Country：Japan

Country：Japan

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Center for Environmental Information Science  

<p>The aging of urban structures such as buildings and infrastructures has been getting serious in these years. Those material stocks should be appropriately maintained for a long period of time, however, budget constraints and labor shortage due to population decline seem to make the situation more difficult. This study aims to estimate the amount of Japan's sewer pipe stock and compare the obsolescence risk with combinations of soundness of the existing stock and population forecast among prefectures. As results, the amount of sewer pipe stock was estimated to be 115 million t in 2018, and the rates of aged stock requiring urgent maintenance were 29% for concrete pipes and 13% for PVC pipes, respectively. Obsolescence risk was high in Hokkaido, Nara, Yamaguchi, Miyazaki and Kagoshima, indicating that those especially need deliberate countermeasures for a long-term stock management.</p>

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis37.0_70

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Center for Environmental Information Science  

<p>The accumulation of material stocks within cities raises concerns about the potential future generation of a significant volume of waste. That is caused by the aging of urban structures and the increasing occurrence of natural disasters caused by climate change. Quantifying urban structures stock plays an imperative role in predicting future inflows and outflows, as well as formulating appropriate maintenance and management plans. In this study, Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilized to estimate and reveal the spatiotemporal dynamics of construction material stocks in buildings and infrastructures across Japan. The estimated material stock in buildings was 11,800 million tons, while infrastructure accounted for 7,400 million tons in 2020. Moreover, the newly constructed floor area of buildings in a year was 117 million square meters, with 76 million square meters of demolished floor area over the period from 2016 to 2020.</p>

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis37.0_195

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Sustainable Production and Consumption  

Livestock plays a vital role in the livelihoods and nutritional security of people worldwide and leads to significant environmental challenges. Manure management is a major hurdle for sustainable livestock development and serves as a critical source of natural fertilizer and green energy. Given that pork accounts for the highest meat production and consumption share, this study systematically evaluates China's pig production and main manure resource utilization scenarios from life-cycle environmental, economic, and social perspectives. Results show that China's pig production poses considerable potential environmental risks, primarily in the categories of fossil depletion, freshwater ecotoxicity, particulates formation, global warming, and water depletion. Feed production coupled with traditional manure treatment scenario contributes to 94.4 %–98.4 % of the key environmental impact categories and socioeconomic impact, with 32.0 % to 38.3 % of the economic costs also stemming from feed costs. In the energy utilization scenario, the potential benefits of fossil depletion and global warming categories resulting from the replacement of synthetic fertilizers with manure-based organic fertilizers in the traditional pig manure treatment scenario could be expanded by 89.6 % and 39.2 %, respectively. China's pig production contributed 0.72 % of the national carbon emissions in 2020. Fully utilizing energy potential and organic fertilizer from pig manure would achieve 0.63 % of national carbon reduction potential, as well as an economic benefit of $1.45 × 1012 and a social benefit of $8.89 × 109. Precision feeding technology, rebuilding the spatial connection between pig farms and arable land, and internalizing external costs were recommended to ensure the sustainable development of China's pig industry.

DOI： 10.1016/j.spc.2023.05.018

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Industrial Ecology  

Development of transportation infrastructure that extends roads and railways in Bangkok has overlooked the negative environmental impact of construction material accumulation. To analyze the extent of this impact, we originally established road and railway's material intensity coefficients and investigated spatially explicit roadway and railway material stock (MS) for the years of 2004, 2009, 2014, 2019, and 2037, based upon the master plans’ target year. We further analyzed how MS evolution relates to the city's socio-economic indicators and CO2 emission. Significant growth is found in transportation MS during 2004–2019, and roadways particularly increased from 122 to 164 million metric tons (Mt). The master plans would require 43 and 6.55 Mt construction materials for roadway and railway extension, respectively, by 2037. More material-intensive roads (cross-provincial highways and major local roads) built to the suburbs of the cities and underground/elevated structures of the mass rapid transit system in dense urban areas will require three times the annual cement and steel consumption of that in the 2004–2019 period. Furthermore, a 2–3 fold increase in the number of registered vehicles and associated CO2 emissions during the study period have brought questions to the transportation infrastructure MS efficiency. The findings of this study will enable informed decision-making regarding the concern of resource consumption and for considering environmentally friendly approaches in urban transportation planning for Bangkok and other developing cities.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.13342

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：一般社団法人 環境情報科学センター  

DOI： 10.11492/eis.52.1_120

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：一般社団法人 環境情報科学センター  

DOI： 10.11492/eis.52.1_119

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Environmental Science and Technology  

Built environment stocks have attracted much attention in recent decades because of their role in material and energy flows and environmental impacts. Spatially refined estimation of built environment stocks benefits city management, for example, in urban mining and resource circularity strategy making. Nighttime light (NTL) data sets are widely used and are regarded as high-resolution products in large-scale building stock research. However, some of their limitations, especially blooming/saturation effects, have hampered performance in estimating building stocks. In this study, we experimentally proposed and trained a convolution neural network (CNN)-based building stock estimation (CBuiSE) model and applied it to major Japanese metropolitan areas to estimate building stocks using NTL data. The results show that the CBuiSE model is capable of estimating building stocks at a relatively high resolution (approximately 830 m) and reflecting spatial distribution patterns, although the accuracy needs to be further improved to enhance the model performance. In addition, the CBuiSE model can effectively mitigate the overestimation of building stocks arising from the blooming effect of NTL. This study highlights the potential of NTL to provide a new research direction and serve as a cornerstone for future anthropogenic stock studies in the fields of sustainability and industrial ecology.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.est.2c08468

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Industrial Ecology  

The urban built environment has accumulated massive amounts of resources, which is the main “hot spot” of construction materials and energy consumption in cities. To effectively monitor and manage resources use and waste disposal toward sustainability, this study intended to explore different metabolic paths of the urban built environment, as well as strategies for new and old urban areas separately with the help of material stock and flow analysis. Based on snapshots of 2003, 2010, and 2017 and combined with big data, a four-dimensional geographic information system buildings database of Lixia District in Jinan, China, was compiled for bottom-up stock modeling. Finally, the environmental impact assessment of the buildings’ demolition and disposal stage was carried out. The results showed that the building material stock was 142.31 Mt in 2017, with an increase of 69% from 2003. The reinforced concrete buildings increased rapidly from 2003 to 2017, especially in new urban areas, which has boosted demand for steel and cement by more than 150% during these 15 years. The material stock of the old urban area tends to be saturated, whereas the new urban area has experienced a rapid expansion with the material inflow four times as large as the material outflow. Potential recycling of waste concrete can reduce the generation of building demolition waste by 50%, save 0.15 km2 of land occupation, increase raw material substitution by nearly 10 times, and reduce CO2 emissions by 2.5 times.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.13335

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Sustainability (Switzerland)  

In the last few decades, there has been an increase in second-hand imported vehicles in developing countries, including Mongolia. However, the extension of vehicle lifespans abroad promotes circular economy activities. In this study, we investigated the lifespan of second-hand imported passenger vehicles and their implication for the future sustainability of the transportation sector in Mongolia. The methodology used in this study comprised three stages. First, we conducted surveys to investigate the trends in second-hand vehicles in Mongolia. Next, the results from the survey on passenger vehicles were classified into three major categories based on their mode of operation, namely fuel, liquefied gas petroleum (gas), and the hybrid engine vehicle (HV) (of which the Toyota Prius is the most used vehicle in Mongolia). Finally, we estimated the average lifespan of vehicles using the Weibull distribution to measure before and after the import. The results show that the total average lifespans of all vehicles range between 17.3 and 20.2 years, respectively. The results highlight the different shape parameters of each vehicle category (fuel, gas, and HV), providing a better understanding of each vehicle’s lifespan and providing insights on the future management of second-hand imported vehicles, lifecycles, and recycling potentials for the successful development of sustainable transport policies in Mongolia.

DOI： 10.3390/su142114582

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Industrial Ecology  

Material intensity coefficient (MIC) is vital for material stock accounting in the field of industrial ecology. However, the categorization of MIC varies across regions especially for buildings that diverge greatly along the history and space aspect, and acquisition of MIC data and building information have always been a challenge in related studies. In this study, the state-of-art ensemble model “Random Forest” was developed on Chinese buildings to identify the impact of four building attributes (building structure, construction year, use type, and region) on MIC, and these features’ importance was further assessed by considering variable correlations. The features’ importance and their individual effects on MIC were intuitively revealed by depicting the partial dependence plots. Finally, a set of hierarchical MIC values was estimated by integrating the order of four variables’ importance and a quick MIC calculator was provided. Results showed that building structure is the most influential attribute for MIC, followed by the construction year, use type, and region, successively. The RF-based MIC values allow researchers to apply it to material stock and flow analysis by choosing a specific building feature(s) in the MIC calculator, which is (are) available in building physical inventory data. This study provides a method that could help researchers locate key influencing variables and give insights into the comparability of MIC research across regions and play an important role in developing urban mining and circular economy strategies.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.13332

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Sustainability (Switzerland)  

Floods are one of the most devastating forces in nature. Several approaches for identifying flood-prone locations have been developed to reduce the overall harmful impacts on humans and the environment. However, due to the increased frequency of flooding and related disasters, coupled with the continuous changes in natural and social-economic conditions, it has become vital to predict areas with the highest probability of flooding to ensure effective measures to mitigate impending disasters. This study predicted the flood susceptible areas in Nigeria based on historical flood records from 1985~2020 and various conditioning factors. To evaluate the link between flood incidence and the fifteen (15) explanatory variables, which include climatic, topographic, land use and proximity information, the artificial neural network (ANN) and logistic regression (LR) models were trained and tested to develop a flood susceptibility map. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate both model accuracies. The results show that both techniques can model and predict flood-prone areas. However, the ANN model produced a higher performance and prediction rate than the LR model, 76.4% and 62.5%, respectively. In addition, both models highlighted that those areas with the highest susceptibility to flood are the low-lying regions in the southern extremities and around water areas. From the study, we can establish that machine learning techniques can effectively map and predict flood-prone areas and serve as a tool for developing flood mitigation policies and plans.

DOI： 10.3390/su14095039

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Industrial Ecology  

Transportation serves as a bridge for social production, distribution, exchange, and consumption and, thus, plays an important role in boosting the economy. In recent years, the rapid development of China's transportation system has driven a continuous accumulation of steel. In this study, we estimated the in-use steel stocks of 32 types of infrastructure and vehicles in three subsystems (railway, road, and subway) in 31 provinces of China from 1990 to 2019 based on a bottom-up approach. The results show that China's in-use steel stock in the transportation system has increased to 575 Mt in 2019 (34.4% for infrastructure, 65.6% for vehicle). Spatially, this increasing trend shows six diversified patterns among 31 provinces; steel stocks tend to decrease from the east to central and western inland areas. The Gini coefficient curve of the provinces’ stocks shows an inverted “U” shape over time, indicating a shrinking regional gap in recent years; this reflects a transition from efficiency to equity. We also measured the steel stock productivity (GDP per stock) in different regions and observed its diverse evolution types. The stock productivities in all regions climbed up initially, but have dropped in recent years, and the most obvious decrease is observed in western China. For eastern regions, vehicles have been the main growth point in recent years, while western regions are vigorously developing infrastructure. Our results help to illustrate the development status and spatial distribution of China's transportation system and could facilitate improved efficiency and the management of future challenges in China's transformation and development.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.13203

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本環境共生学会  

DOI： 10.32313/jahes.38.1_119

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：一般社団法人 環境情報科学センター  

DOI： 10.11492/eis.51.1_117

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：一般社団法人 環境情報科学センター  

DOI： 10.11492/eis.51.1_82

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：一般社団法人 環境情報科学センター  

DOI： 10.11492/eis.51.1_84

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：一般社団法人 環境情報科学センター  

DOI： 10.11492/eis.51.1_83

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

<p> Estimation of material stock of buildings in urban areas is important for recycling and proper disposal of resources. For the purpose of more accurate stock estimation, glasses and walls were extracted from images of building walls using a machine learning model of image recognition, and then calculated the percentage of glass in the walls based on the number of pixels in each. The classification of building structures based on the glass percentage showed that a threshold value of 67% is suitable for classifying steel-framed buildings with curtain walls. Classification result obtained from 262 buildings around Nagoya Station was used for stock estimation, and the result was compared with those calculated by the method proposed by previous study. The estimated amount of concrete decreased by 18% and the estimated amount of steel increased by 325%.</p>

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.78.6_ii_19

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Association for Human and Environmental Symbiosis  

<p>The 4^th Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society aims to achieve exhaustive resource use though the development of new methods and indicators considering all stages of material lifecycle. In this study, material flow and stock analysis of non-metallic mineral resources and its compilation to physical input output table are conducted for the period 1990 to 2015. Also, the results are applied to 6 material flow indicators to discuss the efficiency in each stage of lifecycle. According to the results, the amount of direct material input has decreased since 1990, while the amount of domestic processed output has relatively increased in recent years. It was also found the recovery rate of used products has been over 90% since 2003. This indicates the utilization of used materials has been consistently promoted although the amount of outflow from used products has increased. The difference between the amount of outflow from statistics and estimates implies that there is a certain amount of so-called missing stock such as obsolete stock and dissipated stock. These stocks could be great concern in terms of its impact on material use time and future waste generation.</p>

