Country：Japan

Country：Japan

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Country：Japan

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： doi: 10.1002/path.4377.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.042

Web of Science

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Cell Death and Differentiation  

There is an unmet clinical need for pharmacologic treatment for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Hepatocyte cell death is a hallmark of this highly prevalent chronic liver disease, but the dominant type of cell death remains uncertain. Here we report that ferroptosis, an iron-catalyzed mode of regulated cell death, contributes to MASLD. Unsupervised clustering in a cohort of biopsy-proven MASLD patients revealed a subgroup with hepatic ferroptosis signature and lower glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) levels. Likewise, a subgroup with reduced ferroptosis defenses was discerned in public transcriptomics datasets. Four weeks of choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet (CDAHFD) induced MASLD with ferroptosis in mice. Gpx4 overexpression did not affect steatohepatitis, instead CDAHFD protected from morbidity due to hepatocyte-specific Gpx4 knockout. The ferroptosis inhibitor UAMC-3203 attenuated steatosis and alanine aminotransferase in CDAHFD and a second model, i.e., the high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHFD). The effect of monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids supplementation on ferroptosis susceptibility was assessed in human HepG2 cells. Fat-laden HepG2 showed a drop in ferroptosis defenses, increased phosphatidylglycerol with two polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) lipid tails, and sustained ferroptosis sensitivity. In conclusion, this study identified hepatic ferroptosis as a detrimental factor in MASLD patients. Unexpectedly, non-PUFA supplementation to hepatocytes altered lipid bilayer composition to maintain ferroptosis sensitivity. Based on findings in in vivo models, ferroptosis inhibition represents a promising therapeutic target in MASLD. (Figure presented.)

DOI： 10.1038/s41418-024-01348-9

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PubMed

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Redox Biology  

Ferroptosis is a pervasive non-apoptotic form of cell death highly relevant in various degenerative diseases and malignancies. The hallmark of ferroptosis is uncontrolled and overwhelming peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids contained in membrane phospholipids, which eventually leads to rupture of the plasma membrane. Ferroptosis is unique in that it is essentially a spontaneous, uncatalyzed chemical process based on perturbed iron and redox homeostasis contributing to the cell death process, but that it is nonetheless modulated by many metabolic nodes that impinge on the cells’ susceptibility to ferroptosis. Among the various nodes affecting ferroptosis sensitivity, several have emerged as promising candidates for pharmacological intervention, rendering ferroptosis-related proteins attractive targets for the treatment of numerous currently incurable diseases. Herein, the current members of a Germany-wide research consortium focusing on ferroptosis research, as well as key external experts in ferroptosis who have made seminal contributions to this rapidly growing and exciting field of research, have gathered to provide a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review on ferroptosis. Specific topics include: basic mechanisms, in vivo relevance, specialized methodologies, chemical and pharmacological tools, and the potential contribution of ferroptosis to disease etiopathology and progression. We hope that this article will not only provide established scientists and newcomers to the field with an overview of the multiple facets of ferroptosis, but also encourage additional efforts to characterize further molecular pathways modulating ferroptosis, with the ultimate goal to develop novel pharmacotherapies to tackle the various diseases associated with – or caused by – ferroptosis.

DOI： 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103211

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Oral Diseases  

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of plasma-activated Ringer's lactate solution (PAL) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells and carcinogenic processes with a particular focus on iron and collagenous matrix formation. Materials and Methods: We used three OSCC cell lines, one keratinocyte cell line, and two fibroblast lines, and cell viability assays, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy were performed to evaluate the effect and type of cell death. The effect of PAL treatment on lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Tamoxifen-inducible Mob1a/b double-knockout mice were used for the in vivo experiment. Results: PAL killed OSCC cells more effectively than the control nontumorous cells and suppressed cell migration and invasion. Ferroptosis occurred and the protein level of LOX was downregulated in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, PAL improved the survival rate of mice and suppressed collagenous matrix formation. Conclusions: We demonstrated that PAL specifically kills OSCC cells and that ferroptosis occurs in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, PAL can prevent carcinogenesis and improve the survival rate of oral cancer, especially tongue cancer, by changing collagenous matrix formation via LOX suppression.

DOI： 10.1111/odi.14827

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Nature Cell Biology  

Ferroptosis, an intricately regulated form of cell death characterized by uncontrolled lipid peroxidation, has garnered substantial interest since this term was first coined in 2012. Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress in elucidating the detailed molecular mechanisms that govern ferroptosis induction and defence, with particular emphasis on the roles of heterogeneity and plasticity. In this Review, we discuss the molecular ecosystem of ferroptosis, with implications that may inform and enable safe and effective therapeutic strategies across a broad spectrum of diseases.

DOI： 10.1038/s41556-024-01360-8

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：医歯薬出版  

DOI： 10.32118/ayu290020174

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics  

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110027

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOCIETY FOR FREE RADICAL RESEARCH JAPAN  

<p>The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing owing to the elderly population. Here, we investigated the effects of heat-treated <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> (FK-23) and lysozyme-treated FK-23 (LFK) on the progression of CKD in rats. A CKD model was established using male Wistar rats by subjecting them to right nephrectomy (1K), followed by ischemia and reperfusion (IR). FK-23 or LFK was fed <i>ad libitum</i> as a mixed diet after right nephrectomy. Animals subjected to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) showed increased plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Furthermore, in the kidneys, collagen accumu­lation and α-smooth muscle actin, indicative of fibroblast activation and fibrosis-related gene and protein expression, increased 3 weeks after IRI. FK-23 and LFK suppressed the increase in the mRNA levels of some of these genes. The increase in oxidative stress markers, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and nitrotyrosine in the kidney, as well as increased plasma uremic toxins after IRI, were also ameliorated by FK-23 and LFK. Metagenomic analysis of fecal samples revealed that gut microbial alteration caused by IRI was also ameliorated by LFK treatment. These results suggest that <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> ingre­dients may improve CKD progression by suppressing oxidative stress and correcting the balance of the intestinal microflora.</p>

DOI： 10.3164/jcbn.24-29

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Autophagy  

Macroautophagy/autophagy is a complex degradation process with a dual role in cell death that is influenced by the cell types that are involved and the stressors they are exposed to. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent oxidative form of cell death characterized by unrestricted lipid peroxidation in the context of heterogeneous and plastic mechanisms. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of specific types of autophagy (e.g. ferritinophagy, lipophagy, and clockophagy) in initiating or executing ferroptotic cell death through the selective degradation of anti-injury proteins or organelles. Conversely, other forms of selective autophagy (e.g. reticulophagy and lysophagy) enhance the cellular defense against ferroptotic damage. Dysregulated autophagy-dependent ferroptosis has implications for a diverse range of pathological conditions. This review aims to present an updated definition of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis, discuss influential substrates and receptors, outline experimental methods, and propose guidelines for interpreting the results. Abbreviation: 3-MA:3-methyladenine; 4HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; ACD: accidentalcell death; ADF: autophagy-dependentferroptosis; ARE: antioxidant response element; BH2:dihydrobiopterin; BH4: tetrahydrobiopterin; BMDMs: bonemarrow-derived macrophages; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CQ:chloroquine; DAMPs: danger/damage-associated molecular patterns; EMT,epithelial-mesenchymal transition; EPR: electronparamagnetic resonance; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FRET: Försterresonance energy transfer; GFP: green fluorescent protein;GSH: glutathione;IF: immunofluorescence; IHC: immunohistochemistry; IOP, intraocularpressure; IRI: ischemia-reperfusion injury; LAA: linoleamide alkyne;MDA: malondialdehyde; PGSK: Phen Green™ SK;RCD: regulatedcell death; PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids; RFP: red fluorescentprotein;ROS: reactive oxygen species; TBA: thiobarbituricacid; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TEM:transmission electron microscopy.

DOI： 10.1080/15548627.2024.2319901

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Nature Communications  

Ferroptosis is a form of cell death that has been associated with different diseases. Here the authors describe an association of ferroptosis with COVID-19 pulmonary pathologies in both patient samples and hamster model and suggest that the dysregulation in iron and lipid metabolism could provide targets to reduce pathology.

DOI： 10.1038/s41467-024-48055-0

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PubMed

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：医歯薬出版  

DOI： 10.32118/ayu28904263

CiNii Research

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are complex structures that transport various DNA, RNA, and protein. Recently, new EV secretion mechanisms have been identified through the iron regulatory system in mammalian cells. We revealed that ferroptosis increases EV secretion, which is named ferroptosis-dependent EVs (FedEVs). Here, we describe a step-by-step procedure to isolate GFP-expressing FedEVs for in vitro analysis. The FedEVs are further analyzed by imaging and flow cytometry analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Ito et al.1.

DOI： 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102892

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Iron is essential for all the lives and mitochondria integrate iron into heme and Fe-S clusters for diverse use as cofactors. Here we screened mitochondrial proteins in KU812 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells by glutathione S-transferase pulldown assay with PCBP2 to identify mitochondrial receptors for PCBP2, a major cytosolic Fe(II) chaperone. LC-MS analyses identified TOM20, sideroflexin-3 (SFXN3), SFXN1 and TOM70 in the affinity-score sequence. Stimulated emission depletion microscopy and proteinase-K digestion of mitochondria in HeLa cells revealed that TOM20 is located in the outer membrane of mitochondria whereas SFXN3 is located in the inner membrane. Though direct association was not observed between PCBP2 and SFXN3 with co-immunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assay demonstrated proximal localization of PCBP2 with TOM20 and there was a direct binding between TOM20 and SFXN3. Single knockdown either of PCBP2 and SFXN3 in K562 leukemia cells significantly decreased mitochondrial catalytic Fe(II) and mitochondrial maximal respiration. SFXN3 but not MFRN1 knockout (KO) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts decreased FBXL5 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) but increased transferrin uptake and induced ferritin, indicating that mitochondrial iron entry through SFXN3 is distinct. MFRN1 KO revealed more intense mitochondrial Fe(II) deficiency than SFXN3 KO. Insufficient mitochondrial heme synthesis was evident under iron overload both with SFXN3 and MFRN KO, which was partially reversed by HO-1 inhibitor. Conversely, SFXN3 overexpression caused cytosolic iron deficiency with mitochondrial excess Fe(II), which further sensitized HeLa cells to RSL3-induced ferroptosis. In conclusion, we discovered a novel pathway of iron entry into mitochondria from cytosol through PCBP2-TOM20-SFXN3 axis.

