graduate School of Education and Human Development. Psychology and human developmental sciences Vol. 49 page： 181 - 190 2002

Language：Japanese Publisher：Nagoya University

This study is one of a series of studies investigating the common belief that Japanese prefer indirect interpersonal communication strategies over direct strategies. Prior studies compared Japanese to Americans, but the current study focused on a domestic comparison, involving various regions of Japan. A total of 384 participants were surveyed about their preference of six interpersonal strategies (two direct, four indirect) over the two situations of refusal and requesting. Targets were specified by dimensions of intimacy and power, and the situation was varied by degree of imposition. Thus, a 2 (situation) x 5 (region) x 2 (intimacy) x 2 (power) x 2 (imposition) mixed design MANOVA was conducted to determine if the Japanese are consistently indirect (or direct) across the various regions of the nation. Results indicated that regional differences were minimal, as the two direct strategies were most likely used over both situations. Also, no indication was obtained regarding differences in the way regions respond to intimacy, power, and imposition. These results indicate that Japanese are relatively homogeneous regarding their interpersonal strategy preference in both refusal and requesting situations.

DOI： 10.18999/nupsych.49.181

Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2237/3134

Face and facework in conflict: A cross-cultural comparison of China, Germany, Japan, and the United States

John Oetzel, Stella Ting-Toomey, Tomoko Masumoto, Yumiko Yokochi, Xiaohui Pan, Jiro Takai, Richard Wilcox

Communication Monographs Vol. 68 ( 3 ) page： 235 - 258 2001.9

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

The purpose of the current study was to investigate face and facework during conflicts across four national cultures: China, Germany, Japan, and the United States. A questionnaire was administered to 768 participants in the 4 national cultures, in their respective languages, to measure 3 face concerns and 11 facework behaviors. The major findings of the current study are as follows: (a) self-construals had the strongest effects on face concerns and facework with independence positively associated with self-face and dominating facework and interdependence positively associated with other- and mutual-face and integrating and avoiding facework; (b) power distance had small, positive effects on all three face concerns and avoiding and dominating facework; (c) individualistic, small-power distance cultures had less other-face concern and avoiding facework, and more dominating facework than collectivistic, large-power distance cultures; (d) Germans had more self- and mutual-face concerns and used defending more than U.S. Americans; (e) Chinese had more self-face concern and involved a third party more than Japanese; and (f) relational closeness and status only had small effects on face concerns and facework behavior.

DOI： 10.1080/03637750128061

PG46 大学生の適応過程に関する研究 (11) : 社会的スキル得点の変化及び社会的スキルとライフイベントの生起の関連

Direct and indirect communication strategies: An overview of research from a cross-cultural perspective

Takai, J.

Academia (Literature and Language) Vol. 69 page： 259-279 2001

Face and facework in conflict: A cross-cultural comparison of China, Germany, Japan, and the United States Reviewed

Oetzel, J., Ting-Toomey, S., Matsumoto, T., Yokoichi, Y., Pan, X., Takai, J., and Wilcox, R.

Communication Monographs Vol. 68 page： 235-258 2001

Oetzel, J., Ting-Toomey, S., Yokoichi, Y., Matsumoto, T., A typology of facework behaviors in conflicts with best friends and relative strangers Reviewed

& Takai, J.

Communication Quarterly Vol. 2 page： 397-419 2001

坂本剛, 橋本剛, 石田靖彦, 高井次郎, 多川則子, 吉田俊和

日本教育心理学会総会発表論文集 Vol. 43 ( 0 ) page： 662 2001

A typology of facework behaviors in conflicts with best friends and relative strangers

John G. Oetzel, Stella Ting-Toomey, Yumiko Yokochi, Tomoko Masumoto, Jiro Takai

International Journal of Phytoremediation Vol. 48 ( 4 ) page： 397 - 419 2000.9

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

The purpose of the current study was to create a typology of facework behaviors in interpersonal conflicts between best friends and relative strangers for Japanese and U.S. participants. In phase I, 286 participants responded to open-ended questions about the manner in which they negotiated face during a conflict with either a best friend or a relative stranger. The responses of a sample of these respondents -16 Japanese, 16 members of ethnic minority groups in the U.S., and 20 European Americans — were categorized using a Q-sort technique. Fourteen categories of facework behaviors were derived. Validation procedures for the typology were carried out via a cluster analysis resulting in 13 unique clusters: (a) aggression, (b) apologize, (c) avoid, (d) compromise, (e) consider the other, (f) defend self (g) express feelings, (h) give in, (i) involve a third party, (j) pretend, (k) private discussion, (l) remain calm, and (m) talk about the problem. In phase II, 95 Japanese and 61 U.S. Americans rated the appropriateness and effectiveness of behaviors from each of the categories. The findings illustrate that the typology captures a wide range of appropriateness and effectiveness rating which further demonstrates the validity of the typology. © 2000, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