DOI： 10.32313/jahes.38.2_176

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Environmental Management  

Developing regions experience rapid population growth and urbanisation, which require large quantities of materials for civil infrastructure. The production of construction materials, especially for urban transport systems, however, contributes to local and global environmental change. Political agendas may overlook the environmental implications of urban expansion, as economic growth tends to be prioritised. While elevating the standard of living is imperative, decision-making without careful environmental assessments can undermine the overall welfare of society. In this study, we evaluate the material demand and in-use stock productivity for the large-scale development plan for transport infrastructure in the city of Hanoi, Vietnam, from 2010 to 2030, combining geospatial and socioeconomic data with statistics on roads and railways. The results show that the total material stock could rise threefold from 66 Tg in 2010 to 269 Tg in 2030, which roughly translates to an addition of 30 Empire State Buildings per year by mass. The materials we account are required for construction exceed the availability of local sand and will need to be gathered farther away. Furthermore, the material stock productivity of the transport infrastructure appears to have been declining overall since 2010, and this trend may continue to 2030. These findings demonstrate the importance of informing urban planning with a comprehensive assessment of construction materials demand, supply capacity, and environmental impacts. Policy priorities for improving the in-use stock productivity are also recommended towards achieving a more efficient utilisation of natural resources.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113007

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, JAPAN  

<p>This paper estimates the total amount of carbon stock in forest and wooden houses of Japan throughout the years of 2017 to 2100 under various scenarios. Although the amount of carbon stock in Japan has been estimated by various approaches, most of previous researches focused either on the forest or residential buildings separately. In this study, we introduced a model which considered the impacts of the timber demand of wooden houses on the carbon stock in forest to estimate the total carbon stock. Moreover, the scenarios are set up with combination of demand for wooden houses and long lifespan. As a result, the carbon stock of the scenario with high demand of wooden houses and long lifespan reaches the largest amount of 1.1 billion t-C and shows 132 million t-C higher than BAU in 2100. On the other hand, the carbon stock of the scenario with high demand of wooden houses and current lifespan shows the smallest amount of 1.0 billion t-C in 2100. Although the increase of carbon stock is predicted to diminish as lifespan is set longer, promotion of longer lifespan for wooden houses can contribute to the growth of carbon stock.</p>

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.34.184

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Environmental Science and Technology  

The dynamics of societal material stocks such as buildings and infrastructures and their spatial patterns drive surging resource use and emissions. Two main types of data are currently used to map stocks, night-Time lights (NTL) from Earth-observing (EO) satellites and cadastral information. We present an alternative approach for broad-scale material stock mapping based on freely available highresolution EO imagery and OpenStreetMap data. Maps of built-up surface area, building height, and building types were derived from optical Sentinel-2 and radar Sentinel-1 satellite data to map patterns of material stocks for Austria and Germany. Using material intensity factors, we calculated the mass of different types of buildings and infrastructures, distinguishing eight types of materials, at 10 m spatial resolution. The total mass of buildings and infrastructures in 2018 amounted to 5 Gt in Austria and 38 Gt in Germany (AT: 540 t/cap, DE: 450 t/cap). Cross-checks with independent data sources at various scales suggested that the method may yield more complete results than other data sources but could not rule out possible overestimations. The method yields thematic differentiations not possible with NTL, avoids the use of costly cadastral data, and is suitable for mapping larger areas and tracing trends over time.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.est.0c05642

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.13054

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

<p> Resource productivity is a material flow index that is set as a major goal of the Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society, but it could not well evaluate the indirect impact of the material stock that supports the material flow. A few of existing studies have conducted the resource productivity decomposition with material stock factors though, it is difficult to apply the same fashion to all types of material stock whose value greatly varies depending on its usage. In this study, we mainly considered the factors of Japan’s housing material stock, to clarify the impact of changes in housing stock on the resource productivity. The results show that the resource productivity is negatively impacted by the decrease of the service provided with a unit of housing stock and the increase of vacant houses from 2008 to 2017, while it can be improved through the prolonging the housing lifetime.</p>

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.77.6_ii_23

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122126

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121770

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DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104824

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Industrial Ecology  

China is the largest producer and consumer of cement worldwide, and cement production entails the release of substantial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. As the cement sector is a crucial sector of the Chinese economy, understanding the role of supply- and demand-side factors may help accelerate efforts to mitigate CO2 emissions. However, few studies have analyzed the critical factors affecting CO2 emissions in the sector based on a combined supply- and demand-side perspective. In this study, we developed an integrated framework that included eleven indicators covering both the supply and demand sides. Results revealed that improving cement production technology cannot offset CO2 emissions from the growth in demand for cement. Improving technology on the supply side would considerably reduce CO2 emissions from Chinese cement production; nevertheless, the combination of rapid urbanization, GDP growth, and an ultra-high fixed capital formation ratio on the demand side increased CO2 emissions nearly 25-fold from 1990 to 2015. Notably, some demand-side factors also had an effect that reduced CO2 emissions. The in-use stock per unit of fixed capital formation and output per in-use stock reduced CO2 emissions by 332 million metric tons, which is comparable to the contribution of technological progress. Based on these results, we examine why these demand-side factors substantially influence CO2 emissions in the Chinese cement sector, and we provide recommendations for policy-makers on carbon-reduction measures in this CO2-intensive sector.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12986

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DOI： 10.3390/su12135363

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119083

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Sustainability (Switzerland)  

This study developed a methodology to estimate the amount of construction material in coastal buildings which are lost due to climate change-induced sea level rise. The Republic of Fiji was chosen as a case study; sea level rise is based on predictions by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the years 2050 and 2100. This study combines the concept of a geographic information system based digital inundation analysis with the concept of a material stock analysis. The findings show that about 4.5% of all existing buildings on Fiji will be inundated by 2050 because of an expected global sea level rise of 0.22 m (scenario 1) and 6.2% by 2100 for a sea level rise of 0.63 m (scenario 2). The number of buildings inundated by 2050 is equivalent to 40% of the average number of new constructed buildings in Fiji Islands in a single year. Overall, the amount of materials present in buildings which will be inundated by 2050 is 900,000 metric tons (815,650 metric tons of concrete, 52,100 metric tons of timber, and 31,680 metric tons of steel). By 2100, this amount is expected to grow to 1,151,000 metric tons (1,130,160 metric tons of concrete, 69,760 metric tons of timber, and 51,320 metric tons of steel). The results shall contribute in enhancing urban planning, climate change adaptation strategies, and the estimation of future demolition flows in small island developing states.

DOI： 10.3390/su12030834

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management  

DOI： 10.14912/jsmcwm.31.0_107

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

<p> For the establishment of Recycling-based Society, Stock-type Society becomes increasingly important. Material stock plays an important role in the society and serves someone well in one way, whereas it has inevitable impact on material flow. For the reason that material stock is inextricably linked with material flow, the excess material stock can induce unnecessary resource input and increase waste generation from obsolete stock. To bring down high-quality material stock for the future generation, proper management of materials stored or hibernating in the society is required. In order to grasp the status of stock, material stock should be estimated and evaluated with in-use rate. In this study, by the method of lifespan modeling approach, material stock in Japan’s residential buildings and the amount of that obsolete stock/in-use stock were estimated. As a result of the estimation, there were 5.2 billion tons of residential building in 2018. In the amount of material stock in empty houses out of residential buildings, the amount of obsolete stock was estimated at 0.3 billion ton. As the number of residential building keeps increasing, the amount of obsolete stock is expected to increase in future.</p>

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.76.6_ii_9

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

<p> In order to achieve the recycling society worldwide, it is important to analyze material stock and flow on a global scale and understand their accumulation trends and patterns. World-wide satellite images data is easily and quickly accessible, and it breaks the restriction of statistical data. Recently, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is received a lot of attentions as a technique in the analysis of satellite images. Our study made efforts to develop an advanced model for estimating the total floor area of buildings based on night light data using CNN. Three major metropolitans in Japan (Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya metropolitan area) were selected as the estimation areas and the learning areas, setting one metropolitan as learning area to estimate the buildings floor areas for the other two. And same procedure has been done three times as each metropolitan was changed to be learning area in turns. Additionally, we verified the accuracy of results to examine the effectiveness of our model. In the case of “Osaka learning for Nagoya estimation”, it was clear that the total floor area of buildings in Nagoya metropolitan area was 450 million m², which is close to the real value and indicates our model can be useful?</p>

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.76.6_ii_1

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.258

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DOI： 10.3390/resources8030126

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Industrial Ecology  

Most anthropogenic material stocks and flows are associated with the building sector. Several recent studies have developed material composition indicators (MCIs) suitable for calculating material stocks and flows of the building sector using bottom-up approaches, which hold great potential to provide information to support resource efficiency policies. A major limitation is the lack of country-specific MCIs. This study aims to introduce a concept for a better transferability of MCI across different contexts by proposing requirements for defining MCIs and to discuss options and limits of the transferability. We take existing MCIs for residential buildings in Germany and Japan as case studies and make them comparable by applying harmonization methods. Based on that, similarities and differences are systematically identified and discussed, considering their socioeconomic, cultural, technical, and environmental factors. Our results indicate significant limitations to the transferability of MCIs for detached houses, while bigger apartment complexes show greater homogeneity despite the very different environments in which they are constructed. This indicates that while it is possible to assume foreign MCIs as plausible for large constructions, local coefficients need to be estimated for smaller single-family homes.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12817

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DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.03.031

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DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12773

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12773

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12773

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8030126

DOI： https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8030126

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DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.03.031

DOI： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.03.031

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.12.011

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management  

DOI： 10.14912/jsmcwm.30.0_59

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management  

<p>The Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred in March 2011 highlighted the problems of huge disaster waste, but the disaster waste volume of the Nankai Trough Earthquake, which is expected to occur in recent years, is up to about 11 of the Great East Japan Earthquake. It is estimated to be doubled. Essential to prompt disposal of disaster waste is securing temporary storage for disaster waste. In the Great East Japan Earthquake, and also in the Kumamoto earthquake that occurred in April 2016, the lack of temporary storage was a major issue.</p>

DOI： 10.14912/jsmcwm.30.0_141

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

<p> Mining, husbandry, and construction activities are consuming a large amount of natural resources. These processes have multiple impacts on the environment, including the excavation of large areas. This research focuses on gold mining in Mongolia, and aims (1) to identify the gold mining activities and allocated them on a map, and (2) to quantify the material flows related to gold mining. Statistical datasets, sourced by the Mineral Resources of Mongolia and the National Statistical Office of Mongolia, were used to account for domestic extraction. Two methods were used for mapping mining activities: firstly, the degraded areas were identified through a geographic information system (GIS) software; secondly, the domestic extraction of gold mining was estimated by the standardized method of material flow accounting. Results indicate the Mongolian gold mining activities exploited 9,812 ha of land across 18 different provinces. In addition, 745,300 m³ of soil was excavated to produce 132 tons of gold in 2007-2017. Particularly, during this period 100.8 tonnes of green gold was extracted which means the gold extraction that does not include any chemical process and just washing soil to obtain gold. "Green Gold" is recognized as less environmental impact by the European market.</p><p> This study will be beneficial to the Mongolian government to better understand the environmental burden related to the gold mining activities in the country.</p>

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.75.6_ii_285

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management  

DOI： 10.14912/jsmcwm.30.0_61

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management  

DOI： 10.14912/jsmcwm.30.0_75

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.07.003

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DOI： 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.07.029

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DOI： 10.1007/s11708-018-0577-8

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DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12626

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier B.V.  