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2024.2340711

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Free Radical Biology and Medicine  

Reactive species are involved in various aspects of neoplastic diseases, including carcinogenesis, cancer-specific metabolism and therapeutics. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) can directly provide reactive species, by integrating atmospheric and interjacent molecules as substrates, to represent a handy strategy to load oxidative stress in situ. NTP causes apoptosis and/or ferroptosis specifically in cancer cells of various types. Plasma-activated Ringer's lactate (PAL) is another modality at the preclinical stage as cancer therapeutics, based on more stable reactive species. PAL specifically kills malignant mesothelioma (MM) cells, employing lysosomal ·NO as a switch from autophagy to ferroptosis. However, the entire molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated yet. Here we studied cytosolic iron regulations in MM and other cancer cells in response to PAL exposure. We discovered that cells with higher catalytic Fe(II) are more susceptible to PAL-induced ferroptosis. PAL caused a cytosolic catalytic Fe(II)-associated pathology through iron chaperones, poly (rC)-binding proteins (PCBP)1/2, inducing a disturbance in glutathione-regulated iron homeostasis. PCBP1/NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy started at a later phase, further increasing cytosolic catalytic Fe(II), ending in ferroptosis. In contrast, PCBP2 after PAL exposure contributed to iron loading to mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Therapeutic effect of PAL was successfully applied to an orthotopic MM xenograft model in mice. In conclusion, PAL can selectively sensitize MM cells to ferroptosis by remodeling cytoplasmic iron homeostasis, where glutathione and PCBPs play distinct roles, resulting in lethal ferritinophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. Our findings indicate the clinical application of PAL as a ferroptosis-inducer and the potential of PCBPs as novel targets in cancer therapeutics.

DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.02.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Laboratory Investigation  

The pathogenesis of malignant mesothelioma (MM) has been extensively investigated, focusing on stress derived from reactive oxygen species. We aimed to identify diagnostic biomarkers of MM by analyzing proteins in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We extracted proteins from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of MM tissues (n = 7) and compared their profiles with those of benign mesothelial tissues (n = 4) and alveolar tissue (n = 1). Proteomic data were statistically assessed and profiled using principal component analysis. We were successful in the classification of MM and healthy tissue. The levels of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), an enzyme that converts superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, and thioredoxin (TXN), which plays a crucial role in reducing disulfide bonds in proteins, primarily contributed to the classification. Other redox-related proteins, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit X, and ceruloplasmin also contributed to the classification. Protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated that these proteins play essential roles in MM pathogenesis. Immunohistochemistry revealed that TXN levels were significantly lower, whereas SOD2 levels were significantly higher in MM and lung cancer tissues than in controls. Proteomic profiling suggested that MM tissues experienced increased exposure to hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species. Combining immunohistochemistry for TXN and SOD2 allows for differentiation among MM, lung cancer, and control tissues; hence, TXN and SOD2 may be promising MM biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

DOI： 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100299

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Free Radical Research  

Pathogenic variants of BRCA1/2 constitute hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome, and BRCA1/2 mutant is a risk for various cancers. Whereas the clinical guideline for HBOC patients has been organized for the therapy and prevention of cancer, there is no recommendation on the female reproductive discipline. Indeed, the role of BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants in ovarian reserve has not been established due to the deficiency of appropriate animal models. Here, we used a rat model of Brca2(p.T1942fs/+) mutant of Sprague-Dawley strain with CRISPR-Cas9 editing to evaluate ovarian reserve in females. Fertility and ovarian follicles were evaluated and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) was measured at 8–32 weeks of age with a comparison between the wild-type and the mutant rats (MUT). MUT revealed a significantly smaller number of deliveries with fewer total pups. Furthermore, MUT showed a significant decrease in primordial follicles at 20 weeks and a low AMH level at 28 weeks. RNA-sequencing of the ovary at 10 weeks detected acceleration of the DNA damage repair pathway, which was accompanied by oxidative stress-induced DNA double-strand breaks, a decrease in PTEN, and an increase in mTOR in follicular granulosa cells. In conclusion, Brca2(p.T1942fs/+) dissipates primordial follicles via early activation of granulosa cells through oxidative stress, leading to earlier termination of fertility.

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2024.2320405

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PLoS Pathogens  

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human lymphotropic herpesvirus that is causally associated with several malignancies. In addition to latent factors, lytic replication contributes to cancer development. In this study, we examined whether the lytic gene BNRF1, which is conserved among gamma-herpesviruses, has an important role in lymphomagenesis. We found that lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) established by BNRF1-knockout EBV exhibited remarkably lower pathogenicity in a mice xenograft model than LCLs produced by wild-type EBV (LCLs-WT). RNA-seq analyses revealed that BNRF1 elicited the expression of interferon-inducible protein 27 (IFI27), which promotes cell proliferation. IFI27 knockdown in LCLs-WT resulted in excessive production of reactive oxygen species, leading to cell death and significantly decreased their pathogenicity in vivo. We also confirmed that IFI27 was upregulated during primary infection in B-cells. Our findings revealed that BNRF1 promoted robust proliferation of the B-cells that were transformed by EBV latent infection via IFI27 upregulation both in vitro and in vivo.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011954

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Advances in Redox Research  

Research on nonthermal plasma (NTP) devices first began almost five decades ago. NTP devices discharge electrons, positive ions, ultraviolet light, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) at near-physiological temperatures. Advances in plasma science have enabled the manipulation of ROS/RNS irradiation for medical applications. During preclinical stages and in human clinical trials, NTP promotes blood coagulation, eradication of bacterial, viral, and biofilm-related infections, wound healing, and cancer therapy. Previously, tetrachloroaurate (III) increased NTP-induced oxidative stress that was attenuated by reduced and oxidized glutathione, indicating that the presence of interactions between metal ions and biomolecules may modulate biological effects. In this study, using 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (M4PO) as a spin probe in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), we observed that the tetrachloroaurate-induced M4PO-X spin adduct was significantly suppressed by ascorbate and α-tocopherol, while dehydroascorbate (DHA) and Trolox were ineffective. Tetrachloroaurate-induced lipid peroxidation, which was measured by 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in combination with NTP exposure, was suppressed by ascorbate, α-tocopherol and Trolox, while DHA was ineffective. Furthermore, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and dithiothreitol efficiently suppressed tetrachloroaurate-induced M4PO-X spin adduct and lipid peroxidation. LC‒MS/MS analyzes identified hexanal that was significantly elevated by NTP exposure and/or tetrachloroaurate. However, 25 and 250 μM ascorbate did not significantly suppress the formation of aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, hexanal, nonanal, nonenal, and 4‑hydroxy-2-nonenal. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the redox reactions between metal ions, including gold (III), and biomolecules to expand the possibility of NTP application in medicine and agriculture.

DOI： 10.1016/j.arres.2023.100074

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa UK Limited  

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2023.2230351

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Redox Biology  

Toxoplasmosis is a major infectious disease, affecting approximately one-third of the world's population; its main clinical manifestation, ocular toxoplasmosis (OT), is a severe sight-threatening disease. Nevertheless, the diagnosis of OT is based on clinical findings, which needs improvement, even with biochemical tests, such as polymerase chain reaction and antibody detections. Furthermore, the efficacy of OT-targeted treatment is limited; thus, additional measures for diagnosis and treatments are needed. Here, we for the first time report a significantly reduced iron concentration in the vitreous humor (VH) of human patients infected with OT. To obtain further insights into molecular mechanisms, we established a mouse model of T. gondii infection, in which intravitreally injected tracer 57Fe, was accumulated in the neurosensory retina. T. gondii-infected eyes showed increased lipid peroxidation, reduction of glutathione peroxidase-4 expression and mitochondrial deformity in the photoreceptor as cristae loss. These findings strongly suggest the involvement of ferroptotic process in the photoreceptor of OT. In addition, deferiprone, an FDA-approved iron chelator, reduced the iron uptake but also ameliorated toxoplasma-induced retinochoroiditis by reducing retinal inflammation. In conclusion, the iron levels in the VH could serve as diagnostic markers and iron chelators as potential treatments for OT.

DOI： 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102890

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Iron is an essential element for every life on earth as a primary media for electron flow. Sulfur compounds as sulfhydryls counteract catalytic activity of iron whereas sulfur overdose is also toxic. In aerobic organisms, oxygen is the major media for electron transfer with higher intracellular mobility, which cooperates with the iron system. Based on the importance of iron, there is no active pathway to excrete iron outside the body in higher species. Whereas bacterial infection causes a scramble for iron in situ, cancer can be the outcome of the side effects of long use of iron and oxygen. Ferroptosis is a recently coined cell death, defined as catalytic Fe(II)-dependent regulated necrosis accompanied by lipid peroxidation. Researchers recently recognized that ferroptosis is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological contexts, including embryonic erythropoiesis, aging, neurodegeneration and cancer cell death. Alternatively, carcinogenesis is a process to obtain iron addiction with ferroptosis-resistance, based on rodent animal studies. Here we propose that ferroptosis is three-dimensionally regulated by iron, sulfur and oxygen, which correspond to oxidants, antioxidants and membrane fluidity with susceptibility to lipid peroxidation, respectively. Whereas life attempts to prevent ferroptosis, ferroptotic cells eventually emit iron-loaded ferritin as extracellular vesicles to maintain monopoly of iron.

DOI： 10.1089/ars.2022.0142

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Ferritin is a spherical nanocage protein for iron storage, composed of 24 light- or heavy-polypeptide chain subunits. A single ferritin molecule can carry up to 4500 iron atoms in its core, which plays an important role in suppressing intracellular iron toxicity. Serum ferritin levels are used as a marker for the total amount of iron stored in the body. Most serum ferritin is iron-free (apo-ferritin) and it is unclear how ferritin is released from cells. Ferritin is secreted into serum via extracellular vesicles (EVs) or the secretory autophagy pathway but not via the classical endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi secretion pathway. We recently discovered that the level of tetraspanin CD63, a common EV marker, is post-transcriptionally regulated by the intracellular iron level and both CD63 and ferritin expression is induced by iron loading. Ferritin is incorporated into CD63(+)-EVs through the ferritin-specific autophagy adapter molecule, NCOA4, and then secreted from cells. EV production differs drastically depending on cell type and physiological conditions. Extracellular matrix detached cells express pentaspanin prominin 2 and prominin 2(+)-EVs secrete ferritin independently of NCOA4 trafficking. Ferritin is tightly bound to iron in EVs and functions as an iron-carrier protein in the extracellular environment. Cells can suppress ferroptosis by secreting holo-ferritin, which reduces intracellular iron concentration. However, this exposes the neighboring cells receiving the secreted holo-ferritin to a large excess of iron. This results in cellular toxicity through increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we review the machinery by which ferritin is incorporated into EVs and its role as an intercellular communication molecule.