DOI： 10.1080/01463370009385606

A cross-cultural analysis of age identity in Japan and the United States

A cross-cultural analysis of age identity in Japan and the United States Reviewed

Ota, H., Harwood, J., Williams, A., & Takai, J.

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development Vol. 21 page： 33-41 2000

Hiroshi Ota, Jake Harwood, Angie Williams, Jiro Takai

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development Vol. 21 ( 1 ) page： 33 - 41 2000

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Age identity (Garstka et al., 1997) was examined with regard to its structure in Japan and the United States.Factor analysis confirmedthe validity of a one-factor structure in both countries. Cluster analysis suggested a three-cluster solution in both Japan (ingroup identification and significance, sense of similarity, ingroup positive evaluation) and the USA (ingroup orientation, age centrality, ingroup positivity). In Japan, age-group pride and positive experiences clusteredwith age-group identificationsand awareness. This points to the importance of a sense of group membership in Japanese young people's positive feelings about their age group. In the USA, the two items clustered with likeability, value and importance, and were distinct from ingroup identification. This suggests that American individuals gain a sense of pride and positive experience when they like, value and give importance to being young. Finally, our Japanese respondents ranked age-group positivity and attachment lower than the Americans did, suggesting that positive feeling associated with being young may be less common in Japan. Future studies of intergenerational communication using age identity were suggested. © 2000 H. Ota et al.

DOI： 10.1080/01434630008666392

PB33 大学生の適応過程に関する研究(2) : 学問イメージおよび大学生活での重視事項の変化

植村善太郎, 小川一美, 高井次郎, 吉田俊和

日本教育心理学会総会発表論文集 Vol. 41 ( 0 ) page： 253 1999

PB35 大学生の適応過程に関する研究(4) : 社会的スキルとライフイベント生起の関連

橋本剛, 石田靖彦, 坂本剛, 高井次郎, 吉田俊和

日本教育心理学会総会発表論文集 Vol. 41 ( 0 ) page： 255 1999

Effects of social networks cross-cultural adjustment Reviewed

Tanaka, T., Takai, J., Kohyama, T. & Fujihara, T.

Japanese Psychological Research Vol. 39 page： 12-24 1997

Effects of social networks on cross-cultural adjustment

Tomoko Tanaka, Jiro Takai, Takaya Kohyama, Takehiro Fujihara, Hirofumi Minami

Japanese Psychological Research Vol. 39 ( 1 ) page： 12 - 24 1997

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

A total of 221 responses were obtained from a survey of international students in Japan, regarding the facilitative effects of social network formation on their adjustment. Regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationships among four types of adjustment revealed in a preceding study ("general adjustment," "self-control," "affiliative" and "dependent"), network size, demographic variables, expected social support, etc. For each adjustment type, predictive variables were identified. Two of the variables that showed network effects on adjustment were Japanese language proficiency and race (Asians vs. Westerners). From these results, it would appear that social network formation does facilitate adjustment, and insight into the effect of adjustment type and demographic variables on network functions was obtained. Furthermore, the actual conditions regarding network formation of international students in Japan were revealed. © 1997 Japanese Psychological Association. Published by Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

DOI： 10.1111/1468-5884.00032

Effects of head nurse leadership on organizational commitment and morale among subordinate nurses:Focusing upon moderating effects of head nurse's personality and social power perceived by subordinate nurses

日本人との交流と在日留学生の異文化適応 Reviewed

高井次郎

異文化間教育 Vol. 8 page： 106-116 1994

Influences of emotional reaction and personal power in the leadership process: An examination of moderating and mediating effects Reviewed

Mizuno, S., Matsubara, T. and Takai, J.

Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Vol. 34 page： 201-212 1994

Assessing Japanese interpersonal communication competence Reviewed

Takai, J. and Ota, H.

Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Vol. 34 page： 224-236 1994

Adjustment patterns of international students in Japan Reviewed

Tanaka, K., Takai, J., Kohyama, T. and Fujihara, T.

International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol. 18 page： 55-75 1994

看護職員のモラールに及ぼす婦長のリーダーシップ Reviewed

松原敏浩・水野智・高井次郎

経営行動科学 Vol. 9 page： 13-26 1994

カリスマ的リーダーシップの研究−リーダーシップ行動、カリスマ性および集団効果の相互関係 Reviewed

松原敏浩・高井次郎・水野智

産業組織心理学研究 Vol. 8 page： 29-41 1994

MATSUBARA Toshihiro, MIZUNO Satoshi, TAKAI Jiro

Japanese Journal of Administrative Science Vol. 9 ( 1 ) page： 13 - 25 1994

Publisher：The Japanese Association of Administrative Science

Effects of leadership of the head nurse on organizational commitment and morale of subordinate nurses were examined, by taking leader's personality and social power as moderator variables. Some 318 nurses at two hospitals were snrveyed. An original scale was constructed in order to tap social power, and a four factor structure was identified. Factors of referent/expert (attractive) power, coercive power, legitimate power and reward power were extracted. Using this scale, it was discovered that referent/expert (attractive) power exerted moderator effects on the relationship between leadership P behavior and both commitment and morale, while legitimate power also had a moderator effect on the relationship betweem leadership M behavior and commitment. Furthermore, years of experience of nurses showed moderator effects on delegative leadership behavior and morale.

DOI： 10.5651/jaas.9.13

Influences of Emotional Reaction and Personal Power on the Leadership Process: An Examination of Moderating and Mediating Effects

MIZUNO SATOSHI, MATSUBARA TOSHIHIRO, TAKAI JIRO

THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 33 ( 3 ) page： 201 - 212 1994

Language：English Publisher：The Japanese Group Dynamics Association

This study examined the moderating and mediating effects of emotional reaction and personal power on the relationship of leadership behavior with group morale and organizational commitment. The data were obtained from 289 workers at a steel factory and 425 nurses working at three hospitals. The main results were as follows: 1) Emotional reaction moderated the relationship between performance-oriented leadership behavior and group morale and commitment. 2) Personal power moderated the relationship between Pressure P and group morale and commitment. However, it did not have any moderating effects on the relationships between delegative leader behavior and group morale and commitment. 3) Personal power mediated the relationship between leadership behavior and group morale and commitment, its effects being more pronounced than that of emotional reaction. Finally, the moderator and mediator roles in the leadership process were discussed.

DOI： 10.2130/jjesp.33.201

Social Networks of International Students in Japan: Perceived Social Support and Relationship Satisfaction

TANAKA TOMOKO, TAKAI JIRO, KOHYAMA TAKAYA, FUJIHARA TAKEHIRO, MINAMI HIROFUMI

THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL & SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 33 ( 3 ) page： 213 - 223 1994

Language：English Publisher：The Japanese Group Dynamics Association

Perceived social support and relationship satisfaction of international students in Japan were examined. A total of 221 international students responded to a questionnaire composed of items that questioned the demographic characteristics of their network members, type of relationship, equity in relationship and satisfaction with relationship. Contact, relationship type and nationality of supporters were critical determinants of overall perceived social support, while relationship type, contact and equity were important for determining satisfaction in the relationship. On-campus relationships were important in academic support, while offcampus relationships played vital roles in both. This study revealed the importance of taking into consideration off-campus supporters in a study of international student adjustment.

DOI： 10.2130/jjesp.33.213

Assessing Japanese Interpersonal Communication Competence

Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00387554462?from=CiNii

TAKAI JIRO, OTA HIROSHI

THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 33 ( 3 ) page： 224 - 236 1994

Language：English Publisher：The Japanese Group Dynamics Association

The assessment of interpersonal communication competence in Japan has been traditionally done through translated versions of mainly Western-made scales, devised on the Western cultural definition of competence. A review of the more commonly used scales revealed that cultural bias in these translated scales has rendered them as having lower levels of concurrent validity. The purpose of this study was to devise a scale for assessing the communication skills that have been accepted as being more or less typical of Japanese. A 31-item scale, named the Japanese Interpersonal Competence Scale (JICS) was constructed and administered to 707 subjects of all age ranges to determine the structure of Japanese interpersonal communication competence. The factors of Perceptive Ability, Self-Restraint, Social Appropriateness, Interpersonal Sensitivity and Tolerance for Ambiguity were revealed. Validity and reliability tests showed that JICS is a promising instrument for the assessment of competence.