In many Asian developing countries, policy makers face tension between the needs of economic growth, human development and environmental sustainability. In a similar vein, the new global agreement on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) calls for the harmonization of economic and environmental goals. To shed light on the relationship between the economy and natural resources, our research investigates the case of the Philippines, employing a material flow accounting approach based on national statistical sources. We analyze domestic extraction, trade of materials and economic development from 1980 to 2014. We also explore differences between territorial (production) and footprint (consumption) accounts. We find that the Philippine economy managed to grow while reducing material intensity because of an increasing share of services sector activities. From net resource trade dependence in the 1980s, the Philippines become a net resource provider in 2014 because of increased extraction and exports of metal ores. Overall, the material requirements grew over the past two decades at lower rate than GDP, signifying relative decoupling. The new data and indicators we present are aimed to inform the national policy agenda. They may help to formulate policies that integrate economic and environmental priorities and guide the Philippines towards achieving the SDGs.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.01.012

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DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.73.II_353

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Blackwell Publishing  

Accompanying the huge amount of material accumulation in the socioeconomic sphere is anthropogenic disturbance, namely, artificial landform transformation attributed to mining, soil excavation, construction, and physical development. Anthropogenic disturbance impacts the natural environment and is strongly related to hidden material flow (HMF). However, only few studies have considered anthropogenic disturbance as the starting point of material transfer in the ecosphere. The objectives of the present study are: (1) to spatially quantify the impact of humans on the natural environment by estimating the anthropogenic disturbance attributed to mining and (2) to contribute to the knowledge of HMF by examining the phenomenon using the relatively unexplored methodology of assessing the relationship between anthropogenic disturbance and material transfer by means of a geographical information system and digital elevation model. Statistical data obtained by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan were used to account for domestic extraction. By comparing the respective results of bottom-up and top-down accountings, we estimated the potential HMF. The database developed in this study not only reflects the amount of anthropogenic disturbance and potential HMF, but also reveals their destructive effect on the environment and the spatial distribution of anthropogenic disturbance.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12543

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Energy conservation is critical for promoting urban low-carbon and sustainable development. Because a large amount of heat energy is wasted during energy conversion and transportation, the recovery of waste heat and its cascading use would substantially save resources and reduce CO2 emissions. As a typical case of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, direct extracting steam from incinerators for industrial use is considered more efficient than power generation, but hard to be popularized because of long distance heat transport. On the basis of the heat atlas, this study develops an integrated model to assess the feasibility of developing heat exchange network between incineration facilities and industries in city scale, and evaluates the impacts from land use on economic and environmental indices. The result reveals that maximum 45.2% of the incineration waste heat can be utilized to cover 13.8% of the heat consumption in industries, where annual net benefit and CO2 emission reduction could achieve 63 billion JPY (approximate to 0.6 billion USD) and 2200 kt CO2/year, respectively. However, current geographic separation between incineration facilities and industries brings a dilemma between economic and environmental benefits which will obstruct the popularization of waste heat exchange. Given this result, a cluster map to classify involved incineration facilities is provided which helps in establishing a renewal strategy considering positive land use adjustment. These results are also referable in urban planning integrated with distributed energy system as well as provide a case for promoting Urban Symbiosis. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.147

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Energy shortage and global climate change have created a dilemma in Japan, especially after the great earthquake of 2011 in eastern Japan. District Heating System (DHS) using waste heat is highlighted as an attractive solution. However, because of low heat demand in urban areas and the geographic separation of industries, popularizing this solution is considerably difficult in Japan. Previous studies have focused on technical improvements on existing district heating networks, but these studies lack sufficient discussion on an early-stage integrated land-use planning. Supported by technological assessment and emerging concepts of Industrial-Urban Symbiosis (I-US), this study combines the system development of DHS and land use scenarios into a symbiotic design based on inventory survey and geographic database, and conducts a cost-benefit analysis to scientifically and quantitatively evaluate the effects brought from land-use policies. Results from a case study of Shinchi Town in the Fukushima Prefecture indicate DHS using waste heat can realize significant benefits of energy saving and CO2 reduction, provided positive guidance on land use planning is implemented. Moreover, the model framework of this study also supports a quantitative assessment on policy implementation to help in decision making on urban sustainable energy planning. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.03.006

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

 Understanding quality and quantity of material stocks and urban metabolism, forecasting demolition waste are essential in order to establish a sound material-cycle society. The influence of socio-economic changes and geo-spatial characteristics to building lifespan are required for a detailed urban metabolism analysis. In this study, we construct an urban structure (Building, Road, Railway) database of the city center of Nagoya (approximately 12 km²) from 1949 to 2009, and we established a building lifespan model for urbam metabolism analysis considering socio-economic changes and geo-spatial characteristics parameter. As a result, we quantified the building lifespan by floor number, population density, building structure type and official discount rate. In adition, we compare and examine between the actual demolished builing data from 2003 to 2009 in Nagoya city center and result of the simulated demolished building using building lifespan model. Simulated demolished building was 4.85 Mtonnes in the actual demolished building which is 6.03 Mtonnes. Demolition judgement using building lifespan model can estimate for high rise building such as RC building.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.74.ii_267

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Center for Environmental Information Science  

Toward the sound material-cycle society, it is required to understand the detailed distribution of material stock in urban areas over a wide range in time-series. This research estimated the replacement of construction material and visualized spatial information in timeseries in the Greater Tokyo. Total floor area of renewal construction materials is 112 million m² (2003~2009), and 75.6 million m² (2009~2015) using identification of buildings in time-series. Moreover, total floor area of demolished construction materials is 54.2 million m² (2003~2009), and 46.4 million m²(2009~2015). The total floor area of renewal construction materials which estimated in this study was about 0.7-1.2 times and demolished construction materials was about 3 times compared to the Tokyo Metropolitan Statistical Annual Report.

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis32.0_13

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Recent years have seen a growing interest in the potential for a more circular economy and the application of material flow accounting to increase knowledge on materials accumulating in in-use stocks. This study assesses the dynamics of stocks and flows related to road networks, which are a significant destination for recycled construction and demolition waste.
We develop a bottom-up stock-driven model to assess long-term inflows, outflows, and materials accumulated in roads to assess requirements for construction minerals of the road network in the United States. We estimate material requirements using the expansion of the transport network as a driver, and scheduled maintenance and technological coefficients from engineering literature to assess input and output flows. We apply the model to historical data for the United States road network from 1905 to 2015 and show that the current material stock of construction minerals in the road network of the United States is 15.1 billion tonnes, growing 21-fold since 1905.
During the 20th century, the material requirements of road construction have declined from 35% to 15% of economy-wide material consumption of non-metallic minerals in the United States. The share of roads in economy-wide in-use stocks has also declined from 17% to 13%. This shows that roads, once established, remain in place and most material flows are due to extending and refurbishing them, while the construction of completely new roads makes up a much smaller part of the material flows related to the road network.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.024

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management  

In order to establish a “stock-type” society as opposed to a “flow-type” society, the effects of resource consumption on the natural environment must be fully understood. The research fields of material flow and stock accounting offer systematic methods for that analysis. The material flow in Japan calculated by the Ministry of Environment covers inflow, outflow, and net addition of stock (NAS) however, it does not indicate the material stock which has been accumulated within the society. Material stock is closely related to services provided to society and the resource value recycled from output to demolish the stocks. This research focuses on the importance of material stock to achieve welfare, and aims to evaluate the time-series quantity of material stock for the sake of having knowledge and information that can clarify the material stock being accumulated in Japan. Classification of material stock is examined on the basis of structural objects, instruments and services. Then, in order to measure the actual mass of material stock by year, a method of statistical processing is established at a high level, which fits national census requirements. Additionally, the question of how to figure out material stock and flow is examined at a practical level. Finally, three indicators related to material stock are proposed for supporting material flow indicators.

DOI： 10.3985/mcwmr.28.431

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

This study looks into material flow trends in the Philippines from 1985 to 2010 by utilizing the methodology of economy-wide material flow analysis. Using domestic data sources, this study presents disaggregated annual material flow trends in terms of four major material categories, namely: biomass; fossil energy carriers; ores and industrial minerals; and construction minerals. The results describe in detail the growth of material flows in a high-density country at the onset of its development and reveal the shift of material consumption from dominance of renewable materials in 1985 to nonrenewable materials in 2010. IPAT analysis shows that the increase in material consumption was driven by population growth from 1985 to 1998 and by growth in affluence from 1999 to 2010. However, high inequalities amidst the growing economy suggest that a small group of wealthy people have influenced the acceleration of material consumption in the Philippines. The results of this research are intended to provide a thorough analysis of the processes occurring in Philippine economic growth in order to assist in tackling implications for the important issue of sustainable resource management.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12496

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Anthropogenic material stocks are expanding at ever-increasing rates across the world, and their environmental and economic impacts draw more and more attention from academia, policy makers, and economic and environmental bodies. As the knowledge base regarding anthropogenic material stocks expands, it is important to not only comprehend the societal side of material stock growth but also its counterpart to the material balance the natural environment from which the materials used for stocks come from. However, due to difficulties of data procurement, and muted interest in materials which are considered low-value high volume, the environmental burdens related to construction minerals have received less attention so far despite the huge amounts involved. In this study, we employ geographic information systems (GIS) with digital elevation model (DEM) datasets, to form an automated method of detection and measurement of the anthropogenic disturbance of soil and earth at excavation and mining sites, which accounts not only for the material extracted for usage in the anthroposphere, but also its related unused extraction. This geographically explicit method allows to directly pinpoint the location and volume of anthropogenic disturbance. Using Japan as a case study, the results suggest that the ratio of unused extraction to used extraction may exceed 1:1 for construction minerals in Japan. We also find that the environmental effects of anthropogenic activity are bigger than natural soil disturbance by several orders of magnitude, highlighting the need to reduce raw material extraction and increase the efficient use of the existing material stock. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.09.010

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

Despite accounting for almost 50% of global material use, nonmetallic minerals-mostly used for construction of buildings and infrastructure-are the material flow analysis (MFA) category with the highest uncertainty. The main reason for this is incomplete reporting in official national statistics because of ease of availability and the low per-unit cost of these materials. However, the environmental burden associated with nonmetallic minerals, which include energy use for extraction and transport, land-use change, and disposal of large amounts of construction demolition waste, call for a thorough understanding of the magnitude of nonmetallic mineral flows. Previous estimates for nonmetallic minerals have used simplistic assumptions. This study aims to increase the precision of nonmetallic mineral accounts at national and global level using consumption of bitumen, bricks, cement, and railways in combination with technical coefficients from the engineering literature to infer the actual yearly consumption of nonmetallic minerals. We estimate the extraction of nonmetallic minerals and provide uncertainty estimates for the new accounts as well as information about consumption by different sectors. Analyzing the evolution of consumption for seven world regions, we find that, in North America and Europe, the consumption of nonmetallic minerals over the past 40 years has followed the growth patterns of population, whereas for all other regions consumption has been closely related to gross domestic product (GDP). A more accurate account of global and country-by-country extraction of nonmetallic minerals may provide insights into supply shortages and inform waste management strategies for construction and demolition waste.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12471

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Regional scale estimation of in-use steel stock (IUSS) using satellite observation of nighttime lights (NTL) is essential for urban resource consumption management and resource recovery monitoring. S-NPP VIIRS (Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership's Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) NTL product is newly released in 2013, which has enhancements in both spatial and radiometric resolutions compared with the DMSP-OLS (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System) NTL products. To evaluate whether these enhancements can improve the estimations of IUSS of buildings (IUSSB) and civil engineering infrastructure (IUSSCE), the S-NPP VIIRS NTL products were used to estimate IUSSB and IUSSCE at both sub-national level of Japan and national level of world, and their performances were compared with those of using DMSP-OLS radiance calibrated (RC) NTL data. Our results indicate that the S-NPP VIIRS NTL data can offer more accurate estimates of IUSSB and IUSSCE (R-2 values of 0.952 and 0.909) than those of DMSP-OLS RC NTL (R-2 of 0.929 and 0.884) at prefectural level of Japan. Similar to DMSP-OLS RC NTL product, urban NTL of S-NPP VIIRS data has a stronger relationship with IUSSB, and IUSSCE was more closely related to total NTL. At national level, S-NPP VIIRS NTL also showed better estimations of IUSSB and IUSSCE. We confirmed that dividing the world into different regional groups is also required for estimating IUSSB and IUSSCE from S-NPP VIIRS NIL For estimation of IUSSCE, two classifications including Asia region and Non-Asia region are appropriate when using S-NPP VIIRS NTL product, which is superior to DMSP-OLS RC NTL. For estimation of IUSSB, more classifications may be still required which is similar to DMSP-OLS RC NTL. Overall, our study indicated that S-NPP VIIRS data have greater capability in modeling IUSSB and IUSSCE than DMSP-OLS RC data. Our results are critical for ever-improvement of policy making on urban resource management. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.04.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER HEIDELBERG  

DOI： 10.1007/s11367-017-1310-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Accurate assessments of construction materials stocked in the built environment have received increased attention in the Industrial Ecology literature over the past few years. Many recent models that estimate building material inflows, stock accumulation and end-of-life waste, however, rely on simplistic assumptions about the lifespan of built infrastructure. While several probability distributions have been proposed (normal, Weibull, log-normal, and so on) there is no agreement on which model is best suited for modelling the accumulation of building material stock at urban and national levels. In this study we introduce an analysis of the hazard rate of buildings and discuss alternative distribution functions to model lifespan, testing the fit of five commonly used distributions to real data from the cities of Nagoya (Japan), Wakayama (Japan), and Salford (UK). The results highlight how cities with fast replacement rates are overall best modelled by right-skewed distributions, but single cohort levels express independent behaviours based on their characteristics. We investigate the sensitivity of a top-down stock accumulation model to the choice of different distributions and input parameters uncertainties. The results show that different lifespan distribution functions result in very similar overall stock accumulation at the national level, but have large impacts on calculated demolition waste flows. Differences are more pronounced for cities and the choice of a certain distribution will significantly affect the calculation of the average lifetime. Our results suggest that top-down national material stock accounts have high reliability, and are only weakly affected by the choice of one distribution over another. For cities, it is beneficial to use a distribution based on the characteristics of the buildings analysed, with regard to density and building characteristics. Stock accumulation research would profit from future bottom-up research into building lifespans to validate top-down estimation procedures. Crown Copyright (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.015

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATL ACAD SCIENCES  

Human-made material stocks accumulating in buildings, infrastructure, and machinery play a crucial but underappreciated role in shaping the use of material and energy resources. Building, maintaining, and in particular operating in-use stocks of materials require raw materials and energy. Material stocks create long-term pathdependencies because of their longevity. Fostering a transition toward environmentally sustainable patterns of resource use requires a more complete understanding of stock-flow relations. Here we show that about half of all materials extracted globally by humans each year are used to build up or renew in-use stocks of materials. Based on a dynamic stock-flow model, we analyze stocks, inflows, and outflows of all materials and their relation to economic growth, energy use, and CO2 emissions from 1900 to 2010. Over this period, global material stocks increased 23-fold, reaching 792 Pg (+/- 5%) in 2010. Despite efforts to improve recycling rates, continuous stock growth precludes closing material loops; recycling still only contributes 12% of inflows to stocks. Stocks are likely to continue to grow, driven by large infrastructure and building requirements in emerging economies. A convergence of material stocks at the level of industrial countries would lead to a fourfold increase in global stocks, and CO2 emissions exceeding climate change goals. Reducing expected future increases of material and energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions will require decoupling of services from the stocks and flows of materials through, for example, more intensive utilization of existing stocks, longer service lifetimes, and more efficient design.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.1613773114