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109737

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Current progress in biology and medical science is based on the observation at the level of nanometers via electron microscopy and computation. Of note, the size of most cells in higher species exists in a limited range from 5 to 50 μm. Recently, it was demonstrated that endogenous extracellular nanoparticles play a role in communication among various cellular types in a variety of contexts. Among them, exosomes in serum have been established as biomarkers for human diseases by analyzing the cargo molecules. No life on the earth can survive without iron. However, excess iron can be a risk for carcinogenesis in rodents and humans. Nano-sized molecules may cause unexpected bioeffects, including carcinogenesis, which is a process to establish cellular iron addiction with ferroptosis-resistance. Asbestos and carbon nanotubes are the typical examples, leading to carcinogenesis by the alteration of iron metabolism. Recently, we found that CD63, one of the representative markers of exosomes, is under the regulation of iron-responsive element/iron-regulatory protein system. This is a safe strategy to share excess iron in the form of holo-ferritin between iron-sufficient and -deficient cells. On the other hand, damaged cells may secrete holo-ferritin-loaded exosomes as in the case of macrophages in ferroptosis after asbestos exposure. These holo-ferritin-loaded exosomes can cause mutagenic DNA damage in the recipient mesothelial cells. Thus, there is an iron link between exogenous and endogenous nanoparticles, which requires further investigation for better understanding and the future applications.

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109718

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Cell Death and Differentiation  

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by central nervous (CNS) demyelination resulting in axonal injury and neurological deficits. Essentially, MS is driven by an auto-amplifying mechanism of inflammation and cell death. Current therapies mainly focus on disease modification by immunosuppression, while no treatment specifically focuses on controlling cell death injury. Here, we report that ferroptosis, an iron-catalyzed mode of regulated cell death (RCD), contributes to MS disease progression. Active and chronic MS lesions and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients revealed several signs of ferroptosis, reflected by the presence of elevated levels of (labile) iron, peroxidized phospholipids and lipid degradation products. Treatment with our candidate lead ferroptosis inhibitor, UAMC-3203, strongly delays relapse and ameliorates disease progression in a preclinical model of relapsing-remitting MS. In conclusion, the results identify ferroptosis as a detrimental and targetable factor in MS. These findings create novel treatment options for MS patients, along with current immunosuppressive strategies. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

DOI： 10.1038/s41418-023-01195-0

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DOI： 10.1101/2023.08.14.553187

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Ferroptosis is a new form of regulated non-apoptotic cell death, which is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, leading eventually to plasma membrane rupture. Its core mechanisms have been elucidated consisting of a driving force as catalytic Fe(II)-dependent Fenton reaction and an incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to membrane phospholipids via peroxisome-dependent and -independent pathways, whereas suppressing factors are the prevention of lipid peroxidation by glutathione peroxidase 4 to protect lipid peroxidation and direct membrane repair via coenzyme Q10 and ESCRT-III pathways. The significance of ferroptosis in cancer therapeutics has now been unveiled. Specific ferroptosis inducers are expected as a promising strategy for cancer treatment, especially in cancers with epithelial mesenchymal transition and possibly in cancers with activated Hippo signaling pathways, both of which cause resistance to traditional chemotherapy but tend to show ferroptosis susceptibility. Developments of ferroptosis inducers are in progress by nanotechnology-based drugs or by innovative engineering devices. Especially, low-temperature (non-thermal) plasma is a novel technology at the preclinical stage. The exposure can induce ferroptosis selectively in cancer cells which are generally rich in catalytic Fe(II). Here we summarize and discuss the recently uncovered responsible molecular mechanisms in association with iron metabolism, ferroptosis and cancer therapeutics. Finally, we also highlight the current classification of ferroptosis inducers.

DOI： 10.1089/ars.2022.0048

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For the design and development of innovative carbon nanotube (CNT)-based tools and applications, an understanding of the molecular interactions between CNTs and biological systems is essential. In this study, a three-dimensional protein-structure-based in silico screen identified the paired immune receptors, sialic acid immunoglobulin-like binding lectin-5 (Siglec-5) and Siglec-14, as CNT-recognizing receptors. Molecular dynamics simulations showed the spatiotemporally stable association of aromatic residues on the extracellular loop of Siglec-5 with CNTs. Siglec-14 mediated spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)-dependent phagocytosis of multiwalled CNTs and the subsequent secretion of interleukin-1β from human monocytes. Ectopic in vivo expression of human Siglec-14 on mouse alveolar macrophages resulted in enhanced recognition of multiwalled CNTs and exacerbated pulmonary inflammation. Furthermore, fostamatinib, a Syk inhibitor, blocked Siglec-14-mediated proinflammatory responses. These results indicate that Siglec-14 is a human activating receptor recognizing CNTs and that blockade of Siglec-14 and the Syk pathway may overcome CNT-induced inflammation.

DOI： 10.1038/s41565-023-01363-w

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Old animals display significant alterations in sleep-wake patterns such as increases in sleep fragmentation and sleep propensity. Here, we demonstrated that PR-domain containing protein 13 (Prdm13)+ neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) are activated during sleep deprivation (SD) in young mice but not in old mice. Chemogenetic inhibition of Prdm13+ neurons in the DMH in young mice promotes increase in sleep attempts during SD, suggesting its involvement in sleep control. Furthermore, DMH-specific Prdm13-knockout (DMH-Prdm13-KO) mice recapitulated age-associated sleep alterations such as sleep fragmentation and increased sleep attempts during SD. These phenotypes were further exacerbated during aging, with increased adiposity and decreased physical activity, resulting in shortened lifespan. Dietary restriction (DR), a well-known anti-aging intervention in diverse organisms, ameliorated age-associated sleep fragmentation and increased sleep attempts during SD, whereas these effects of DR were abrogated in DMH-Prdm13-KO mice. Moreover, overexpression of Prdm13 in the DMH ameliorated increased sleep attempts during SD in old mice. Therefore, maintaining Prdm13 signaling in the DMH might play an important role to control sleep-wake patterns during aging.

DOI： 10.26508/lsa.202301992

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Organoids are a three-dimensional (3D) culture system that simulate actual organs. Therefore, tumor organoids are expected to predict precise response to chemotherapy in patients. However, to date, few studies have studied the drug responses in organoids of malignant mesothelioma (MM). The poor prognosis of MM emphasizes the importance of establishing a protocol for generating MM-organoid for research and clinical use. Here, we established murine MM organoids from p53+/- or wild-type C57BL/6 strain by intraperitoneal injection either with crocidolite or carbon nanotube. Established MM-organoids proliferated in Matrigel as spheroids. Subcutaneous injection assays revealed that the MM-organoids mimicked actual tissue architecture and maintained the original histological features of the primary MM. RNA sequencing and pathway analyses revealed that the significant expressional differences between the 2D- and 3D-culture systems were observed in receptor tyrosine kinases, including IGF1R and EGFR, glycosylation and cholesterol/steroid metabolism. MM-organoids exhibited a more sensitive response to cisplatin through stable plasma membrane localization of a major cisplatin transporter, copper transporter 1/Slc31A1 (Ctr1) in comparison to 2D-cultures, presumably through glycosylation and lipidation. The Matrigel culture system facilitated the localization of CTR1 on the plasma membrane, which simulated the original MMs and the subcutaneous xenografts. These results suggest that the newly developed protocol for MM-organoids is useful to study strategies to overcome chemotherapy resistance to cisplatin.

DOI： 10.1186/s12885-023-10966-4

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Plasma Processes and Polymers  

Lactate is used in the food and pharmaceutical industries and is a crucial intermediate for synthesis. Plasma-activated lactate (PAL) in Ringer's solution was recently shown to have effective antitumor action. Small molecule aldehydes, ketones, and organic acids were produced from lactate during plasma exposure, and five-membered conjugated lactone isomers of furanone (C5H6O2) were detected formed by interactions of lactate or its fragments with •OH, organic radicals, and H2O2. 2,3-Dimethyl-tartaric acid may be the effective component in PAL for the selective killing of cancer but not normal cells and possible pathways for its synthesis are provided. Aqueous reaction mechanisms are explained, including dehydration, esterification, hydrolysis, and dimerization. This study will help develop novel cancer therapies and further plasma organic chemistry.

DOI： 10.1002/ppap.202200193

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Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is still a social burden associated with asbestos exposure. Local iron accumulation thereby represents the major pathogenesis, followed by oxidative DNA strand breaks and genomic alterations in the mesothelium. BRCA1 is a critical component of homologous recombination repair directed to DNA double-strand breaks. Whereas BRCA1 germline mutation is an established risk for breast/ovarian cancer, its role in MM development remains to be elucidated. Murine Brca1 mutant models thus far have not reproduced human phenotypes. However, a rat Brca1 mutant model (Mut; L63X/+) recently reproduced them at least partially. Here we describe the differential induction of MM in Brca1 mutant rats by intraperitoneal injection of chrysotile or crocidolite. Only Mut males injected with chrysotile revealed a promotional effect on mesothelial carcinogenesis in comparison to wild-type and/or females, with all the MMs Brca1-haploinsufficient. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization of MMs disclosed a greater extent of chromosomal deletions in Brca1 mutants, including Cdkn2a/2b accompanied by Tfr2 amplification, in comparison to wild-type tumors. Mutant MMs indicated iron metabolism dysregulation, such as increase in catalytic Fe(II) and Ki67-index as well as decrease in Fe(III) and ferritin expression. Simultaneously, mutant MMs revealed ferroptosis-resistance by upregulation of Slc7A11 and Gpx4. At an early carcinogenic stage of 4 weeks, induced Brca1 expression in mesothelial cells was significantly suppressed in chrysotile/Mut in comparison to crocidolite/Mut whereas significant preference to iron with decrease in Fe(III) has been already established. In conclusion, chrysotile exposure can be a higher risk for MM in BRCA1 mutant males, considering the rat results.

DOI： 10.1111/cas.15705

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We fabricated sensors by modifying the surface of MoS2 and WS2 with COVID-19 antibodies and investigated their characteristics, including stability, reusability, sensitivity, and selectivity. Thiols and disulfanes in antibodies strongly interact with vacant Mo or W sites of MoS2 or WS2, yielding durable devices that are stable for several days in the air or water. More importantly, detachment of the antibodies is suppressed even during the aggressive cleaning process of the devices at pH 3, which allows reusing the same device in several experiments without appreciable loss of sensitivity. Therefore, the nanodevice may be employed in samples of different patients. Further, we found a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 fg ml-1 at room temperature, time responses of 1 second, and selectivity against interferences such as KLH protein or Albumin.