DOI： 10.2130/jjesp.33.224

Charismatic leadership: Examining the relationship amongst leadership behavior, charisma and group effe

MATSUBARA Toshihiro, TAKAI Jiro, MIZUNO Satoshi

Japan Association of Industial/Organizational Psychology Journal Vol. 8 ( 1 ) page： 29 - 40 1994

Adjustment patterns of international students in Japan Reviewed

Tomoko Tanaka, Jiro Takai, Takaya Kohyama, Takehiro Fujihara

International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol. 18 ( 1 ) page： 55 - 75 1994

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Cross-cultural adjustment of international students in Japan was approached through a comprehensive questionnaire that looked at various aspects of adjustment. Some 237 students of various national backgrounds participated in the study. Four factors of adjustment were attained: general adjustment, internally controlled adjustment, affiliation adjustment, and externally dependent adjustment. These four facets were analyzed with respect to several demographic traits of respondents. Some of the more important findings include the following: Asian subjects generally were less adjusted than those of Western and Latin American cultures
U-curve patterns with time were not evident in three of the four factors
those more proficient in the Japanese language did not prove to be generally better off than those less fortunate
and scholarship recipients were better adjusted than those relying on private sources for funding. © 1994.

DOI： 10.1016/0147-1767(94)90004-3

Necessary Social Skills for International Students in Japan

Interpersonal competence: Assessing the assessment instruments Reviewed

Ota, H., Takai, J. and Tanaka, T.

Human Communication Studies Vol. 21 page： 35-52 1993

TANAKA Tomoko, TAKAI Jiro, KOHYAMA Takaya

Science reports ( 19 ) page： p87 - 99 1993

Language：Japanese Publisher：Hiroshima University

As a part of researches on social skills training aimed at facilitating the cross-cultural adjustment of sojourners in Japan, this study asked Japanese experts in interpersonal behavior research about how international students should cope with ten aspects of social difficulty in interpersonal situations. The mailed questionnaire administered to 133 social psychologists. Twenty three subjects responded to the open-ended items. Their responses were categorized through the KJ method of content analysis. The following main categories were obtained; A) interpersonal relations (relationship with stranger, friendship formation, behavior toward a superior, overcoming language handicap, managing social exchange, behavior toward opposite sex members), B) social situations (public etiquette, dealing with collective behavior), C) indirectness (negating, indirect expression). Coping strategies suggested by the respondents were categorized into three areas of a) behavior, b) cognition, c) passiveness, and under these categories were identified their respective component structure. The results offer fundamental resources for formulating structured learning, cognitive restructuring and goal setting regarding social skills training.

DOI： 10.15027/635

Training effects on the divergent thinking attitudes of Japanese managers

Other Link： http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/00000635

Training effects on Japanese managers' divergent thinking attitudes Reviewed

Basadur, M., Wakabayashi, M. and Takai, J.

International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol. 16 page： 329-345 1992

Min Basadur, Mitsuru Wakabayashi, Jiro Takai

International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol. 16 ( 3 ) page： 329 - 345 1992

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

A field experiment made a preliminary investigation of the effects of training Japanese managers in creative problem solving. Two attitudes associated with divergent thinking practice (an important aspect of creative problem solving) were measured before and after training. This research establishes the Japanese translations of the two attitudinal measures. It also indicates that the applicability and receptivity of the paradigms and methods of the training provided may be at least as strong in Japanese business and industry as found in previous North American research. The experimental group (n = 60) showed significant gains on both measures versus two control groups. Compared to North American managers from similar studies, the Japanese managers appear to make at least equal gains after training. Future directions for research include extending the training effect investigation beyond attitude changes to include behavior changes and longer term persistence and portability to the job. © 1992.

DOI： 10.1016/0147-1767(92)90056-Z

THE ADJUSTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS AT A THIRD CULTURE-LIKE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY IN JAPAN (2) : AN INTERVIEW STUDY

Takai Jiro

Human communication studies Vol. 18 page： 31 - 61 1990.6

The adjustment of international students at a third culture-like academic community in Japan (2): An interview study Reviewed

Takai, J.