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Understanding the impact of dramatic socioeconomic transitions on soaring CO2 emissions is essential for developing targeted and effective CO2 mitigation policies. Taking Chongqing as a representative case in inland China, we proposed an analysis framework to evaluate the socioeconomic transition effects on CO2 emissions during the period 1997-2012. Based on the framework, we found that the industrialization process, with its rapid expansion of construction and heavy manufacturing industries, had a strong impact on the structure of CO2 emissions growth. Meanwhile, the development of transport equipment manufacturing and high-tech industry contributed to low-carbon development. The framework further showed that the urbanization process contributed to the increased CO2 emissions mainly by intensive investments in the construction sector and changing urban household consumption. Particularly, the fast-growing urban population, the urban household consumption level, as well as the associated consumption pattern transition towards a growing demand for manufacturing products, transport, shelter, and services together lead to tripled urban household consumption related CO2 emissions. These empirical results suggest that a targeted CO2 mitigation policy in Chongqing should focus on multiple significant socioeconomic driving factors with diverse leading sectors. This implication should be applicable for other inland regions with similar geographical and socioeconomic features. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.072

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Institute of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan  

DOI： 10.3370/lca.13.180

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

&nbsp;The development of the city occurs not only above ground but also underground. Underground infrastructure is especially vulnerable to flood damage, caused by extreme events and natural disasters, as it forms the lowest layer un the hierarchy of urban structure. However, despite the increasing importance of urban inundation analysis, the lack of availability of data regarding underground space restricted analysis in previous studies. In this study, we established three-dimensional GIS data of subways using records and drawings of construction, which can be used for underground infrastructure inundation analysis in urban areas. Utilizing this established three-dimensional subway GIS data, we modeled and analyzed the areas of subway stations and train lines to be inundated by the projected Nankai Trough Earthquake. 82% of Nagoya city's Meiko Line close to the coastal area is expected to be submerged by an over 1m-deep flooding, and tsunami run-up through the train line is estimated to occur.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.73.I_283

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

&nbsp;In order to restore and redevelop areas affected by natural disasters, understanding of the material inputs needed to restore the community back to a pre-disaster state and a plan for efficient disaster waste disposal are needed. Lost building stocks were estimated for Kumamoto Prefcture, which suffered severe damage by 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes, by estimating the spatial distribution of building stocks using a micro-building data, overlaying the distribution of seismic intensity, and framing the result in a collapse fragility curve. The result showed that 58% of building stocks in Kumamoto Prefecture were standing on areas that recorded a strong motion of seismic intensity 6-upper, and lost stocks form collapsed or damaged buildings amounted to 260.7 million ton, and it was revealed that half of the stocks were concrete by material.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.73.II_293

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

<p>Wood has an important role in realizing a low-carbon society. This study estimated carbon stocks in urban and forest areas with a view to promoting wood use. The study involved network analysis using a geographic information system in forest areas and urban areas. The study explored six scenarios, including the substitution of wooden houses for non-wooden houses and extending the life span of houses. One scenario showed that substituting three percent of non-wooden houses and doubling the life span of wooden houses could fix 160 million tons of carbon. Moreover, this study visualized the gap between supply and demand for wood in urban and forest areas and analyzed the spatial distribution of supply and demand.<b> </b></p>

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis31.0_13

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

The construction industry is an important contributor to urban economic development and consumes large volumes of building material that are stocked in cities over long periods. Those stocked spaces store valuable materials that may be available for recovery in the future. Thus quantifying the urban building stock is important for managing construction materials across the building life cycle. This article develops a new approach to urban building material stock analysis (MSA) using land-use heuristics. Our objective is to characterize buildings to understand materials stocked in place by: (1) developing, validating, and testing a new method for characterizing building stock by land-use type and (2) quantifying building stock and determining material fractions. We conduct a spatial MSA to quantify materials within a 2.6-square-kilometer section of Philadelphia from 2004 to 2012. Data were collected for buildings classified by land-use type from many sources to create maps of material stock and spatial material intensity. In the spatial MSA, the land-use type that returned the largest footprint (by percentage) and greatest (number) of buildings were civic/institutional (42%; 147) and residential (23%; 275), respectively. The model was validated for total floor space and the absolute overall error (n = 46; 20%) in 2004 and (n = 47; 24%) in 2012. Typically, commercial and residential land-use types returned the lowest overall error and weighted error. We present a promising alternative method for characterizing buildings in urban MSA that leverages multiple tools (geographical information systems [GIS], design codes, and building models) and test the method in historic Philadelphia.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12327

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

The recent acceleration of urbanization and industrialization of many parts of the developing world, most notably in Asia, has resulted in a fast-increasing demand for and accumulation of construction materials in society. Despite the importance of physical stocks in society, the empirical assessment of total material stock of buildings and infrastructure and reasons for its growth have been underexplored in the sustainability literature. We propose an innovative approach for explaining material stock dynamics in society and create a country typology for stock accumulation trajectories using the ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) methodology, a stochastic approach commonly used in business studies and economics to inspect and forecast time series. This enables us to create scenarios for future demand and accumulation of building materials in society, including uncertainty estimates. We find that the so-far overlooked aspect of acceleration trends of material stock accumulation holds the key to explaining material stock growth, and that despite tremendous variability in country characteristics, stock accumulation is limited to only four archetypal growth patterns. The ability of nations to change their pattern will be a determining factor for global sustainability.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.est.5b05790

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DOI： 10.1016/B978-0-12-809862-2.00010-3

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DOI： 10.13189/ujms.2016.040204

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DOI： 10.2208/jscejhe.71.I_439

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DOI： 10.1007/978-4-431-55819-4_11

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DOI： 10.2490/prm.20160001

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CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

In order to fully comprehend the socioeconomic metabolic (SEM) dynamics and material balance of nations, long-term accounting of economy-wide material stock is necessary in parallel to material flow accounts. Nevertheless, material stock accounts have been scarce, isolated, and mostly focused either on single materials, short time spans, or small regions. This study has two objectives: (1) review the state of the art of material stock research in the SEM discourse and (2) present a project to map, in a high level of detail, the in-use construction material stocks of Japan and its 47 prefectures from the 1940s until the present era. This project documents the two major depositories of material stock: buildings and infrastructure. We describe the challenges and benefits of utilizing a bottom-up approach, in order to promote its usage in material stock studies. The resulting database presents the accumulation of stock over time, as well as visually displaying the spatial distribution of the stock using geographical information systems (GIS), which, we argue, is an essential aspect of material stock analysis in the context of socioeconomic metabolism research.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12284

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Urbanization and real estate development are two mighty impetuses for the growth of China. An enhanced dynamic modeling has been devised to explore stocks and flows of buildings in the country and to quantify the related steel cycle. The uncertainties of the variables and results are investigated by the means of Monte Carlo method and sampling analysis. The building stocks are expected to increase to some 85-130 billion m(2) in the mid-century, about 40-100% up from the current level. Throughout China but in urban areas in particular, concrete structures are replacing the buildings made of wood, clay brick, and primitive materials. By 2050 every two out of three buildings in China will be reinforced concrete- or steel-framed, leading to substantial demand for ferrous metals.
Scenarios analysis shows that a slowing down in the building stock expansion will likely occur in China in no more than ten years. This may open up a transition with profound industrial and resource implications. Increasing businesses for the construction industry may emerge from maintenance, retrofitting, and end-of-life management of existing buildings. The steel industry shall reform its capacity to conform to the growingly available secondary resources and the declining requirement for construction steel. Efficient and appropriate recycling of steel content from waste concrete will play an important role in material conservation. A collaboration of improvements in process material efficiency with lifetime extension and application of high-strength steel may save nearly 40% of primary iron ores for building use in the coming four decades. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.021

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DOI： 10.1007/s10018-014-0087-9

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DOI： 10.1107/s10018-014-0087-9

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Physical economy research has, thus far, focused on the throughput of materials that underpin economic development. The role of stocks of buildings and infrastructure has remained underexplored, yet it is the physical stock that provides service to society. To fill this gap, this research investigates stock dynamics in Japan in relation to population and economic drivers using panel regression and IPAT analyses for the past five decades. We recognize characteristic changes in the strength and relative influence of the drivers throughout time, in different subnational regions, and on the dynamics of buildings compared to transportation infrastructure. We find that material stock accumulation mainly occurred due to growth in economic activity, specifically by tertiary sector demand. Apart from a period of government-driven stock accumulation in the 1990s to stimulate economic growth, as economic and population growth slowed stock accumulation dynamics also changed signaling a new stock saturation trend. Migration from rural to urban areas has recently become an influential driver, leaving behind underused buildings and roads. This analysis provides a case study on how socio-economic drivers and stock accumulation interacted and changed while the country matured, which may have implications for understanding stock dynamics in rapidly industrializing economies. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.03.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Journal of Industrial Ecology  

Summary: Wastewater treatment infrastructure (WWTI) construction in China has entered an accelerated stage of development in recent years as a result of rapid economic growth, urbanization, and the demand for improving water quality. As a result, a large amount of resources and materials will be allocated for the WWTI, and it is particularly important to find ways to reduce resource consumption effectively so that social dematerialization and sustainable development can be achieved. In this study, we employed the dynamic material flow model to estimate the material flows and stocks of WWTIs and the associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through 2050, considering effects of a rise in water consumption, a longer lifetime, and an increased material recycling rate. Our results indicate that material consumption in WWTIs will increase rapidly through 2025 to meet the needs of the increased volume of discharged wastewater as well as to overcome the shortage of existing wastewater treatment plants. In contrast with the moderate effects of rise in water consumption, prolonging the lifetime will greatly reduce material consumption in WWTI construction during the period 2030-2050, and approximately 60% of the total material input will be saved in the medium-lifetime scenario, compared with the short-lifetime scenario. Material output and CO2 emissions associated with WWTIs will be reduced by 87% and 37%, respectively, in the medium-lifetime scenario, compared with the short-lifetime scenario, under high-water-consumption growth. Our results highlight the great importance of pipeline construction and cement consumption in resource consumption associated with WWTI construction in China. Moreover, this study also examined the potential ways to reduce material consumption in WWTI construction in the context of the demand chain, the design, construction, operation and management, and demolition.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12186

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

 This study estimated future construction minerals stock and flow, and calculated its intensities. The intensities were calculated by construction mineral shipment and stock increase figures. The construction mineral stock and flow data was used to estimate CO₂ emissions with a scenario type of using mixed cement, and to estimate recycling potential as recycled aggregate. The results show that buildings, roads, and other civil infrastructure have accumulated 100Mton, 120Mton, and 87Mton respectively. CO₂ emissions in a scenario using mixed cement is 3.9Mton in 2050, which was found to be less than the 0.8Mton emissions in a scenario status type of not using mixed cement. Recycled aggregate demands would accumulate to 47Mton in 2050, and concrete waste by demolished buildings in 2050 would accumulate to 140Mton, therefore it is clarified that there is a large recycling potential.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.71.ii_309

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

&nbsp;A large amount of minerals become material flows in and out of urban areas when buildings and infrastructure, such as roads, are constructed and reconstructed. In order to do effective management of materials in a sound material-cycle society, it is necessary to estimate and grasp these material flows. This study describes a comparative MSFA (Material Stock and Flow Analysis) using 4d-GIS in the Nagoya city center for 1970, 1980, 1990, 1997, 2003, and 2009. Material stock in the case study area was found to be increasing, with large material accumulation in the commercial area. Additionaly, it was clarified that changes in the urban structure system has huge impacts on urban metabolism.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.71.II_467

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

&nbsp;Japan has large numbers of seaports, fishing harbors, and coastal facilities. Therefore, quantifying the kinds of material stock in there infrastructures is important. This study showed that seaports, fishing harbors, and coastal facilities have accumulated 783Mton, 1714Mton, 472Mton of material stock, respectively. In this way, this study expands the database of Japan's material stock to include seaports, fishing harbors, and coastal facilities, and provides a reassessment of these stock efficiency trends compared with other stock types. These results help to evaluate society's metabolism (inflows, stocking, and demolition of material).<br>&nbsp;Reassessment of stock efficiency trends regarding units of transportation showed that airports' efficiency trends grew. Roads' and rails' trends regarding freight increased, while seaports' stock trends in regards to number of passengers declined.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.71.II_319

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, JAPAN  

For analyzing the relationship with natural environment and socio-economy that characterized huge materials flow, it is important to understand the dynamics of soil and stone. However, quantitative grasp of “hidden material flow” is not sufficiency performed since it is out of material calculation process. This study presents and discusses the effectiveness of a method to estimate anthropogenic disturbance of soil and sand, based on surface elevation change over time using Digital Elevation Model (DEM). First, a case study was conducted focusing on an area where a large-scale extraction of soil and sand has occurred in Misaki-cho, Osaka Prefecture. In the case study, the viability to estimate the changes of soil movement with GIS by creating raster surface model from DEM based on counter map, aerial photo and satellite image was confirmed. As a result of the estimation sediment movement do to the volume changes as from 75.81 to 81.68 million ton between before and after soil excavation. The differences between estimates and statistics are due to the vertical accuracy of DEM, conversion rate to rock products and natural processes. Despite the estimate error induced by the vertical accuracy, satellite DEM is useful to grasp anthropogenic disturbance in data limited area.