DOI： 10.1039/d2nr06630k

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan  

<p>MOCA (4,4’-methylenebis (2-chloroaniline)) , an aromatic amine, is industrially used as a curing agent for urethane resins; however, it is classified as a Group 1 compound (carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and there is concern regarding its health effects on workers. The mechanism underlying MOCA-mediated carcinogenesis is thought to be related to DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA adducts, which are mainly generated during metabolism in the liver. 8-Oxoguanine (8-OHdG), a product of ROS-induced oxidation, occurs at high frequency and can induce G→T transversion mutations during DNA replication. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has examined whether MOCA induces the formation of highly mutagenic 8-OHdG in experimental animals. Here, F344 rats were orally exposed to 0, 0.4, 2, 10, or 50 mg/kg/day MOCA three times a week for 2 weeks; this is expected to exert toxicity through the hepatic metabolism of MOCA. Livers obtained from these animals were examined for pathology and 8-OHdG levels. In pathological sections, vacuolar degeneration was observed with 50 mg/kg/day MOCA. Further, MOCA-induced 8-OHdG levels showed a slight increasing trend, except at 0.4 mg/kg/day. However, none of these differences were significant. Thus, 8-OHdG is unlikely the main cause of carcinogenesis.</p>

DOI： 10.2486/josh.josh-2022-0022-ta

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Nagoya Journal of Medical Science  

Respiratory exposure to asbestos fibers has been associated with diffuse malignant mesothelioma (DMM) in humans. Despite advancements in the molecular analyses of human DMM and the development of animal models, the carcinogenic mechanisms of the disease remain unclear. There are basically three hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of asbestos-induced DMM, which may be summarized as follows: (1) the “oxidative stress theory” is based on the fact that phagocytic cells that engulf asbestos fibers produce large amounts of free radicals due to their inability to digest the fibers, and epidemiological studies indicating that iron-containing asbestos fibers appear more carcinogenic; (2) the “chromosome tangling theory” postulates that asbestos fibers damage chromosomes when cells divide; and (3) the “theory of adsorption of many specific proteins as well as carcinogenic molecules” states that asbestos fibers in vivo concentrate proteins or chemicals including the components of cigarette smoke. Elucidation of the major mechanisms underlying DMM would be helpful for the development of novel strategies to prevent DMM induction in people who have already been exposed to asbestos

DOI： 10.18999/nagjms.85.1.13

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Nagoya Journal of Medical Science  

It is my great pleasure and honor as the Editor-in-chief to congratulate the centennial anniversary of the Nagoya Journal of Medical Science in 2023 with all the editorial board members and the technical staffs as well as the authors and the readers. One hundred years are quite a long period, and the persistent publication from a medical school of national university in Japan has not been so easy. Especially, the publication was suspended from 1940 to 1950 due to the World War II.

DOI： 10.18999/nagjms.85.1.1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa UK Limited  

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2023.2201390

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Genes and Environment  

Cancer is the primary cause of human mortality in Japan since 1981. Although numerous novel therapies have been developed and applied in clinics, the number of deaths from cancer is still increasing worldwide. It is time to consider the strategy of cancer prevention more seriously. Here we propose a hypothesis that cancer can be side effects of long time-use of iron and oxygen and that carcinogenesis is an evolution-like cellular events to obtain “iron addiction with ferroptosis-resistance” where genes and environment interact each other. Among the recognized genetic risk factors for carcinogenesis, we here focus on BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene and how environmental factors, including daily life exposure and diets, may impact toward carcinogenesis under BRCA1 haploinsufficiency. Although mice models of BRCA1 mutants have not been successful for decades in generating phenotype mimicking the human counterparts, a rat model of BRCA1 mutant was recently established that reasonably mimics the human phenotype. Two distinct categories of oxidative stress, one by radiation and one by iron-catalyzed Fenton reaction, promoted carcinogenesis in Brca1 rat mutants. Furthermore, mitochondrial damage followed by alteration of iron metabolism finally resulted in ferroptosis-resistance of target cells in carcinogenesis. These suggest a possibility that cancer prevention by active pharmacological intervention may be possible for BRCA1 mutants to increase the quality of their life rather than preventive mastectomy and/or oophorectomy.

DOI： 10.1186/s41021-023-00258-5

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Free Radical Research  

Low-temperature plasma (LTP) has been widely used in life science. Plasma-activated solutions were defined as solutions irradiated with LTP, and water, medium, and Ringer’s solutions have been irradiated with LTP to produce plasma-activated solutions. They contain chemical compounds produced by reactions among LTP, air, and solutions. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are major components in plasma-activated solutions and recent studies revealed that plasma-activated organic compounds are produced in plasma-activated Ringer’s lactate solution (PAL). Many in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that PAL exhibits anti-tumor effects on cancers, and biochemical analyses revealed intracellular molecular mechanisms of cancer cell death by PAL.

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2023.2182663

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COVID-19 has been pandemic since 2020 with persistent generation of new variants. Cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), where transmembrane serine protease-2 (TMPRSS2) is essential for viral internalization. We recently reported abundant expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the oral cavity of humans and mice. Therefore, oral cavity may work for COVID-19 infection gates. Here we undertook to evaluate whether vaccination in the tongue harbors any merit in comparison to subcutaneous injection. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) is the fourth physical state of matters with ionization above gas but at body temperature. LTP provides complex chemistry, eventually supplying oxidative and/or nitrosative stress on the interface. LTP-associated cellular death has been reported to cause apoptosis and/or ferroptosis. However, there is few data available on immunogenicity retention after LTP exposure. We therefore studied the effect of LTP exposure after the injection of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or spike 2 protein of SARS-CoV-2 to the tongue of six-week-old male BALB/c mice, compared to subcutaneous vaccination. Whereas LTP did not change the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the tongue, repeated LTP exposure after tongue vaccination significantly promoted systemic and specific IgM production at day 11. In contrast, repeated LTP exposure after subcutaneous vaccination of KLH decreased systemic IgM production. Of note, tongue injection produced significantly higher titer of IgM and IgG in the case of KLH. In conclusion, LTP significantly reinforced humoral immunity by IgM after tongue injection. Vaccination to the tongue can be a novel strategy to acquire immediate immunity.

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2023.2190486

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Plasma is the fourth physical state of matter, characterized by an ionized gaseous mixture, after solid, liquid, and gas phases, and contains a wide array of components such as ions, electrons, radicals, and ultraviolet ray. Whereas the sun and thunder are typical natural plasma, recent progress in the electronics enabled the generation of body-temperature plasma, designated as low-temperature plasma (LTP) or non-thermal plasma since the 1990s. LTP has attracted the attention of researchers for possible biological and medical applications. All the living species on earth utilize water as essential media for solvents and molecular transport. Thus, biological application of LTP naturally intervenes water whether LTP is exposed directly or indirectly, where plasma-activated lactate (PAL) is a standard, containing H2O2, NO2- and other identified molecules. Electron spin resonance and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that LTP exposure is a handy method to load local oxidative stress. Cancer cells are characterized by persistent self-replication and high cytosolic catalytic Fe(II). Therefore, both direct exposure of LTP and PAL can provide higher damage to cancer cells in comparison to non-tumorous cells, which has been demonstrated in a variety of cancer types. The cell death mode is either apoptosis or ferroptosis, depending on the cancer-type. Thus, LTP and PAL are expected to work as an additional cancer therapy to the established guideline protocols, especially for use in somatic cavities or surgical margins.

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2023.2190860

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.14952/SEIKAGAKU.2023.950177

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Thioredoxin, encoded by Txn1, acts as a critical antioxidant in the defense against oxidative stress by regulating the dithiol/disulfide balance of interacting proteins. The role of thioredoxin in the central nervous system (CNS) is largely unknown. A phenotype-driven study of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-mutated rats with wild-running seizures revealed the importance of Txn1 mutations in CNS degeneration. Genetic mapping identified Txn1-F54L in the epileptic rats. The insulin-reducing activity of Txn1-F54L was approximately one-third of that of the wild-type (WT). Bilateral symmetrical vacuolar degeneration in the midbrain, mainly in the thalamus and the inferior colliculus, was observed in the Txn1-F54L rats. The lesions displayed neuronal and oligodendrocytic cell death. Neurons in Txn1-F54L rats showed morphological changes in the mitochondria. Vacuolar degeneration peaked at five weeks of age, and spontaneous repair began at seven weeks. The TUNEL assay showed that fibroblasts derived from homozygotes were susceptible to cell death under oxidative stress. In five-week-old WT rats, energy metabolism in the thalamus was significantly higher than that in the cerebral cortex. In conclusion, in juvenile rats, Txn1 seems to play an essential role in reducing oxidative stress in the midbrains with high energy metabolism.

DOI： 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105921

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Scientific Reports  

Diagnostic markers of malignant mesothelioma (MM) have been extensively investigated. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers, such as calretinin, have been used for pathologic diagnosis. However, more diagnostic markers are required to improve the specificity and sensitivity of pathologic diagnosis. This study proposed two proteins as diagnostic markers for epithelioid MM. One is RhoA, an MM mutation-susceptible locus-derived protein, and another is vigilin, a lung small cell carcinoma marker. IHC was performed using 93 MM (epithelioid, 71 cases; sarcomatoid, 13 cases; and biphasic, 9 cases), 64 lung adenocarcinoma (LAC), 60 lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSC), and 14 normal mesothelial (NM) tissues. The majority of epithelioid MM cases were positive for both RhoA and vigilin, whereas both IHCs showed lower stainability in biphasic and sarcomatoid MM. Besides, both IHCs showed significantly higher stainability for RhoA and vigilin in epithelioid MM than in LAC and LSC (p < 0.05). Chi-square tests showed that both RhoA and vigilin IHC positive rate in epithelioid MM was not significantly different from that of calretinin (p > 0.05). In the differential diagnosis of MM from lung cancer, the accuracy and specificity of RhoA, vigilin, and calretinin staining were almost equivalent. Further, H-score test showed that there was no significant difference between RhoA versus calretinin and vigilin versus calretinin in IHC positivity in epithelioid MM (p > 0.05). In conclusion, RhoA and vigilin may be candidates for immunohistochemical markers for epithelioid MM.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-022-20334-0

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AIMS: Molecular hydrogen (H2) has attracted growing interest because of its implications in various diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the remarkable effect of a small amount of H2 remain elusive. No knowledge has been available on the role of H2 in the etiology of pregnancy disorders or its direct influence on human immune cells. Since maternal immunity, T cells in particular, plays a critical role in pregnancy maintenance. We investigated the effects of H2 on T cells and its relation to preterm birth (PTB). MAIN METHODS: Exhaled H2 concentrations in pregnant women were measured and correlated with cytokine concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord blood. H2 was added to T cells collected from healthy donors, and differentiation and proliferation were examined. Energy metabolism was also examined. H2 was administered to mice and cytokine expression was compared. KEY FINDINGS: Our prospective observational study revealed that maternal production of H2 is significantly lower in pregnant women with PTB, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for predicting PTB. We found that H2 has clear associations with several maternal cytokines, and acts as an immunomodulator by exerting mitochondrial function in human T cells. Moreover, in vivo administration of H2 to pregnant mice regulated inflammatory responses and reduced PTB caused by T cell activation, which further supports the notion that H2 may contribute to prolonged gestation through its immunomodulatory effect. SIGNIFICANCE: Measuring maternal H2-production could be a potential clinical tool in the management of PTB, and H2 may have positive impact on pregnancy maintenance.