Human Communication Studies Vol. 18 page： 31-62 1990

THE ADJUSTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS AT A THIRD CULTURE-LIKE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY IN JAPAN (1) : A LONGITUDINAL STUDY

Takai Jiro

Human communication studies Vol. 17 page： 113 - 120 1989.6

The adjustment of international students at a third culture-like academic community in Japan (1): A longitudinal study Reviewed

Takai, J.

Human Communication Studies Vol. 17 page： 113-120 1989

An Overview of International Student Adjustment Studies in Japan

TAKAI Jiro

Bulletin of the school of education. Psychology ( 36 ) page： p139 - 147 1989

Language：Japanese Publisher：Nagoya University

Research on the adjustment of international students in Japan is still a relatively unexplored area of study. However, the need for it has become pronounced within the recent years, as our nation has readied itself to accept the lot of its projected 100,000 students by the early 2000's. Existing research has been repeatedly conducted by a small handful of investigators, and has concentrated mainly on self-report questionnaires. Although some studies have taken on a longitudinal design, most have not attempted to monitor adjustment as an ongoing developing process, but have opted to gain large cross-sectional samples. The indices of adjustment employed include host images, gaps between expectation and reality, amount of difficulty in coping, psychological stress and multiple factor inventories. In reference to the various hypotheses of cross-cultural adjustment, the U-curve, national status and association hypotheses have been investigated. Findings reported have discovered that a general U-curve pattern is not applicable to these students, that Asian students are generally not as well adjusted relative to Western students, and that the amount of support available from Japanese sources is not necessarily facillitative of adjustment. This paper provides a summary of existing research and gives some directives on future investigations.

DOI： 10.18999/bulfep.36.139

Comparing attitudes toward divergent thinking of managers and non-managers before and after training

Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2237/3801

Basadur Min, GRAEN George B., TAKAI Jiro, WAKABAYASHI Mitsuru

Japanese Journal of Administrative Science Vol. 4 ( 1 ) page： 19 - 27 1989

Publisher：The Japanese Association of Administrative Science

A field experiment compared managers'(n=90) and non-managers'(n=66) attitudes toward divergent thinking before and after training in a three phase process of creative thinking emphasizing problem finding as well as solving and implementing. The mediating effect of personal creative problem solving style was also measured. The sample was comprised of a variety of functional specialties, hierarchicalevels and organizations. Before training, managers were lower in tendency for premature convergence but non-managers were higher in preference for active divergence. After training, both groups had improved both attitudes and between-group differences were no longer statistically significant. The manager and non-manager groups were found to have different distributions of creative problem solving style. For managers, the dominant style was conceptualizor and for nonmanagers it was generator. Among both groups, training benefitted participants with the optimizer style the most in improving the two divergent thinking attitudes.

DOI： 10.5651/jaas.4.19

Receptivity of Japanese managers to creative problem solving experiential training

BASADUR Min, WAKABAYASHI Mitsuru, TAKAI Jiro

Japanese Journal of Administrative Science Vol. 4 ( 2 ) page： 75 - 82 1989

Publisher：The Japanese Association of Administrative Science

A field experiment investigated the effects of training on Japanese managers' attitudes toward divergent thinking. An experimental group (n=60) of managers underwent practice- oriented experiential training in creative problem solving. Two control groups underwent placebo treatments. The first (n=15) was comprised of Japanese university faculty and graduate students who participated in an abstract discussion. The second (n=47) was comprised of Japanese assistant managers who experienced training in an unrelated subject. The three groups were measured before and after training on attitudes toward two aspects of divergent thinking: active divergence and premature convergence. The experimental group showed significant gains on both measures versus both placebo control groups. Compared to North American managers from similar studies, the Japanese managers appear to be at least equal on both attitudes in mean score and in gains made after training. This research indicates that applicability and receptivity of paradigms and methods of training in creativity and innovation may be at least as strong in Japanese business and industry as in North America. Also the Japanese translations of the two measures developed and used for the first time in this study appear to be good replicas of the English language versions. Some interesting differences between the two attitudes in gains after training and between the groups before training are identified as opportunities for future research. Potential mediators include Japanese cultural factors, profit versus non-profit organizational contexts, and different levels of responsibility.

DOI： 10.5651/jaas.4.75