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.28.153

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

 In order to realize a recycling-oriented society, it is important to advance industrial symbiosis, considering characteristics of area and material. After the Great East Japan Earthquake disaster, coal power generation replaced nuclear power generation, increasing the amount of Fly-ash (FA) byproduct whose utilization is a future problem. This study evaluates the potential of FA recycling as construction material to be used in the reconstruction and restoration of buildings, and construction of coastal protection facilities in Fukushima. It was found that there is big FA input potential in the city of Sendai which is located 50km north of the power station. In addition, the amount of FA produced by the power station is bigger than the FA input potential in the recycling zone.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.71.ii_133

CiNii Research

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CUPUM 2015 - 14th International Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management  

We developed 4d-GIS, which is a database of spatial 3D GIS data with a time scale, to estimate building material stock and flow and visualize the transition of buildings in urban districts for contribution to spatial designs. By utilizing 4d-GIS, it was found that steel buildings initially accounted for 60%, but the number of reinforced concrete buildings increased. As for building material stock, it has increased from 0.35 million ton in 1961 to 97.5 million tons in 2010, because of the increase of RC buildings and vir-tualization. We predicted the building renovation for Business As Usual (BAU) and District Renewal Plan (DRP) scenarios up to 2050. The results show that building material stock does not differ much between BAU and DRP scenarios in 2050, but it was observed in the DRP scenario, building material stock increased by 0.2 million ton because buildings will be re-built collectively in units.

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CiNii Research

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DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis28.0_89

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1111

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.70.II_97

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

A better understanding of CO2 emission trends caused by domestic consumption (referred to as the carbon footprint) in China, especially in the context of changes in consumption and production patterns triggered by economic development in recent years, is important to develop effective approaches for curbing the fast-growing emissions. As the various regions in mainland China exhibit great disparities in socioeconomic factors and are thus in different stages of development, this study aims to obtain a regional map of carbon footprints in China, and address the changes, sources, and drivers of regional carbon footprints. Result indicates that regional per-capita carbon footprint varied greatly from 2.9 ton in the Southwest to 8.4 ton in Jingjin in 2007, and this disparity can be attributed to differences in regional income. On average, construction and services accounted for about 70% of the regional footprint in 2007. From a view of contributions from final demand activities, it was found that on average 56% of the regional footprint was associated with investment activity, 35% was related to household consumption, and 9% was attributable to government consumption. The results of structural decomposition show that while changes in consumption patterns have promoted rapid growth in the carbon footprint across all regions, the contribution from changes in production patterns varied widely, depending on what changes in production structure and CO2 intensity improvements were undertaken. Further CO2 intensity improvements and low-carbon optimization of the production structure will be important approaches for curbing the rapid growth of the carbon footprint across all regions of China. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.02.016

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

National material stock (MS) accounts have been a neglected field of analysis in industrial ecology, possibly because of the difficulty in establishing such accounts. In this research, we propose a novel method to model national MS based on historical material flow data. This enables us to avoid the laborious data work involved with bottom-up accounts for stocks and to arrive at plausible levels of stock accumulation for nations. We apply the method for the United States and Japan to establish a proof of concept for two very different cases of industrial development. Looking at a period of 75 years (1930-2005), we find that per capita MS has been much higher in the United States for the entire period, but that Japan has experienced much higher growth rates throughout, in line with Japan's late industrial development. By 2005, however, both Japan and the United States arrive at a very similar level of national MS of 310 to 375 tonnes per capita, respectively. This research provides new insight into the relationship between MS and flows in national economies and enables us to extend the debate about material efficiency from a narrow perspective of throughput to a broader perspective of stocks.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12114

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

This article describes research conducted for the Japanese government in the wake of the magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami that struck eastern Japan on March 11, 2011. In this study, material stock analysis (MSA) is used to examine the losses of building and infrastructure materials after this disaster. Estimates of the magnitude of material stock that has lost its social function as a result of a disaster can indicate the quantities required for reconstruction, help garner a better understanding of the volumes of waste flows generated by that disaster, and also help in the course of policy deliberations in the recovery of disaster-stricken areas. Calculations of the lost building and road materials in the five prefectures most affected were undertaken. Analysis in this study is based on the use of geographical information systems (GIS) databases and statistics; it aims to (1) describe in spatial terms what construction materials were lost, (2) estimate the amount of infrastructure material needed to rehabilitate disaster areas, and (3) indicate the amount of lost material stock that should be taken into consideration during government policy deliberations. Our analysis concludes that the material stock losses of buildings and road infrastructure are 31.8 and 2.1 million tonnes, respectively. This research approach and the use of spatial MSA can be useful for urban planners and may also convey more appropriate information about disposal based on the work of municipalities in disaster-afflicted areas.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12126

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

China's rapid urbanization has led to increasing steel consumption for buildings and civil engineering infrastructure. The in-use steel stock in the same is considered to be closely related to social welfare and urban metabolism. Traditional approaches for determining the in-use steel stock are labor-intensive and time-consuming processes and always hindered by the availability of statistical data. To address this issue, this study proposed the use of long-term nighttime lights as a proxy to effectively estimate in-use steel stock for buildings (IUSSB) and civil engineering infrastructure (IUSSCE) at the provincial level in China. Significant relationships between nighttime lights versus IUSSB and IUSSCE were observed for provincial variables in a single year, as well as for time series variables of a single province. However, these relationships were found to differ among provinces (referred to as. inter-individual differences.) and with time (referred to as. temporal differences.). Panel regression models were therefore proposed to estimate IUSSB and IUSSCE in consideration of the temporal and inter-individual differences based on a dataset covering 1992-2007. These models were validated using data for 2008, and the results showed good estimation for both IUSSB and IUSSCE. The proposed approach can be used to easily monitor the dynamic of IUSSB and IUSSCE in China. This should be critical in providing valuable information for policy making regarding regional development of buildings and infrastructure, sustainable urban resource management, and cross-boundary material recycling.

DOI： 10.3390/rs6064780

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

China's rapidly growing economy is accelerating its materialization process and thereby creating serious environmental problems at both local and global levels. Understanding the key drivers behind China's mass consumption of raw materials is thus crucial for developing sustainable resource management and providing valuable insights into how other emerging economies may be aiming to accomplish a low resource-dependent future. Our results show that China's raw material consumption (RMC) rose dramatically from 11.9 billion tons in 1997 to 20.4 billion tons in 2007, at an average annual growth rate at 5.5%. In particular, nonferrous metal minerals and iron ores increased at the highest rate, while nonmetallic minerals showed the greatest proportion (over 60%). We find that China's accelerating materialization process is closely related to its levels of urbanization and industrialization, notably demand for raw materials in the construction, services, and heavy manufacturing sectors. The growing domestic final demand level is the strongest contributor of China's growth in RMC, whereas changes in final demand composition are the largest contributors to reducing it. However, the expected offsetting effect from changes in production pattern and production-related technology level, which should be the focus of future dematerialization in China, could not be found.

DOI： 10.1021/es405812w

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

China as a whole is undergoing rapid industrial structure change, but this process is proceeding in a particularly unequal manner across regions. Understanding these changes and their associated impacts on CO2 emissions in these regions is a vital step toward appropriately targeted policy making. In this paper, we conduct both regional analysis throughout the nation and case studies focused on nine typical regions in order to identify regional patterns of industrial structure change and CO2 emissions. Results indicate that structural change in primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors was highly correlated, but structural change by industrial sector did not correspond well, with the stage of economic development. The disparity in regional industrial structure impacts regional CO2 emissions substantially. First, industrial structure changes involving a shift from agriculture, mining, and light manufacturing-to resource-related heavy manufacturing in many regions led to a rapid increase in CO2 emissions at the national level. Second, production structure change, especially in construction and services sectors, is an important source of CO2 emission growth in regions. Some developed regions with vastly improved input efficiency in resource-related heavy manufacturing demonstrate the immense potential for reducing CO2 emissions in regions lagging in input efficiency. Third, regions with a more developed industrial structure avoided local CO2 emissions by importing carbon-intensive products while exporting less carbon-intensive but higher-value-added products in the machinery and equipment and service sectors. Several policy implications are also discussed based on the main findings of this study. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.envsci.2013.10.001

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.70.I_79

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

&nbsp;In aiming at continuous development, global warming is a challenge that must be acknowledged. It would be necessary to shift to the low-carbon society in order to solve this challenge. When examining the environmental load of urban structure, it is desirable to consider and analyze life cycles at various scales. In this study, we estimate future CO₂ emission scenarios from Japan's prefectures. We compared the effects of energy-saving measures such as compacting of urban areas and photovoltaic systems have on the CO₂ emissions.<br>&nbsp;The result for the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario was 1,985 million tons of CO₂ emissions from 2045 to 2049. However, a scenario of energy saving measures reduces CO₂ emissions to 1,250 million tons, a 40% reduction. It was found that the introduction of photovoltaic affected the results most significantly.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.70.I_157

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

This research simulated wildfire propagation susceptibility based on multivariate logistic regression. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS)-derived fuel indicators and topographic factors were the independent variables, and burnt areas served as the dependent variable. MODIS data were collected daily during the wildfire seasons of April to May and September to October from 2001 to 2007 to acquire information about live and dead fuel in the Mongolia-China grasslands. The inputs for the independent parameters for wildfire propagation susceptibility modelling were the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI), moisture stress index (MSI), global vegetation moisture index (GVMI), dead fuel INDEX (DFI), elevation, slope, and aspect. Multivariate logistic regression ranking indicates that DFI, MSI, DEM, and OSAVI are the top four factors, with an overall accuracy of 80%. Leave one out' cross-validation demonstrated that the overall accuracy of the propagation susceptibility modelling ranged from 65% to 87%. Finally, the model was used to produce 10 day average wildfire propagation susceptibility maps during the wildfire seasons of 2001-2007 and to predict the location of burned areas. This research will be useful for understanding the propagation susceptibility of wildfires in grassland areas and for creating policies for preventing wildfire spread.

DOI： 10.1080/01431161.2013.805280

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

In this study we introduce the concept of total material requirement (TMR) to quantify the quality of materials from end-of-life buildings. The TMRs for the recycling of materials (urban ore TMR [UO-TMR]) from four types of Japanese buildings (Japanese traditional wooden structure [JTWS], wooden frame with walls structure [WFS], reinforced-concrete structure [RCS], and steel-based structure [SS]) have been estimated and the trade-off between the increase in function of recycled materials such as steel made from scrap and the additional inputs of energy and materials required to create the increase in function were evaluated. Steel made from scrap, aluminum made from scrap, and road material are assumed to be recycled from steel products, aluminum products, and aggregate and cement concrete in the buildings, respectively. Case study analyses were carried out to determine the effect of recycling only aboveground materials compared to recycling both aboveground and subsurface materials. Also, the effect of varying the recycling rate of wooden demolition debris is determined.The UO-TMRs of steel made from scrap range from 4.7 kilograms per kilogram (kg/kg) to 18.2 kg/kg. Urban tailings (unrecycled components) account for the greatest proportion of the UO-TMR of steel made from scrap, and the next largest contributor is the recycling process. In the case of aluminum made from scrap, the UO-TMRs range from 22 to 196 kg/kg, with the contribution of urban tailings generally dominant, and the second largest contributor being on-site demolition and shredding. The UO-TMRs of recycled road material range from 1.04 to 1.16 kg/kg and are similar for different recycling cases and types of buildings.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12014

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DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.12.013

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Methods to control China's CO2 emissions under its rapid economic development process have received much attention. As the top industrialized and urbanized region in China, Beijing is a good case to show the trends of CO2 emissions in China, and examining how different drivers influence the CO2 emissions direction of Beijing can give valuable insights to other regions on dealing with the emerging climate change issues. To this end, we conducted structural decomposition analysis to quantify the contributions of technological and socio-economic factors to the rapid CO2 emissions growth in Beijing from 1995 to 2007. An increasing final demand level and production structure change led to carbonizing Beijing significantly, while energy intensity improvement was Beijing's sole prominent source on decarbonizing its economic development in 1995-2007. Further, results highlighted the importance of trading and investment in CO2 emissions variations in Beijing. The industrial structure change toward heavy manufacturing and services sectors led to the significant role of these sectors in CO2 emissions growth in Beijing. Beijing's carbonizing process is a reminder to other regions in China to reconsider the direction of their industrial structure change and implement consistent and strict energy-saving policies. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.054

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&nbsp;Various policies have been undertaken in Japan for the establishment of a sustainable society. A vast amount of infrastructure in Japan was constructed during the rapid economic growth era, and due to its life span, most of this infrastructure would have to be repaired or demolished in the near future. It is urgently needed to determine the spatial distribution and accumulation of this material stock. This study examined the spatial distribution and transition of material stock in each prefecture using statistical and GIS data. The results show that material stock in 1965 (approx 7.2 billion tons) increased by about three times in 2010 (approx 20.6 billion tons). When comparing structure-types, buildings and roads compose the largest percentage of material stock, while in a material-types comparison, concrete and aggregate are the largest percentage.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.69.II_25

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

&nbsp;It is necessary to understand amount of the future CO₂ emission and material stock flow in order to attain a sustainable society. In this study, we estimated future CO₂ emissions and material stock flow of urban structures by municipalities in the Hokuriku region. The result for the &ldquo;B scenario and technology introduction&rdquo; in 2050 were 30.5Mt of CO₂ emissions, 7.5Mt of material input, 426.2Mt of material stock, and 19.9Mt of material output. In conclusion, population decline caused by failing birth rate, intensifying urban areas, and the lifetime improvement of domestic houses.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.69.II_13

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

For realizing sustainable development of the cities, it is necessary to estimate of the flow of material cycles in society. Since a few countries have sufficient data to support stock analysis, a more flexible method with high adaptability is required for material stock and flow analysis in global scale. In this research, as a pioneer step, the correlation between PALSAR data and area of building has been estimated for Aichi Prefecture. Summing the size of aggregation larger than satellite resolution can reduce the noises that were induced by surrounding pixels. It was observed that a strong correlation can be estimated by omitting the forest area with the aid of using land use/land cover data.