DOI： 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120955

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This commentary concerns a highly cited paper by Robert L Heath and Lester Packer in Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics published in 1968. Chloroplasts are organelles in algae and plants that use light energy for carbon fixation and oxygen production. These authors discovered that isolated chloroplasts exposed to visible light undergo a cyclic peroxidation of tri-unsaturated fatty acids, contributing to the double-edged sword concept of electron transfer reactions.

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109133

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOCIETY FOR FREE RADICAL RESEARCH JAPAN  

Any independent life requires iron to survive. Whereas iron deficiency causes oxygen insufficiency, excess iron is a risk for cancer, generating a double-edged sword. Iron metabolism is strictly regulated via specific systems, including iron-responsive element (IRE)/iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) and the corresponding ubiquitin ligase FBXL5. Here we briefly reflect the history of bioiron research and describe major recent advancements. Ferroptosis, a newly coined Fe(II)-dependent regulated necrosis, is providing huge impact on science. Carcinogenesis is a process to acquire ferroptosis-resistance and ferroptosis is preferred in cancer therapy due to immunogenicity. Poly(rC)-binding proteins 1/2 (PCBP1/2) were identified as major cytosolic Fe(II) chaperone proteins. The mechanism how cells retrieve stored iron in ferritin cores was unraveled as ferritinophagy, a form of autophagy. Of note, ferroptosis may exploit ferritinophagy during the progression. Recently, we discovered that cellular ferritin secretion is through extracellular vesicles (EVs) escorted by CD63 under the regulation of IRE/IRP system. Furthermore, this process was abused in asbestos-induced mesothelial carcinogenesis. In summary, cellular iron metabolism is tightly regulated by multi-system organizations as surplus iron is shared through ferritin in EVs among neighbor and distant cells in need. However, various noxious stimuli dramatically promote cellular iron uptake/storage, which may result in ferroptosis.

DOI： 10.3164/jcbn.22-43

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Society for Free Radical Research Japan  

<p>COVID-19 is pandemic since 2020 and further information is necessary on the risk factors associated with the infection of SARS-CoV-2. As an entry mechanism, SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as receptor and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) to activate fusion with host plasma membrane. Because dysgeusia is an early symptom of COVID-19, we here studied the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the tongue and the associated tissues of mice and humans with immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis. ACE2 expression was low in the human tongue but was observed in the squamous epithelium, perineurium, arterial wall, salivary glands as well as taste buds. In contrast, mice showed high expression. In sharp contrast, TMPRSS2 expression was high in all the cells mentioned above in humans but relatively low in mice except for salivary glands. We then performed semi-quantitation of immunohistochemistry data of human ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and analyzed for age, sex, alcohol intake, and smoking habit with logistic regression analysis. We found that alcohol intake and female gender were the significant risk factors for increasing TMPRSS2 expression. In conclusion, TMPRSS2 is an important factor to be considered regarding SARS-CoV-2 entry and amplification in the oral cavity, which is promoted through drinking habit.</p>

DOI： 10.3164/jcbn.21-172

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本癌学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本癌学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本癌学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本微量元素学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Free Radical Research  

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species, such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), singlet oxygen, superoxide, ozone, and nitric oxide, at near-physiological temperatures. These molecules promote blood coagulation, wound healing, disinfection, and selective cancer cell death. Based on these evidences, clinical trials of NTP have been conducted for treating chronic wounds and head and neck cancers. Although clinical applications have progressed, the stoichiometric quantification of NTP-induced ROS remains unclear in the liquid phase in the presence of FeCl2 or FeCl3 in combination with biocompatible reducing agents, which may modulate the final biological effects of NTP. In this study, we employed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify ROS using spin-trapping probe, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and H2O2, using luminescent probe in the presence of FeCl2 or FeCl3. NTP-induced DMPO-OH levels were elevated 10–100 µM FeCl2 or 500 and 1000 µM FeCl3. NTP-induced DMPO-OH with 10 µM FeCl2 or FeCl3 was significantly scavenged by ascorbate, α-tocopherol, dithiothreitol, reduced glutathione, or oxidized glutathione, whereas dehydroascorbate was ineffective in 2 mM DMPO. NTP-induced H2O2 was significantly degraded by 100 µM FeCl2 and FeCl3 in an iron-dependent manner. Meanwhile, decomposition of H2O2 by catalase decayed DMPO-OH efficiently in the presence of iron, indicating iron causes DMPO-OH production and degradation simultaneously. These results suggest that NTP-induced DMPO-OH is generated by the H2O2-consuming, iron-dependent Fenton reaction and ferryl intermediates. The potential iron-mediated ROS production by NTP is also discussed to clarify the interaction between NTP-induced ROS and biomolecules.

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2022.2157272

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本癌学会  

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Germline-mutation in BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene is an established risk for carcinogenesis not only in females but also in males. Deficiency in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks is hypothesized as a responsible mechanism for carcinogenesis. However, supporting data is insufficient both in the mutation spectra of cancers in the patients with BRCA1 germline-mutation and in murine knockout/knock-in models of Brca1 haploinsufficiency. Furthermore, information on the driving force toward carcinogenesis in BRCA1 mutation carriers is lacking. Here we applied Fenton reaction-based renal carcinogenesis to a rat heterozygously knockout model of BRCA1 haploinsufficiency (mutant [MUT] model; L63X/+). Rat MUT model revealed significant promotion of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) induced by ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA). Array-based comparative genome hybridization of the RCCs identified significant increase in chromosomal amplification, syntenic to those in breast cancers of BRCA1 mutation carriers, including c-Myc, in comparison to those in the wild-type. Subacute-phase analysis of the kidney after repeated Fe-NTA treatment in the MUT model revealed dysregulated iron metabolism with mitochondrial malfunction assessed by expression microarray and electron microscopy, leading to renal tubular proliferation with iron overload. In conclusion, we for the first time demonstrate that biallelic wild-type BRCA1 provides more robust protection for mitochondrial metabolism under iron-catalyzed oxidative stress, preventing the emergence of neoplastic cells with chromosomal amplification. Our results suggest that oxidative stress via excess iron is a major driving force for carcinogenesis in BRCA1 haploinsufficiency, which can be a target for cancer prevention and therapeutics.

DOI： 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102356

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATL ACAD SCIENCES  

Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women worldwide. Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is the most aggressive form of this disease, and patients have a poor prognosis. Here, we present data suggesting that the Hippo-transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) pathway is a key driver of BLBC onset and progression. Deletion of Mob1a/b in mouse mammary luminal epithelium induced rapid and highly reproducible mammary tumorigenesis that was dependent on TAZ but not yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1). In situ early-stage BLBC-like malignancies developed in mutant animals by 2 wk of age, and invasive BLBC appeared by 4 wk. In a human estrogen receptor(+) luminal breast cancer cell line, TAZ hyperactivation skewed the features of these luminal cells to the basal phenotype, consistent with the aberrant TAZ activation frequently observed in human precancerous BLBC lesions. TP53 mutation is rare in human precancerous BLBC but frequent in invasive BLBC. Addition of Trp53 deficiency to our Mob1a/b-deficient mouse model enhanced tumor grade and accelerated cancer progression. Our work justifies targeting the Hippo-TAZ pathway as a therapy for human BLBC, and our mouse model represents a powerful tool for evaluating candidate agents.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.2123134119

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Cellular senescence and cell competition are important tumor suppression mechanisms that restrain cells with oncogenic mutations at the initial stage of cancer development. However, the link between cellular senescence and cell competition remains unclear. Senescent cells accumulated during the in vivo aging process contribute toward age-related cancers via the development of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here, we report that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a SASP factor, inhibits apical extrusion and promotes basal protrusion of Ras-mutated cells in the cell competition assay. Additionally, cellular senescence induced by a high-fat diet promotes the survival of cells with oncogenic mutations, whereas crizotinib, an inhibitor of HGF signaling, provokes the removal of mutated cells from mouse livers and intestines. Our study provides evidence that cellular senescence inhibits cell competition-mediated elimination of oncogenic cells through HGF signaling, suggesting that it may lead to cancer incidence during aging.

DOI： 10.1038/s41467-022-31642-4

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Society for Free Radical Research Japan  

<p>Smoke from conventional cigarettes (C-cigarettes) contains various reactive oxygen species and toxic chemicals, which potentially cause oxidative damage not only to airways but also to the whole body, leading eventually to diseases, including emphysema, advanced atherosclerosis, and cancer. Many heat-not-burn tobacco products (HTPs) have been commercialized recently in Japan to maintain the smoking population by advertising that HTPs are less toxic. However, there were few studies reported from neutral organizations whether HTPs are indeed less damaging. To evaluate the potential capacity of HTPs to induce oxidative stress, we here compared two different HTPs with two types of C-cigarettes, using human fibroblast IMR90SV cells and 5% aqueous extracts in 10-ml phosphate-buffered saline (50-ml smoke/10 s). HTPs exhibited significantly lower oxidative toxicity in comparison to C-cigarettes. Whereas C-cigarettes induced ferroptosis in fibroblasts, the effects of HTPs were significantly reduced by measuring the levels of peroxides, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, autophagy, catalytic Fe(II) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Notably, major portions of C-cigarettes-induced pathogenic responses were inhibited by catalase. However, HTPs still induced p62 autophagy-adaptor at 5%-dilution and caused lethal effects to fibroblasts with undiluted solution. In conclusion, HTPs smoke <i>per se</i> can be toxic despite less toxicity in comparison to C-cigarettes, which warrants further investigation.</p>

DOI： 10.3164/jcbn.21-134

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Nature Metabolism  

Multiple roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their consequences for health and disease are emerging throughout biological sciences. This development has led researchers unfamiliar with the complexities of ROS and their reactions to employ commercial kits and probes to measure ROS and oxidative damage inappropriately, treating ROS (a generic abbreviation) as if it were a discrete molecular entity. Unfortunately, the application and interpretation of these measurements are fraught with challenges and limitations. This can lead to misleading claims entering the literature and impeding progress, despite a well-established body of knowledge on how best to assess individual ROS, their reactions, role as signalling molecules and the oxidative damage that they can cause. In this consensus statement we illuminate problems that can arise with many commonly used approaches for measurement of ROS and oxidative damage, and propose guidelines for best practice. We hope that these strategies will be useful to those who find their research requiring assessment of ROS, oxidative damage and redox signalling in cells and in vivo.

DOI： 10.1038/s42255-022-00591-z

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOP Publishing Ltd  

Ringer's lactate solution was irradiated with non-equilibrium plasma under airtight conditions. The plasma-activated lactate (PAL) was produced with argon, oxygen, and nitrogen gases following purging of Ar. Cytotoxicity could be controlled by diluting PAL, and a killing effect was selectively obtained on cancer cells compared to normal cells for Ar+O-2+N-2 PALs. Nonetheless, cytotoxicity was partly reproduced by similar concentrations of H2O2 and NO2 (-) in the PALs. The organics produced by plasma irradiation to lactate were investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance, and the generation of methyl amino species was confirmed.

DOI： 10.35848/1882-0786/ac6360

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Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is still increasing worldwide. The pathogenesis depends on asbestos-induced iron accumulation, which eventually leads to ferroptosis-resistance of mesothelial cells via somatic mutations. Poly (rC)-binding proteins 1 and 2 (PCBP1/2) are recently recognized cytosolic Fe(II) chaperones. Here we studied the role of PCBP1/2 in rat/human mesothelial and MM cells as well as rat/human MM specimens. Normal peritoneal mesothelial cells in rats exhibited PCBP1 but not PCBP2 immunopositivity whereas primary/immortalized mesothelial cells showed PCBP1/2 immunopositivity. Rat MM specimens induced by intraperitoneal injection of chrysotile, including in situ lesion, revealed PCBP1/2 immunopositivity (90% for both) in the nucleus and cytoplasm with a tendency of higher expression in epithelioid subtype. Knockdown of PCBP2 but not PCBP1 significantly decreased both TfR1 and FTH expression in MM cells with inhibition of proliferation, indicating stagnation of intracellular iron transport. Erastin, a cysteine-deprivation type ferroptosis inducer, decreased the expression of both PCBP1/2 in MM cells. Furthermore, PCBP2 knockdown significantly increased the sensitivity of MM cells to erastin-induced ferroptosis with increased catalytic Fe(II). In conclusion, PCBP2 works for ferroptosis-resistance not only during mesothelial carcinogenesis but also in MM, which warrants further investigation as a novel therapeutic target.

DOI： 10.1111/pin.13209

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Free Radical Biology and Medicine  

DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.03.018

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本病理学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本病理学会  

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Tertiary lymphoid tissues (TLTs) facilitate local T- and B-cell interactions in chronically inflamed organs. However, the cells and molecular pathways that govern TLT formation are poorly defined. Here we identify TNF superfamily CD153-CD30 signaling between two unique age-dependent lymphocyte subpopulations, CD153⁺PD-1⁺CD4⁺ senescence-associated T (SAT) cells and CD30+T-bet+ age-associated B cells (ABCs), as a driver for TLT expansion. SAT cells, which produced ABC-inducing factors IL21 and IFNγ, and ABCs progressively accumulated within TLTs in aged kidneys after injury. Notably, in kidney injury models, CD153 or CD30 deficiency impaired functional SAT cell induction, which resulted in reduced ABC numbers and attenuated TLT formation with improved inflammation, fibrosis and renal function. Attenuated TLT formation after transplantation of CD153-deficient bone marrow further supported the importance of CD153 in immune cells. Clonal analysis revealed that SAT cells and ABCs in the kidneys arose from both local differentiation and recruitment from the spleen. In the synovium of aged rheumatoid arthritis patients, T peripheral helper/T follicular helper cells and ABCs also expressed CD153 and CD30, respectively. Together, our data reveal a previously unappreciated function of CD153-CD30 signaling in TLT formation and propose targeting CD153-CD30 signaling pathway as a therapeutic target for slowing kidney disease progression.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Tertiary lymphoid tissues (TLTs) facilitate local T and B cell interactions in chronically inflamed organs. However, the cells and molecular pathways that govern TLT formation are poorly defined. Here, we identified TNF superfamily CD153/CD30 signaling between 2 unique age-dependent lymphocyte subpopulations, CD153+PD-1+CD4+ senescence-associated T (SAT) cells and CD30+T-bet+ age-associated B cells (ABCs), as a driver for TLT expansion. SAT cells, which produced ABC-inducing factors IL-21 and IFN-γ, and ABCs progressively accumulated within TLTs in aged kidneys after injury. Notably, in kidney injury models, CD153 or CD30 deficiency impaired functional SAT cell induction, which resulted in reduced ABC numbers and attenuated TLT formation with improved inflammation, fibrosis, and renal function. Attenuated TLT formation after transplantation of CD153-deficient bone marrow further supported the importance of CD153 in immune cells. Clonal analysis revealed that SAT cells and ABCs in the kidneys arose from both local differentiation and recruitment from the spleen. In the synovium of aged rheumatoid arthritis patients, T peripheral helper/T follicular helper cells and ABCs also expressed CD153 and CD30, respectively. Together, our data reveal a previously unappreciated function of CD153/CD30 signaling in TLT formation and propose targeting the CD153/CD30 signaling pathway as a therapeutic target for slowing kidney disease progression.

DOI： 10.1172/JCI146071

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Tertiary lymphoid tissues (TLTs) facilitate local T- and B-cell interactions in chronically inflamed organs. However, the cells and molecular pathways that govern TLT formation are poorly defined. Here we identify TNF superfamily CD153-CD30 signaling between two unique age-dependent lymphocyte subpopulations, CD153⁺PD-1⁺CD4⁺ senescence-associated T (SAT) cells and CD30+T-bet+ age-associated B cells (ABCs), as a driver for TLT expansion. SAT cells, which produced ABC-inducing factors IL21 and IFNγ, and ABCs progressively accumulated within TLTs in aged kidneys after injury. Notably, in kidney injury models, CD153 or CD30 deficiency impaired functional SAT cell induction, which resulted in reduced ABC numbers and attenuated TLT formation with improved inflammation, fibrosis and renal function. Attenuated TLT formation after transplantation of CD153-deficient bone marrow further supported the importance of CD153 in immune cells. Clonal analysis revealed that SAT cells and ABCs in the kidneys arose from both local differentiation and recruitment from the spleen. In the synovium of aged rheumatoid arthritis patients, T peripheral helper/T follicular helper cells and ABCs also expressed CD153 and CD30, respectively. Together, our data reveal a previously unappreciated function of CD153-CD30 signaling in TLT formation and propose targeting CD153-CD30 signaling pathway as a therapeutic target for slowing kidney disease progression.

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Cancer susceptibility is a critical factor in the understanding of carcinogenesis. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of an iron chelate, ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), produces hydroxyl radicals via Fenton reaction to induce ferroptosis in renal proximal tubules. Rats or mice subjected to repeated i.p. injections of Fe-NTA develop renal cell carcinoma (RCC). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms that cause susceptibility to renal carcinogenesis, we first established an inter-strain difference in the susceptibility to Fe-NTA-induced renal carcinogenesis in mice. Based on a previous observation of a low incidence of RCC with this model in C57BL/6J strain mice, we investigated A/J strain mice here, which demonstrated significantly higher susceptibility to Fe-NTA-induced renal carcinogenesis. Homozygous deletion of the Cdkn2a/2b tumor suppressor locus was detected for the first time in A/J strain mice. Focusing on ferroptosis and iron metabolism, we explored the mechanisms involved that lead to the difference in RCC development. We compared the protective responses in the kidney of A/J and C57BL/6J strains after Fe-NTA treatment. After 3-week Fe-NTA treatment, A/J mice maintained higher levels of expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 and xCT (SLC7A11), leading to a lower level of lipid peroxidation. Simultaneously, A/J mice had decreased expression of transferrin receptor and increased expression of ferritin to greater degrees than C57BL/6 mice. After a single Fe-NTA injection, higher levels of oxidative cell damage and cytosolic catalytic Fe(II) were observed in C57BL/6J mice, accompanied by a greater increase in lipocalin-2. Lipocalin-2 deficiency significantly decreased oxidative renal damage. Our results suggest that a genetic trait favoring ferroptosis resistance contributes to high susceptibility to Fe-NTA-induced RCC in A/J strain.

DOI： 10.1111/cas.15175

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Non-thermal plasma (NTP) devices have been explored for medical applications. NTP devices discharge electrons, positive ions, ultraviolet (UV), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as the hydroxyl radical (•OH), singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ozone, and nitric oxide, at near-physiological temperature. At preclinical stages or in human clinical trials, NTP promotes blood coagulation, eradication of bacterial, viral, and biofilm-related infections, wound healing, and cancer cell death. Here, we observed that ferric, vanadium, and gold(III) ions significantly elevated lipid peroxidation, which was measured by 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in combination with NTP exposure. Using 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (M4PO) as a spin probe in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), we observed that tetrachloroaurate (III) yielded an M4PO-X spin adduct. Tetrachloroaurate-induced oxidation was attenuated efficiently by reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), while glycine (Gly), and L-glutamate (Glu), components of GSH, were ineffective. Furthermore, GSH and GSSG efficiently suppressed tetrachloroaurate-induced lipid peroxidation, while Gly and Glu were ineffective in suppressing TBARS elevation. These results indicate that tetrachloroaurate-induced oxidation is attenuated by GSH as well as GSSG. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the redox reactions between metal ions and biomolecules to advance the clinical application of NTP.

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2022.2026348

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Ethanol production by budding yeast was compared between direct and indirect plasma irradiation. We observed enhancement of ethanol production and cell growth not by indirect plasma irradiation but by direct plasma irradiation. Glucose consumption was increased in budding yeast by direct plasma irradiation. Extracellular flux analysis revealed that glycolytic activity in the budding yeast was elevated by direct plasma irradiation. These results suggest that direct plasma irradiation enhances ethanol production in budding yeast by elevating the glycolytic activity.

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/ac2037

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Human epidemiological and animal studies have demonstrated that excess iron is a risk for cancer. The responsible mechanisms are: 1) increased intracellular iron catalyzes the Fenton reaction to generate hydroxyl radicals, leading to mutagenic oxidative DNA lesions; 2) iron is necessary for cellular proliferation as cofactors of many enzymes. Thus, iron-excess milieu promotes selecting cellular evolution to ferroptosis-resistance, a major basis for carcinogenesis. Ferritin is a 24-subunit nanocage protein required for iron storage under the regulation of the iron-regulatory protein (IRP)/iron-responsive element (IRE) system. Ferritin is a serum marker, representing total body iron storage. However, how ferritin is secreted extracellularly has been unelucidated. We recently discovered that an exosomal marker CD63 is regulated by the IRP/IRE system and that iron-loaded ferritin is secreted as extracellular vesicles under the guidance of nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4). On the other hand, we found that macrophages under asbestos-induced ferroptosis emit ferroptosis-dependent extracellular vesicles (FedEVs), which are received by nearby mesothelial cells, resulting in significant mutagenic DNA damage. Therefore, cells, including macrophages, can share excess iron with other cells, via iron-loaded ferritin packaged in extracellular vesicles as safe non-catalytic iron. However, similar process, such as one involving FedEVs, may cause accumulation of excess iron in other specific cells, which may eventually promote carcinogenesis.