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis27.0_85

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IRON STEEL INST JAPAN KEIDANREN KAIKAN  

Steel is the most widely used material among all metals. As the concern about effective use of the in-use steel stock as secondary resource grows, numerous studies analyzing the flow and stock of steel have been conducted. Though top-down and bottom-up approaches have been employed in material flow analysis, the applicability of these approaches is largely restricted by the data availability. To overcome this problem, we have proposed a method for estimating in-use steel stock based on satellite images. Our previous studies had shown effective regression of steel stock in buildings and nighttime lights on country and sub-national level. However, the relationship has not been examined in micro level, i.e. building stocks and pixels. Therefore, in this study, geographic information system (GIS) was used to estimate the in-use steel stock for buildings in Tokyo, Japan. The volume of buildings in 145 areas with 1 km square in Tokyo was calculated with GIS. Then, the correlation was investigated between the building volume, in-use building steel stock and the radiance of nighttime light. As the result, building volume and in-use building steel stock were found to be highly correlated with the radiance of nighttime light.

DOI： 10.2355/tetsutohagane.98.450

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Due to its position as the world's largest energy consumer and carbon emitter, China is facing the great challenge of controlling its rising carbon emissions. As a large country with great disparities in economic development and industrial structure among its regions, it is essential to understand the carbon emission characteristics of regions and industrial sectors in order to formulate effective and targeted policies to achieve domestic carbon emission reduction targets. For this reason, we have conducted a comprehensive analysis in this article of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions structure and major responsible sectors for 19 provincial regions of mainland China. Great disparities in direct CO2 emissions and intensities are identified across regions. We show that the direct CO2 intensities in regions are affected by not only the economic development level, but also by the structure of the carbon-intensive sectors and sectoral CO2 emissions intensities. A region-by-region fine-scale breakdown analysis demonstrates that both the direct CO2 emissions and total CO2 emissions are highly concentrated in a minority of sectors: the construction sector is the major contributor to the total CO2 emissions in all regions, followed by the services sectors as a whole. Moreover, the petroleum and chemicals sector, nonmetallic mineral products sector, metal products sector and electricity and steam production sector should also receive more attention, as they are identified as highly carbon intensive in most of the regions studied, especially through the close linkage with the construction sector. Based on these results, we discuss and propose policy implications for controlling the rising CO2 emissions in regions of mainland China.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00514.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

&lt;p&gt;Rapid industrialization and urbanization has been occurring in China since the introduction of the opening-up policy in 1978. The demands of building and infrastructure construction have increased rapidly, especially in the transportation and housing sectors in China. Large amounts of construction materials have been required in building construction and maintenance of the railway and road systems, especially steel and cement. Continued cement and steel production will require heavy raw material resource consumption and will emit a great deal of carbon dioxide (CO &lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt;). This study forecasts future steel and cement demand and related resource consumption and CO &lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt; emissions for building and transportation infrastructure based on a material flow analysis of China. Furthermore, the effect of prolonging the lifetime of building and transportation infrastructure is appraised. The results indicate that building and transportation infrastructure will increase sharply through 2030. Although the demand for new construction will then decrease, steel and cement consumption will remain at a high level through 2050 because these are needed to maintain roads and railways. I

DOI： 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00523.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The main purpose of this paper is to examine to what extent the widely used energy accounting schemes are useful for dealing with sustainability issues in view of Georgescu-Roegen's production process and its implications for the evolutionary aspects of the economic process. The first part critically examines the concept of "net energy" in relation to material elements produced and consumed in the economic process in light of Georgescu-Roegen's bioeconomics. The first part also considers the issue of what is produced in the economic process and emphasizes the importance of matter in bulk. The second part first compares the theoretical basis of embodied energy analysis (EEA) from the point of view of Piero Sraffa, a point of view not examined by Georgescu-Roegen. The second part also examines EEA critically in terms of Georgescu-Roegen's flow-fund model and compares Sraffa's analysis and Georgescu-Roegen's flow-fund model. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.energy.2011.04.050

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

 From the perspective of the finite resources of nature, transition to a stock-based society that reduces the amount of material input and waste is expected in the future. The material cycle in the construction sector is large; thus, it is essential that the material flow in this sector be reduced in order to reduce environmental impacts. Further, in order to understand the trends in the material flow of the construction sector, it is necessary to understand the future demand for material stock on the basis of social and economic factors. In this study, we focus on urban structures and organize the factors affecting the demand for existing structures. Moreover, we estimate future demand for urban structural material stock in each prefecture for each of the multiple scenarios that reflect different social perspectives. The result obtained from the estimation indicates that the reduction in urban structural material stock from 2000 to 2050 was most limited under the "urban concentration scenario" as compared with the other scenarios-BAU and dispersed settlement. Further, there was a substantial increase in the urban structural material stock per capita under this scenario during same period, while there was a decrease in this stock under the other two scenarios.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.68.i_1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

本研究は中国における国内マテリアル消費量を算出し、1996年から2009年の間にマテリアル消費量の駆動力を検討するためにインデックス分解分析を行った。また、土地利用の変化と国内マテリアル消費量の関係を推定するために、セミパラメトリック分析を行った。結果として、以下のように挙げられる：（1）一人当たりのGDPの寄与率は102.5％に達し、それは建築マテリアル消費増加の主な原因だった。（2）建築マテリアル消費の増加は農地から都市への転換の増加につながる理由の一つであるが、水、草原や湿地から都市へ変換は減少している。

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis26.0_43

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

 In recent years, a resource-circulating society has gained more attention while the concept of regional recycling society also emerged. Regional infrastructure development produces large amount of construction wastes. Effort to be a regional resource-circulating society will be an effective counter measure to an efficient resource use. In this study, the computational model to go to the regional resource-circulating society is built and estimation of supply and demand of concrete material is mainly focused and done by detail spatial analysis and future projection. As a result, there were three zones in three prefectures to circulate concrete block within 20km.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.68.ii_147

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：HIGHER EDUCATION PRESS  

China has large regional disparities in carbon dioxide CO2 emissions with economic development among its 31 provincial mainland regions. This paper investigates these disparities in CO2 emission patterns and identifies the factors underlying the differences. Results show that the 30 study China's mainland provinces (Tibet not included) can be divided into seven groups with three typical CO2 emission patterns. Index decomposition results indicate that changes in economic development, the industrial sector, and technology contribute far more to increased CO2 emissions than do population, energy structure, and other sectors. Close inspection reveals that different industry structures and technology contribute greatly to the differences observed in CO2 emissions between provinces with similar economic output. This study highlights the importance of region-specific industrial structure adjustment policies, especially for regions transitioning to heavy industry and for those still in the primary stages of industrialization. The potential application of a domestic carbon emissions trading system, to encourage regional investment in updated technology, is also discussed.

DOI： 10.1007/s11783-011-0330-6

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&nbsp;The study evaluated the influence of supply and demand of residential wood on the amounts of carbon fixation and CO₂ absorption by forests. The residential wood occupies most of all wood demand. The result of the analysis revealed that both the amounts of carbon fixation in the forest and the residence decreased. Moreover, it was clarified that the wood utilization for long-lived houses made the amounts of carbon fixation in the forests and residences the maximum. On the other hand, the amounts of CO₂ absorption by the man-made forest would decrease in the future. However, the study showed the possibility of the increase in CO₂ absorption admitted in the Kyoto Protocol.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.67.II_513

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study analyzed the relationship between infrastructure investment and water use and aqueous environments. First, we collected data on water use and pollutant discharge in each industry and constructed an input&ndash;output table that was used to analyze the influence of infrastructure construction on water resources and aqueous environments. Then, the influence of the infrastructure investment on water resources was evaluated using indicators, Such as the amount of water use and the pollutant discharge of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonia(NH<SUB>4</SUB>). According to our analysis, the domestic product resulting from infrastructure investment is as large as urban household consumption and export demand, and has become a main force of economic development in China. In the agricultural sector, both the amount of water use and water pollutant discharge induced by infrastructure investment far exceeded that by any other industry. In addition, the water use induced by infrastructure investment in the steel-smelting sector and electricity and hot water production and supply sector was also high. The COD discharge by the paper and paper products sector was very high. The infrastructure investment induced a large discharge of NH<SUB>4</SUB> in the chemicals sector, which includes chemical fertilizers. Therefore, increasing water use efficiency and decreasing water pollutant discharge in key sectors, such as agriculture and paper and paper products, will be increasingly important in the future.

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.24.290

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Institute of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan  

<p>Following the disaster in Northeast Japan, it is important to obtain an estimation of the scale of lost buildings and infrastructures’ material stock. Therefore the amount of materials necessary for future reconstruction as well as the subsequent waste flow generation could be estimated and, more importantly, proper policies could be proposed for the recovery of stricken areas. In this study, from detailed residential maps, we built a material stock database throughout Japan. And, by extracting material stock with the area affected by the tsunami, we built a lost material stock database. The amount of material stock in the area hit by the tsunami was calculated to be about 29 million tons. Superstructure of buildings is about 10 million tons, and the foundation of buildings is about 19 million tons. The problem lies in the amount of debris, and also the amount of materials in the ground. In this paper, lost material stock of each municipality, and the distribution of lost material stock in Ishinomaki and Higashimatsushima are described.</p>

DOI： 10.3370/lca.7.374

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The City Planning Institute of Japan  

<p>In recent years, from the perspective of the finite resources of nature, transition to stock-based society which reduces the amount of material input and waste is expected. Material cycle in the construction sector is large, so it is essential to reduce the material flow in this sector to reduce environmental impacts. In order to understand the trends in the material flow of the construction sector, it is necessary to understand the future demand for stocks based on social factors. In this study, we focus on building structures and organize the factors affecting the demand for existing building. Also, we estimate future demand for building stock in each of the multiple scenarios that reflect the different social perspectives. As a result, demand for stock building per capita is different from nearly 10 tons in each scenario.</p>

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.9.2_58

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本建築仕上学会  

DOI： 10.14820/finexjournal.22.130_52

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DOI： 10.11539/ilcaj.2010.0.208.0

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Center for Environmental Information Science  

Unprecedented infrastructure construction, particularly in the transportation sector, has recently taken in China. This study estimated the material stock of transportation construction in China from 1993 to 2007. The results indicated that the steel, cement, and sand and gravel stocks of the railway system increased 1.5, 2.1 and 1.6 times, respectively, between 1993 and 2007, but the wood stock decreased. The steel and cement stocks of the highway system increased 18 and 2.8 times, respectively. Steel recycling is thus becoming an important factor for transportaion construction in China.

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis24.0.149.0

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Institute of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan  

Low carbon emission and less material input are the key factor of urban / regional environment planning. Construction sector use approximately half weight of material input of Japanese society. Successive estimation of Material Stock and Energy Consumption leads to clarify level of sustainability. The object of this paper is to clarify contribution of GIS for material stock and energy flow accounts. Material Stock and energy consumption of urban infrastructure in the near future were estimated using model with 4-D GIS (fourth dimensions geographical information systems), which includes spatial 3-D GIS with time scale. With using Historical Spatial Information, we could know successive change of material stock, energy consumption and CO₂ emission, life span of urban structures, and future projection of material and energy balance of city.

DOI： 10.3370/lca.6.92

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高度経済成長期に大量に蓄積された都市構造物の多くが耐用年数を迎え,今後廃棄物が大量に発 生すると予想される.持続可能な社会を構築するためには廃棄物のフローや資材の投入量を少なく抑える 必要がある.このため計画的に解体や撤去,修繕をするために,都市構造物の資材別でのストックを把握 する必要がある.そこで本研究では建築物・道路・下水道を対象に都市構造物ストックを統計データによ り推計し,GDP などの経済成長によりストックの集積・分布の傾向を明らかにする.結果,ストック密 度は全国 116(kg/m2),政令都市 358(kg/m2)と面積あたりでは政令都市が大きい結果となった.現状 においてはストック密度と経済状況の関係に多様な経済要因が作用していることが確認された.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Material stocks in economic society are considered to represent a reserve for wastes and secondary resources. From the viewpoints of proper disposal and reutilization of stocked materials, accurate estima- tion of the amount of materials that will emerge as wastes or secondary resources in the future is impor- tant. We defined materials that have a high probability of emerging as wastes or secondary resources as ``potential wastes and secondary resources" and estimated that amount for construction minerals in Japan as a case study. The following conclusions were drawn. (1) We classified materials that are input into economic society into four categories: potential wastes and secondary resources, potential dissipated materials, dissipatively used materials, and permanent structures. By clarifying the latter three non- potential wastes and secondary resources, we performed a more accurate assessment of the wastes and secondary resources that will emerge in the future. (2) The share of potential wastes and secondary resources was estimated to be about 30% of all construction minerals that have been input into and accu- mulated in Japanese economic society. (3) Information related to potential dissipated materials and dis- sipatively used materials will provide fundamental knowledge to support analyses of the environmental impacts and resource losses which these materials might generate.