DOI： 10.15430/JCP.2021.26.4.244

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Asbestos-associated diseases remain a social burden worldwide. Our previous studies identified asbestos-induced iron-rich milieu for mesothelial cells with ceaseless macrophage ferroptosis. However, molecular mechanisms how this mutagenic milieu influences mesothelial cells have not been elucidated yet. Here, we propose a novel mechanism that extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate asbestos-associated mutagenic factors to mesothelial cells. In a mice model of intraperitoneal crocidolite injection, mutagenic milieu highly expressed CD63, an exosomal marker. We then used a GFP-CD63 labeled THP-1 macrophage model exposed to crocidolite/iron, which generated EVs under ferroptotic process. We observed that MeT-5A mesothelial cells can receive and internalize these EVs. Furthermore, we comprehensively analyzed the ferroptosis-dependent EVs (FedEVs) for transported proteins and identified ferritin heavy/light chains as major components. Therefore, we inferred that FedEVs transport iron from ferroptotic macrophages to mesothelial cells. RNA sequencing revealed that the mesothelial cells receiving higher amounts of the FedEVs were mitotic, especially at the S and G2/M phases, by the use of Fucci mesothelial cells. Nuclear 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and γ-H2AX were significantly increased in the recipient mesothelial cells after exposure to FedEVs. Collectively, we here demonstrate a novel mechanism that FedEVs act as a key mutagenic mediator by transporting iron, which contribute to asbestos-induced mesothelial carcinogenesis.

DOI： 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102174

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DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109006

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Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell necrosis, as a consequence of Fe(II)-dependent lipid peroxidation. Although ferroptosis has been linked to cancer cell death, neurodegeneration and reperfusion injury, physiological roles of ferroptosis have not been elucidated to date mostly due to the lack of appropriate methodologies. Here, we show that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-modified proteins detected by a HNEJ-1 mouse monoclonal antibody is a robust immunohistochemical technology to locate ferroptosis in tissues in combination with morphological nuclear information, based on various models of ferroptosis, including erastin-induced cysteine-deprivation, conditional Gpx4 knockout and Fe(II)-dependent renal tubular injury, as well as other types of regulated cell death. Specificity of HNEJ-1 with ferroptosis was endorsed by non-selective identification of HNE-modified proteins in an Fe(II)-dependent renal tubular injury model. We further comprehensively searched for signs of ferroptosis in different developmental stages of Fischer-344 rats from E9.5-2.5 years of age. We observed that there was a significant age-dependent increase in ferroptosis in the kidney, spleen, liver, ovary, uterus, cerebellum and bone marrow, which was accompanied by iron accumulation. Not only phagocytic cells but also parenchymal cells were affected. Epidermal ferroptosis in ageing SAMP8 mice was significantly promoted by high-fat or carbohydrate-restricted diets. During embryogenesis of Fischer-344 rats, we found ferroptosis in nucleated erythrocytes at E13.5, which disappeared in enucleated erythrocytes at E18.5. Administration of a ferroptosis inhibitor, liproxstatin-1, significantly delayed erythrocyte enucleation. Therefore, our results demonstrate for the first time the involvement of ferroptosis in physiological processes, such as embryonic erythropoiesis and aging, suggesting the evolutionally acquired mechanism and the inevitable side effects, respectively.

DOI： 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102175

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) transfer functional molecules between cells. CD63 is a widely recognized EV marker that contributes to EV secretion from cells. However, the regulation of its expression remains largely unknown. Ferritin is a cellular iron storage protein that can be also secreted by the exosome pathway (Truman-Rosentsvit M. et al. BLOOD 131 (2018) 342-352), with serum ferritin levels classically reflecting body iron stores. Iron metabolism-associated proteins, such as ferritin, are intricately regulated by cellular iron levels via the iron responsive element (IRE)-iron regulatory protein (IRP) system. Herein, we present a novel mechanism demonstrating that the expression of the EV-associated protein, CD63, is under the regulation of the IRE-IRP system. We discovered a canonical IRE in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of CD63 mRNA responsible for regulating its expression in response to increased iron. Cellular iron-loading caused a marked increase in CD63 expression and the secretion from cells of CD63 positive (i.e., CD63(+)) EVs, which were shown to contain ferritin-H (FtH) and -L (FtL). Our results demonstrate that under iron-loading, intracellular ferritin is transferred via nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) to CD63(+) EVs that are then secreted. Such iron-regulated secretion of the major iron storage protein ferritin via CD63(+) EVs, poses significant impact for understanding the local cell-to-cell exchange of ferritin and iron.

DOI： 10.1182/blood.2021010995

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Congenital malformations cause life-threatening diseases in pediatrics, yet the molecular mechanism of organogenesis is poorly understood. Here we show that Dyrk2-deficient mice display congenital malformations in multiple organs. Transcriptome analysis reveals molecular pathology of Dyrk2-deficient mice, particularly with respect to Foxf1 reduction. Mutant pups exhibit sudden death soon after birth due to respiratory failure. Detailed analyses of primordial lungs at the early developmental stage demonstrate that Dyrk2 deficiency leads to altered airway branching and insufficient alveolar development. Furthermore, the Foxf1 expression gradient in mutant lung mesenchyme is disrupted, reducing Foxf1 target genes, which are necessary for proper airway and alveolar development. In ex vivo lung culture system, we rescue the expression of Foxf1 and its target genes in Dyrk2-deficient lung by restoring Shh signaling activity. Taken together, we demonstrate that Dyrk2 is essential for embryogenesis and its disruption results in congenital malformation.

DOI： 10.1038/s42003-021-02734-6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society for Biomedical Research on Trace Elements  

<p>Biopersistent nanofibers with specified physical dimension are unexpected human carcinogens whether they are natural or synthetic. Asbestos, a natural fibrous mineral, is classified as a definite human carcinogen (IARC Group 1) to cause malignant mesothelioma (MM) and lung cancer. Multi-walled carbon nanotube of 50 nm-diameter was defined in 2014 as a possible carcinogen (IARC Group 2B) toward MM, fortunately with no authorized patients thus far. Carcinogenic mechanism of asbestos has been a mystery for a long time. It is now recognized that asbestos goes through lung parenchyma by collecting hemoglobin-derived iron to reach pleural cavity, which takes several decades. Iron-loaded asbestos can induce oxidative damage directly to mesothelial cells, carcinogenesis-target cells lining somatic cavities. Recently, it was clarified that surrounding stromal environment are as important for mesothelial carcinogenesis. The novel concept here is ceaseless ferroptosis of macrophages, which forms a Fe(II)-dependent stromal mutagenic milieu indirectly for mesothelial cells and indeed is a revised understanding of frustrated phagocytosis. Deposition of foreign materials eventually causes iron accumulation <i>in situ</i> due to the innate characteristic of preserving iron inside cells. Nanofiber-induced carcinogenesis may be involved in other human carcinogenesis, including ovarian cancer. Alternatively, iron excess can be an optimal target of cancer prevention and cancer treatment. </p>

DOI： 10.11299/metallomicsresearch.mr202102

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory  

<title>Abstract</title>Thioredoxin (TXN), encoded by <italic>Txn1</italic>, acts as a critical antioxidant in the defense against oxidative stress by regulating the dithiol/disulfide balance of interacting proteins. The role of TXN in the central nervous system (CNS) is largely unknown. A phenotype-driven study of <italic>N</italic>-ethyl-<italic>N</italic>-nitrosourea-mutated rats with running seizures at around five-week of age revealed the relevance of <italic>Txn1</italic> mutations to CNS disorders. Genetic mapping identified <italic>Txn1</italic>-F54L in epileptic rats. The insulin-reducing activity of <italic>Txn1</italic>-F54L rats was approximately one-third that of the wild-type. Vacuolar degeneration in the midbrain, mainly in the thalamus and the inferior colliculus, was observed in the <italic>Txn1</italic>-F54L rats. The lesions displayed neuronal and oligodendrocyte cell death. Neurons in <italic>Txn1</italic>-F54L rats showed morphological changes in the mitochondria. Vacuolar degeneration began at three weeks of age, and spontaneous repair began at seven weeks; a dramatic change from cell death to repair occurred in the midbrain during a restricted period. In conclusion, <italic>Txn1</italic> is essential for the development of the midbrain in juvenile rats.

DOI： 10.1101/2021.10.07.463470

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH  

Nonequilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma has enabled a variety of new applications in medicine, agriculture, and other industries. It is particularly noteworthy that plasma itself and/or plasma-activated culture medium have been shown to preferentially kill various cancer cells. We have previously developed a plasma-activated Ringer's lactate solution (PAL) for use as a new cancer treatment. In this study, behaviors of extracellular and intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the cellular respiratory system of PAL-treated HeLa cells were investigated using an extracellular flux analyzer and a probe to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. In PAL-treated HeLa cells, extracellular hydrogen peroxide in PAL was found to be responsible for the induction of intracellular hydrogen peroxide and apoptosis, while other components in PAL are responsible for the induction of non-H2O2 intracellular ROS and non-apoptotic cell death, which should be clarified by further experiments. We believe that these are long-lived species derived from plasma-activated lactates. Furthermore, we found that the plasma-activated lactates inhibited glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, but not the electron transport chain in HeLa cells. These results suggest that PAL induces multiple modes of cell death, including apoptosis through hydrogen peroxide, and non-apoptotic cell death associated with the impairment of mitochondrial functions (glycolysis and TCA cycle). These findings shed light on the novel mechanism underlying plasma-activated lactate-induced cell death.