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

都市の成長に伴い，過去から現在にかけて大量の建設資材が投入されてきており，近い将来大量の建設副産物が発生することが予測されているが，再利用先の減少により，排出量と投入量のバランスの崩壊が危惧されている．そこで，空間情報を用い，過去から現在までの資材蓄積量を推計した．さらに，用途地域ごとに耐用年数を推計し，将来のマテリアルバランスの予測を行った．その結果，建築物からの排出量が2030年には290万トン，道路建設に投入される物質投入量が12万トンと推計され，排出量が投入量を約24倍を上回ることが明らかとなった．

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Material stocks in economic society are considered to represent a reserve for wastes and secondary resources. From the viewpoints of proper disposal and reutilization of stocked materials, accurate estimation of the amount of materials that will emerge as wastes or secondary resources in the future is important. We defined materials that have a high probability of emerging as wastes or secondary resources as "potential wastes and secondary resources" and estimated that amount for construction minerals in Japan as a case study. The following conclusions were drawn. (1) We classified materials that are input into economic society into four categories: potential wastes and secondary resources, potential dissipated materials, dissipatively used materials, and permanent structures. By clarifying the latter three nonpotential wastes and secondary resources, we performed a more accurate assessment of the wastes and secondary resources that will emerge in the future. (2) The share of potential wastes and secondary resources was estimated to be about 30% of all construction minerals that have been input into and accumulated in Japanese economic society. (3) Information related to potential dissipated materials and dissipatively used materials will provide fundamental knowledge to support analyses of the environmental impacts and resource losses which these materials might generate. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.011

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高度経済成長期に大量投入されてきた建築物が更新時期を迎えるため，今後大量の建築副産物が発生す
ると危惧される．そこで，これまでにも統計情報を用いた耐用年数や建築資材蓄積量の推計が行なわれて
きた．しかし，統計情報からは建築物の滅失要因を特定することが困難であるという課題がある．本研究
では，より詳細に耐用年数・建築資材蓄積量を求めるためにGISを用い，地理情報の１つである用途地域
を考慮した推計を行なう．推計結果より，住居系用途地域における平均耐用年数は木造建築で35.1年，非
木造建築で27.2年となった．商業系用途地域においては木造建築が29.3年，非木造建築が21.1年となった．
また，工業系用途地域においては木造建築で21.9年，非木造建築で24.1年という結果が得られた．

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

高度経済成長期に大量に蓄積された都市構造物の多くが耐用年数を迎え，今後廃棄物が大量に発生すると予想される．持続可能な社会を構築するためには廃棄物のフローや物質の投入量を少なく抑える必要がある．このため計画的に解体や撤去，修繕を行なう際，都市構造物の物質別でのストックを把握する必要がある．そこで本研究では，建築物・道路・下水道を対象に構造物の地上と地下へ投入，蓄積される資材量を統計データを用いて推計し，地上のストック量及び人間の目には触れない地下のストック量を明らかにする．その結果，1975年全体の地上ストックは25億トン，地下ストックは30億トンで，2005年の地上ストックは60億トン，地下ストックは76億トンであった．1975年と2005年のストック総量を比較すると2.5倍増加していることが分かった．

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The City Planning Institute of Japan  

<p>In order to achieve a low carbon city, it is necessary to target residential and commercial sectors and transportation sector. It is also important to include aspects of mid- and long-term visions on urban planning and national land planning. Therefore, this study constructs a simulator to evaluate effects of reductions of CO2 emission by changing of urban structures and by introducing saving energy technology. Concretely, this study estimates energy consumptions and CO2 emissions from residential and commercial sectors of Nagoya city from 2000 to 2050 by 500-m meshes. By acquiring the results from this study, we can understand the potential of reduction of CO2 emission by changing of urban structures and by introducing saving energy technology. Also, we believe that it would be useful information for urban planning, especially for the prevention of global warming.</p>

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.8.2_84

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

This paper synthesizes existing information and knowledge on subsurface environments to understand the major cause and effect relationships of subsurface environmental issues by using the DPSIR (Driving force-Pressure-Status-Impact-Response) approach as the framework of analysis. Description is given to the major subsurface environmental issues common among the selected Asian cities (Bangkok, Jakarta, Manila, Osaka, Seoul, Taipei and Tokyo), such as excessive groundwater abstraction, land subsidence and groundwater contamination. The DPSIR framework is used to analyze the issues and problems of subsurface in key stages and suggestions are made for additional indicators to improve our description of the stages of urban development for the future. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.004

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This paper synthesizes existing information and knowledge on subsurface environments to understand the major cause and effect relationships of subsurface environmental issues by using the DPSIR (Driving force–Pressure–Status–Impact–Response) approach as the framework of analysis. Description is given to the major subsurface environmental issues common among the selected Asian cities (Bangkok, Jakarta, Manila, Osaka, Seoul, Taipei and Tokyo), such as excessive groundwater abstraction, land subsidence and groundwater contamination. The DPSIR framework is used to analyze the issues and problems of subsurface in key stages and suggestions are made for additional indicators to improve our description of the stages of urban development for the future.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Center for Environmental Information Science  

Quantifying urban material stock and unveiling the input history of construction materials could provide a new basic dataset for urban area assessment. Construction materials of the buildings, roadways and sewer networks are estimated based on statistical data. In this paper, total mass of construction materials are estimated over time with country and prefecture scale. The results indicate that overall Prefectures of stock density is 116 (kg/m²), Mega cities stock density is 358(kg/m²). The proportion was seen by the stock per person and the gross GDP per person.

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis23.0.83.0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Center for Environmental Information Science  

A large amount of construction minerals has been stocked as urban structures over time. In the near future, materials from demolished structures cause new material flow as it became waste, but the demands of recycling material related to roadway construction and maintenance have been decrease. Therefore, we estimated the volume of Material Stock Accounts of urban infrastructure over time by using four damnation GIS database. In addition, lifespan of urban structure by landuse type is estimated for predicting the future construction material balance. materials discharged from buildings is approximately 24 times larger compare to the demand of roadway's construction.

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis23.0.89.0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Center for Environmental Information Science  

In this paper, we defined wide-area transportation ton-kilometer that multiplied transportation distance by quantity of the transportation as wide-area transportation mileage of industrial waste and analyzed the possibility of it's reduction by using a linear minimization model. As a result, it was revealed that the wide-area transportation mileage of sludge could be reduced up to 80 % of total and up to 60% in the case of wood waste at most.

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis23.0.297.0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

A huge amount of construction material is required in urban areas for developing and maintaining buildings and infrastructure. Ageing stocks, which were built during a period of rapid growth in Japan (1955-1973), will cause a new waste flow in the near future. In order to assess urban metabolism with regard to building and infrastructure, it is necessary to understand change in its material accumulation both &apos;spatially&apos; and &apos;temporally&apos;. In this analysis, material accumulation over time is elucidated using four-dimensional Geographical Information Systems (4d-GIS) data at an urban scale. An approximately 8km2 urban area of Salford in Manchester, UK, and 11km2 of Wakayama City centre, Japan, were selected as case study sites. In this analysis, the material stock of buildings, roadways and railways was estimated locally over time, using a 4d-GIS database: (1) to find the spatial distribution of construction materials over time, (2) to estimate the demolition curve of buildings based on characteristics of an area, and (3) to clarify material accumulation with vertical location, such as above and below ground, from the viewpoint of recyclability. By estimation of the demolition curve, the life span of buildings in an urban area was found to be shorter than the national average respectively at both sites: 81 years in the urban area of Salford compared with 128 years for the UK; and 28 years in Wakayama City centre compared with the Japanese national average of 40 years. In 2004, 47% of total construction material was stocked in underground infrastructure in Wakayama City centre.

DOI： 10.1080/09613210903169394

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DOI： 10.11539/ilcaj.2009.0.104.0

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京都議定書の第1約束期間を迎え地球温暖化対策が急務となっている中,環境と経済の両立を図る省エネルギー環境ビジネスとしてESCOが注目されているが,病院や事務所施設等の民生部門への導入に限られているのが現状である.そこで本研究では,これまで殆ど試みのない,都市の環境施設である清掃工場 へのESCO導入可能性に着目した分析を行った.まず清掃工場のエネルギーフローを分析し,次に様々な 省エネルギー方策の適用可能性について環境面及び経済面から分析を行った結果,ガスコジェネレーショ ンやインバータ等の導入によりCO2及び光熱水費削減効果が大きく見込まれること,また経済面ではガス コジェネレーションにおけるRPS法による売電上乗せ価格やエネルギー価格が投資回収年に影響を与え, 特にガス価格の及ぼす影響が大きいことを明らかにした.

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For all countries analyzed so far, Material Flow Analysis/Accounting (MFA) studies indicate that the overall stock of materials within the economy is growing. Most are construction minerals such as asphalt, cement, sand and gravel, crushed stone, and other aggregates. In the analyses described in this paper, flows and stocks of construction minerals were estimated for Japan from the past to the future to elucidate: (1) the mechanisms by which construction minerals become waste, and (2) the future supply of and demand for recycled crushed stone. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) The amounts of waste construction minerals generated have been and will be at much lower levels than the domestic demand for construction minerals. These differences might indicate consistent growth of the stock of construction minerals, which will become waste in the future. However, certain amounts of materials that we account for as stock can be interpreted already in the environment as dead stock or dissipated waste; such materials can be called “missing stock" or “dissipated stock". Capturing that missing or dissipated stock is very important because it provides information that clarifies the environmental impacts and loss of resources that these materials cause; it allows estimation of appropriate future waste generation. (2) The amount of construction minerals that are recognized as waste was estimated to increase in the future. An imbalance in the supply of and demand for recycled crushed stone will likely occur in the near future if an expected decline in future road construction is considered.

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Responsible for pages：第一章   Language：Japanese

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

&nbsp;Urban sustainable development has been one of the most important issues in the global society, wherein industrial sector plays a critical role who not only contributes in mitigating global climate change but also promoting continuous economic growth so as to deal with the challenges of ageing and depopulation. The emerging methodology named Industrial Symbiosis (IS) provides a two-pronged approach to enhance the competitive advantages of products through exchanging byproducts and heat between nearby industries. However, geographic proximity and supply-demand matching are two critical factors affecting the benefits from implementing IS. This study aims to develop an assessment method to analyze the potential of waste heat exchange in an industrial park considering location changes of factories. The Shinchi-Soma region of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, is selected as case area where was suffered from the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 and now is in revitalization so that positive industrial policy and land use adjustment is practicable. Results indicate that the preference on inducing high heat demand factories for using more waste heat can indeed enlarge the CO₂ emission reduction but job creation is quite limited, while locating employee intensive factories can create more jobs but limit the CO₂ emission reduction. Consequently, local policies for industrial development should carefully adapt with this trade-off. It is expected to conduct a wide-area intergovernmental cooperation on optimal industrial locations for gaining double benefit in economic growth and environmental improvements.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.73.II_353

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：Blackwell Publishing  

Accompanying the huge amount of material accumulation in the socioeconomic sphere is anthropogenic disturbance, namely, artificial landform transformation attributed to mining, soil excavation, construction, and physical development. Anthropogenic disturbance impacts the natural environment and is strongly related to hidden material flow (HMF). However, only few studies have considered anthropogenic disturbance as the starting point of material transfer in the ecosphere. The objectives of the present study are: (1) to spatially quantify the impact of humans on the natural environment by estimating the anthropogenic disturbance attributed to mining and (2) to contribute to the knowledge of HMF by examining the phenomenon using the relatively unexplored methodology of assessing the relationship between anthropogenic disturbance and material transfer by means of a geographical information system and digital elevation model. Statistical data obtained by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan were used to account for domestic extraction. By comparing the respective results of bottom-up and top-down accountings, we estimated the potential HMF. The database developed in this study not only reflects the amount of anthropogenic disturbance and potential HMF, but also reveals their destructive effect on the environment and the spatial distribution of anthropogenic disturbance.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12543

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Energy conservation is critical for promoting urban low-carbon and sustainable development. Because a large amount of heat energy is wasted during energy conversion and transportation, the recovery of waste heat and its cascading use would substantially save resources and reduce CO2 emissions. As a typical case of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, direct extracting steam from incinerators for industrial use is considered more efficient than power generation, but hard to be popularized because of long distance heat transport. On the basis of the heat atlas, this study develops an integrated model to assess the feasibility of developing heat exchange network between incineration facilities and industries in city scale, and evaluates the impacts from land use on economic and environmental indices. The result reveals that maximum 45.2% of the incineration waste heat can be utilized to cover 13.8% of the heat consumption in industries, where annual net benefit and CO2 emission reduction could achieve 63 billion JPY (approximate to 0.6 billion USD) and 2200 kt CO2/year, respectively. However, current geographic separation between incineration facilities and industries brings a dilemma between economic and environmental benefits which will obstruct the popularization of waste heat exchange. Given this result, a cluster map to classify involved incineration facilities is provided which helps in establishing a renewal strategy considering positive land use adjustment. These results are also referable in urban planning integrated with distributed energy system as well as provide a case for promoting Urban Symbiosis. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.147

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Energy shortage and global climate change have created a dilemma in Japan, especially after the great earthquake of 2011 in eastern Japan. District Heating System (DHS) using waste heat is highlighted as an attractive solution. However, because of low heat demand in urban areas and the geographic separation of industries, popularizing this solution is considerably difficult in Japan. Previous studies have focused on technical improvements on existing district heating networks, but these studies lack sufficient discussion on an early-stage integrated land-use planning. Supported by technological assessment and emerging concepts of Industrial-Urban Symbiosis (I-US), this study combines the system development of DHS and land use scenarios into a symbiotic design based on inventory survey and geographic database, and conducts a cost-benefit analysis to scientifically and quantitatively evaluate the effects brought from land-use policies. Results from a case study of Shinchi Town in the Fukushima Prefecture indicate DHS using waste heat can realize significant benefits of energy saving and CO2 reduction, provided positive guidance on land use planning is implemented. Moreover, the model framework of this study also supports a quantitative assessment on policy implementation to help in decision making on urban sustainable energy planning. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.03.006

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Recent years have seen a growing interest in the potential for a more circular economy and the application of material flow accounting to increase knowledge on materials accumulating in in-use stocks. This study assesses the dynamics of stocks and flows related to road networks, which are a significant destination for recycled construction and demolition waste.
We develop a bottom-up stock-driven model to assess long-term inflows, outflows, and materials accumulated in roads to assess requirements for construction minerals of the road network in the United States. We estimate material requirements using the expansion of the transport network as a driver, and scheduled maintenance and technological coefficients from engineering literature to assess input and output flows. We apply the model to historical data for the United States road network from 1905 to 2015 and show that the current material stock of construction minerals in the road network of the United States is 15.1 billion tonnes, growing 21-fold since 1905.
During the 20th century, the material requirements of road construction have declined from 35% to 15% of economy-wide material consumption of non-metallic minerals in the United States. The share of roads in economy-wide in-use stocks has also declined from 17% to 13%. This shows that roads, once established, remain in place and most material flows are due to extending and refurbishing them, while the construction of completely new roads makes up a much smaller part of the material flows related to the road network.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.024

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

This study looks into material flow trends in the Philippines from 1985 to 2010 by utilizing the methodology of economy-wide material flow analysis. Using domestic data sources, this study presents disaggregated annual material flow trends in terms of four major material categories, namely: biomass; fossil energy carriers; ores and industrial minerals; and construction minerals. The results describe in detail the growth of material flows in a high-density country at the onset of its development and reveal the shift of material consumption from dominance of renewable materials in 1985 to nonrenewable materials in 2010. IPAT analysis shows that the increase in material consumption was driven by population growth from 1985 to 1998 and by growth in affluence from 1999 to 2010. However, high inequalities amidst the growing economy suggest that a small group of wealthy people have influenced the acceleration of material consumption in the Philippines. The results of this research are intended to provide a thorough analysis of the processes occurring in Philippine economic growth in order to assist in tackling implications for the important issue of sustainable resource management.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12496

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

Despite accounting for almost 50% of global material use, nonmetallic minerals-mostly used for construction of buildings and infrastructure-are the material flow analysis (MFA) category with the highest uncertainty. The main reason for this is incomplete reporting in official national statistics because of ease of availability and the low per-unit cost of these materials. However, the environmental burden associated with nonmetallic minerals, which include energy use for extraction and transport, land-use change, and disposal of large amounts of construction demolition waste, call for a thorough understanding of the magnitude of nonmetallic mineral flows. Previous estimates for nonmetallic minerals have used simplistic assumptions. This study aims to increase the precision of nonmetallic mineral accounts at national and global level using consumption of bitumen, bricks, cement, and railways in combination with technical coefficients from the engineering literature to infer the actual yearly consumption of nonmetallic minerals. We estimate the extraction of nonmetallic minerals and provide uncertainty estimates for the new accounts as well as information about consumption by different sectors. Analyzing the evolution of consumption for seven world regions, we find that, in North America and Europe, the consumption of nonmetallic minerals over the past 40 years has followed the growth patterns of population, whereas for all other regions consumption has been closely related to gross domestic product (GDP). A more accurate account of global and country-by-country extraction of nonmetallic minerals may provide insights into supply shortages and inform waste management strategies for construction and demolition waste.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12471

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Regional scale estimation of in-use steel stock (IUSS) using satellite observation of nighttime lights (NTL) is essential for urban resource consumption management and resource recovery monitoring. S-NPP VIIRS (Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership's Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) NTL product is newly released in 2013, which has enhancements in both spatial and radiometric resolutions compared with the DMSP-OLS (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System) NTL products. To evaluate whether these enhancements can improve the estimations of IUSS of buildings (IUSSB) and civil engineering infrastructure (IUSSCE), the S-NPP VIIRS NTL products were used to estimate IUSSB and IUSSCE at both sub-national level of Japan and national level of world, and their performances were compared with those of using DMSP-OLS radiance calibrated (RC) NTL data. Our results indicate that the S-NPP VIIRS NTL data can offer more accurate estimates of IUSSB and IUSSCE (R-2 values of 0.952 and 0.909) than those of DMSP-OLS RC NTL (R-2 of 0.929 and 0.884) at prefectural level of Japan. Similar to DMSP-OLS RC NTL product, urban NTL of S-NPP VIIRS data has a stronger relationship with IUSSB, and IUSSCE was more closely related to total NTL. At national level, S-NPP VIIRS NTL also showed better estimations of IUSSB and IUSSCE. We confirmed that dividing the world into different regional groups is also required for estimating IUSSB and IUSSCE from S-NPP VIIRS NIL For estimation of IUSSCE, two classifications including Asia region and Non-Asia region are appropriate when using S-NPP VIIRS NTL product, which is superior to DMSP-OLS RC NTL. For estimation of IUSSB, more classifications may be still required which is similar to DMSP-OLS RC NTL. Overall, our study indicated that S-NPP VIIRS data have greater capability in modeling IUSSB and IUSSCE than DMSP-OLS RC data. Our results are critical for ever-improvement of policy making on urban resource management. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.04.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Anthropogenic material stocks are expanding at ever-increasing rates across the world, and their environmental and economic impacts draw more and more attention from academia, policy makers, and economic and environmental bodies. As the knowledge base regarding anthropogenic material stocks expands, it is important to not only comprehend the societal side of material stock growth but also its counterpart to the material balance the natural environment from which the materials used for stocks come from. However, due to difficulties of data procurement, and muted interest in materials which are considered low-value high volume, the environmental burdens related to construction minerals have received less attention so far despite the huge amounts involved. In this study, we employ geographic information systems (GIS) with digital elevation model (DEM) datasets, to form an automated method of detection and measurement of the anthropogenic disturbance of soil and earth at excavation and mining sites, which accounts not only for the material extracted for usage in the anthroposphere, but also its related unused extraction. This geographically explicit method allows to directly pinpoint the location and volume of anthropogenic disturbance. Using Japan as a case study, the results suggest that the ratio of unused extraction to used extraction may exceed 1:1 for construction minerals in Japan. We also find that the environmental effects of anthropogenic activity are bigger than natural soil disturbance by several orders of magnitude, highlighting the need to reduce raw material extraction and increase the efficient use of the existing material stock. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.09.010

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Language：English   Publisher：SPRINGER HEIDELBERG  

DOI： 10.1007/s11367-017-1310-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Accurate assessments of construction materials stocked in the built environment have received increased attention in the Industrial Ecology literature over the past few years. Many recent models that estimate building material inflows, stock accumulation and end-of-life waste, however, rely on simplistic assumptions about the lifespan of built infrastructure. While several probability distributions have been proposed (normal, Weibull, log-normal, and so on) there is no agreement on which model is best suited for modelling the accumulation of building material stock at urban and national levels. In this study we introduce an analysis of the hazard rate of buildings and discuss alternative distribution functions to model lifespan, testing the fit of five commonly used distributions to real data from the cities of Nagoya (Japan), Wakayama (Japan), and Salford (UK). The results highlight how cities with fast replacement rates are overall best modelled by right-skewed distributions, but single cohort levels express independent behaviours based on their characteristics. We investigate the sensitivity of a top-down stock accumulation model to the choice of different distributions and input parameters uncertainties. The results show that different lifespan distribution functions result in very similar overall stock accumulation at the national level, but have large impacts on calculated demolition waste flows. Differences are more pronounced for cities and the choice of a certain distribution will significantly affect the calculation of the average lifetime. Our results suggest that top-down national material stock accounts have high reliability, and are only weakly affected by the choice of one distribution over another. For cities, it is beneficial to use a distribution based on the characteristics of the buildings analysed, with regard to density and building characteristics. Stock accumulation research would profit from future bottom-up research into building lifespans to validate top-down estimation procedures. Crown Copyright (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.015

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本LCA学会事務局  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Understanding the impact of dramatic socioeconomic transitions on soaring CO2 emissions is essential for developing targeted and effective CO2 mitigation policies. Taking Chongqing as a representative case in inland China, we proposed an analysis framework to evaluate the socioeconomic transition effects on CO2 emissions during the period 1997-2012. Based on the framework, we found that the industrialization process, with its rapid expansion of construction and heavy manufacturing industries, had a strong impact on the structure of CO2 emissions growth. Meanwhile, the development of transport equipment manufacturing and high-tech industry contributed to low-carbon development. The framework further showed that the urbanization process contributed to the increased CO2 emissions mainly by intensive investments in the construction sector and changing urban household consumption. Particularly, the fast-growing urban population, the urban household consumption level, as well as the associated consumption pattern transition towards a growing demand for manufacturing products, transport, shelter, and services together lead to tripled urban household consumption related CO2 emissions. These empirical results suggest that a targeted CO2 mitigation policy in Chongqing should focus on multiple significant socioeconomic driving factors with diverse leading sectors. This implication should be applicable for other inland regions with similar geographical and socioeconomic features. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.072

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：Center for Environmental Information Science  

&lt;p&gt;Wood has an important role in realizing a low-carbon society. This study estimated carbon stocks in urban and forest areas with a view to promoting wood use. The study involved network analysis using a geographic information system in forest areas and urban areas. The study explored six scenarios, including the substitution of wooden houses for non-wooden houses and extending the life span of houses. One scenario showed that substituting three percent of non-wooden houses and doubling the life span of wooden houses could fix 160 million tons of carbon. Moreover, this study visualized the gap between supply and demand for wood in urban and forest areas and analyzed the spatial distribution of supply and demand.&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis31.0_13

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

&amp;nbsp;In order to restore and redevelop areas affected by natural disasters, understanding of the material inputs needed to restore the community back to a pre-disaster state and a plan for efficient disaster waste disposal are needed. Lost building stocks were estimated for Kumamoto Prefcture, which suffered severe damage by 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes, by estimating the spatial distribution of building stocks using a micro-building data, overlaying the distribution of seismic intensity, and framing the result in a collapse fragility curve. The result showed that 58% of building stocks in Kumamoto Prefecture were standing on areas that recorded a strong motion of seismic intensity 6-upper, and lost stocks form collapsed or damaged buildings amounted to 260.7 million ton, and it was revealed that half of the stocks were concrete by material.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.73.II_293

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

&amp;nbsp;The development of the city occurs not only above ground but also underground. Underground infrastructure is especially vulnerable to flood damage, caused by extreme events and natural disasters, as it forms the lowest layer un the hierarchy of urban structure. However, despite the increasing importance of urban inundation analysis, the lack of availability of data regarding underground space restricted analysis in previous studies. In this study, we established three-dimensional GIS data of subways using records and drawings of construction, which can be used for underground infrastructure inundation analysis in urban areas. Utilizing this established three-dimensional subway GIS data, we modeled and analyzed the areas of subway stations and train lines to be inundated by the projected Nankai Trough Earthquake. 82% of Nagoya city&#039;s Meiko Line close to the coastal area is expected to be submerged by an over 1m-deep flooding, and tsunami run-up through the train line is estimated to occur.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.73.I_283

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：廃棄物資源循環学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

The construction industry is an important contributor to urban economic development and consumes large volumes of building material that are stocked in cities over long periods. Those stocked spaces store valuable materials that may be available for recovery in the future. Thus quantifying the urban building stock is important for managing construction materials across the building life cycle. This article develops a new approach to urban building material stock analysis (MSA) using land-use heuristics. Our objective is to characterize buildings to understand materials stocked in place by: (1) developing, validating, and testing a new method for characterizing building stock by land-use type and (2) quantifying building stock and determining material fractions. We conduct a spatial MSA to quantify materials within a 2.6-square-kilometer section of Philadelphia from 2004 to 2012. Data were collected for buildings classified by land-use type from many sources to create maps of material stock and spatial material intensity. In the spatial MSA, the land-use type that returned the largest footprint (by percentage) and greatest (number) of buildings were civic/institutional (42%; 147) and residential (23%; 275), respectively. The model was validated for total floor space and the absolute overall error (n = 46; 20%) in 2004 and (n = 47; 24%) in 2012. Typically, commercial and residential land-use types returned the lowest overall error and weighted error. We present a promising alternative method for characterizing buildings in urban MSA that leverages multiple tools (geographical information systems [GIS], design codes, and building models) and test the method in historic Philadelphia.

DOI： 10.1111/jiec.12327

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