DOI： 10.1002/ppap.202100056

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Low-temperature plasma is being widely used in the various fields of life science, such as medicine and agriculture. Plasma-activated solutions have been proposed as potential cancer therapeutic reagents. We previously reported that plasma-activated Ringer's lactate solution exhibited selective cancer-killing effects, and that the plasma-treated L-sodium lactate in the solution was an anti-tumor factor; however, the components that are generated through the interactions between plasma and L-sodium lactate and the components responsible for the selective killing of cancer cells remain unidentified. In this study, we quantified several major chemical products, such as pyruvate, formate, and acetate, in plasma-activated L-sodium lactate solution by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. We further identified novel chemical products, such as glyoxylate and 2,3-dimethyltartrate, in the solution by direct infusion-electrospray ionization with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. We found that 2,3-dimethyltartrate exhibited cytotoxic effects in glioblastoma cells, but not in normal astrocytes. These findings shed light on the identities of the components that are responsible for the selective cytotoxic effect of plasma-activated solutions on cancer cells, and provide useful data for the potential development of cancer treatments using plasma-activated L-sodium lactate solution.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-98020-w

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本癌学会  

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Cellular senescence causes a dramatic alteration of chromatin organization and changes the gene expression profile of proinflammatory factors, thereby contributing to various age-related pathologies through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Chromatin organization and global gene expression are maintained by the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF); however, the molecular mechanism underlying CTCF regulation and its association with SASP gene expression remains unclear. We discovered that noncoding RNA (ncRNA) derived from normally silenced pericentromeric repetitive sequences directly impairs the DNA binding of CTCF. This CTCF disturbance increases the accessibility of chromatin and activates the transcription of SASP-like inflammatory genes, promoting malignant transformation. Notably, pericentromeric ncRNA was transferred into surrounding cells via small extracellular vesicles acting as a tumorigenic SASP factor. Because CTCF blocks the expression of pericentromeric ncRNA in young cells, the down-regulation of CTCF during cellular senescence triggers the up-regulation of this ncRNA and SASP-related inflammatory gene expression. In this study, we show that pericentromeric ncRNA provokes chromosomal alteration by inhibiting CTCF, leading to a SASP-like inflammatory response in a cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous manner and thus may contribute to the risk of tumorigenesis during aging.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.2025647118

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Oxidative stress plays a pathological role in pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). This study investigated the effect of molecular hydrogen (H2), an antioxidant, on CDH pathology induced by nitrofen. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, CDH, and CDH + hydrogen-rich water (HW). Pregnant dams of CDH + HW pups were orally administered HW from embryonic day 10 until parturition. Gasometric evaluation and histological, immunohistochemical, and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed. Gasometric results (pH, pO2, and pCO2 levels) were better in the CDH + HW group than in the CDH group. The CDH + HW group showed amelioration of alveolarization and pulmonary artery remodeling compared with the CDH group. Oxidative stress (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine-positive-cell score) in the pulmonary arteries and mRNA levels of protein-containing pulmonary surfactant that protects against pulmonary collapse (surfactant protein A) were significantly attenuated in the CDH + HW group compared with the CDH group. Overall, prenatal H2 administration improved respiratory function by attenuating lung morphology and pulmonary artery thickening in CDH rat models. Thus, H2 administration in pregnant women with diagnosed fetal CDH might be a novel antenatal intervention strategy to reduce newborn mortality due to CDH.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms22179500

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DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2021.1991083

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Recent developments in electronics have enabled the medical applications of non-thermal plasma (NTP), which elicits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as hydroxyl radical (●OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide (O2●-), ozone, and nitric oxide at near-physiological temperatures. In preclinical studies or human clinical trials, NTP promotes blood coagulation, eradication of bacterial, viral and biofilm-related infections, wound healing, and cancer cell death. To elucidate the solution-phase biological effects of NTP in the presence of biocompatible reducing agents, we employed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to quantify ●OH using a spin-trapping probe, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO); 1O2 using a fluorescent probe; and O2●- and H2O2 using luminescent probes in the presence of thiols or tempol. NTP-induced ●OH was significantly scavenged by dithiothreitol (DTT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in 2 or 5 mM DMPO. NTP-induced O2●- was significantly scavenged by 10 μM DTT and GSH, while 1O2 was not efficiently scavenged by these compounds. GSSG degraded H2O2 more effectively than GSH and DTT, suggesting that the disulfide bonds reacted with H2O2. In the presence of 1-50 mM DMPO, NTP-induced H2O2 quantities were unchanged. The inhibitory effect of tempol concentration (50 and 100 μM) on H2O2 production was observed in 1 and 10 mM DMPO, whereas it became ineffective in 50 mM DMPO. Furthermore, DMPO-OH did not interact with tempol. These results suggest that DMPO and tempol react competitively with O2●-. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the interaction between NTP-induced ROS and biomolecules.

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108901

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Redox Biology  

Non-thermal plasma (NTP), an engineered technology to generate reactive species, induces ferroptosis and/or apoptosis specifically in various-type cancer cells. NTP-activated Ringer's lactate (PAL) is another modality for cancer therapy at preclinical stage. Here we found that PAL induces selective ferroptosis of malignant mesothelioma (MM) cells, where non-targeted metabolome screening identified upregulated citrulline-nitric oxide (.NO) cycle as a PAL target. .NO probe detected biphasic peaks transiently at PAL exposure with time-dependent increase, which was responsible for inducible . NO synthase (iNOS) overexpression through NF-κB activation. .NO and lipid peroxidation occupied lysosomes as a major compartment with increased TFEB expression. Not only ferrostatin-1 but inhibitors for . NO and/or iNOS could suppress this ferroptosis. PAL-induced ferroptosis accompanied autophagic process in the early phase, as demonstrated by an increase in essential amino acids, LC3B-II, p62 and LAMP1, transforming into the later phase with boosted lipid peroxidation. Therefore, .NO-mediated lysosomal impairment is central in PAL-induced ferroptosis.

DOI： 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101989

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics  

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108762

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Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. The major cause of EOC's lethality is that intraperitoneal recurrence occurs with high frequency due to occult metastasis. We had demonstrated that plasma-activated medium (PAM) exerts a metastasis-inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. Here we investigated how PAM inhibits intraperitoneal metastasis. We studied PAM's inhibition of micro-dissemination onto the omentum by performing in vivo imaging in combination with a sequential histological analysis. The results revealed that PAM induced macrophage infiltration into the disseminated lesion. The iNOS-positive signal was co-localized at the macrophages in the existing lesion, indicating that PAM might induce M1-type macrophages. This may be another mechanism of the antitumor effect through a PAM-evoked immune response. Intraperitoneal lavage with plasma-activated lactate Ringer's solution (PAL) significantly improved the overall survival rate in an ovarian cancer mouse model. Our results demonstrated the efficiency and practicality of aqueous plasma for clinical applications.

DOI： 10.3390/cancers13051141

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DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.249

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Macrophage recognition and phagocytosis of crystals is critical for the associated fibrosis and cancer. Of note, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), the highly representative products of nanotechnology, induce macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cause asbestosis-like pathogenesis. However, it remains largely unknown how macrophages efficiently recognize MWCNTs on their cell surfaces. Here, we identify by a targeted screening of phagocyte receptors the phosphatidylserine receptors T cell immunoglobulin mucin 4 (Tim4) and Tim1 as the pattern-recognition receptors for carbon crystals. Docking simulation studies reveal spatiotemporally stable interfaces between aromatic residues in the extracellular IgV domain of Tim4 and one-dimensional carbon crystals. Further, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of Tim4 and Tim1 reveals that Tim4, but not Tim1, critically contributes to the recognition of MWCNTs by peritoneal macrophages and to granuloma development in a mouse model of direct mesothelium exposure to MWCNTs. These results suggest that Tim4 recognizes MWCNTs through aromatic interactions and mediates phagocytosis leading to granulomas.

DOI： 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108734

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Free Radical Biology and Medicine  

DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.023

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Genes Chromosomes and Cancer  

DOI： 10.1002/gcc.22899

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Autophagy  

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

DOI： 10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280

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Low-temperature plasma (LTP) is a partially ionized gas that contains electrons, ions, radicals, light, etc. Recently, the bio-medical application of LTP has become a hot topic in plasma science and biological science. Cancer treatment with plasma is the most challenging topic in plasma bio-medical applications. Many in vitro and in vivo experiments have been conducted to investigate the anti-tumor effects of LTP. Extracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in plasma-activated solutions are key factors for the anti-tumor effects, and amino acid modifications by LTP may affect cellular responses. Intracellular RONS are also key factors for the anti-tumor effects. Various signaling pathways, such as p53 signaling pathways, survival and proliferation signaling pathways, and oxidative stress-dependent signaling pathways are activated by LTP.

DOI： 10.2174/0929867328666210629121731

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Toxicology  

<p>Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), the highly representative products of nanotechnology, induce macrophage cell death and NLRP3 inflammasome activation leading to granuloma and mesothelioma in rodents; however, it remains unknown how macrophages recognize MWCNTs. By a target screening of phagocyte receptors, we here demonstrated that T cell immunoglobulin mucin 4 (Tim4) and Tim1 recognize MWCNTs. Using <i>Tim4^-/- Tim1^-/- </i>mice, we revealed that Tim4 is involved in MWCNT-associated pathogenesis. Taken together, these results indicate that Tim4 and Tim1 are receptors for MWCNTs.</p>

DOI： 10.14869/toxpt.48.1.0_o-4

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics  

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108678

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DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2020.1774177

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Society for Clinical Investigation  

Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) hydrolyzes inosine triphosphate (ITP) and other deaminated purine nucleotides to the corresponding nucleoside monophosphates. In humans, ITPA deficiency causes severe encephalopathy with epileptic seizure, microcephaly, and developmental retardation. In this study, we established neural stem cell-specific Itpa-conditional KO mice (Itpa-cKO mice) to clarify the effects of ITPA deficiency on the neural system. The Itpa-cKO mice showed growth retardation and died within 3 weeks of birth. We did not observe any microcephaly in the Itpa-cKO mice, although the female Itpa-cKO mice did show adrenal hypoplasia. The Itpa-cKO mice showed limb-clasping upon tail suspension and spontaneous and/or audiogenic seizure. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from entorhinal cortex neurons in brain slices revealed a depolarized resting membrane potential, increased firing, and frequent spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic current and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current in the Itpa-cKO mice compared with ITPA-proficient controls. Accumulated ITP or its metabolites, such as cyclic inosine monophosphates, or RNA containing inosines may cause membrane depolarization and hyperexcitability in neurons and induce the phenotype of ITPA-deficient mice, including seizure.

DOI： 10.1172/jci.insight.140229

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI  

Simple Summary: Cancer is a major cause of human mortality worldwide. No life on earth can live without iron. Persistent oxidative stress resulting from continuous use of iron and oxygen may be a fundamental cause of carcinogenesis. Many animal models demonstrated that excess iron may lead to carcinogenesis. This is supported by a variety of human epidemiological data on cancer risk and prognosis. Cancer is basically a disease of the genome with persistently activated oncogenes and inactivated tumor suppressor genes through which iron addiction with ferroptosis-resistance is established. We predict that fine use of nanomaterials and non-thermal plasma may be able to reverse this situation.Evolution from the first life on earth to humans took similar to 3.8 billion years. During the time there have been countless struggles among the species. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the last major uncontrollable species against the human public health worldwide. After the victory with antibiotics, cancer has become the leading cause of death since 1981 in Japan. Considering that life inevitably depends on ceaseless electron transfers through iron and oxygen, we believe that carcinogenesis is intrinsically unavoidable side effects of using iron and oxygen. Many animal models unequivocally revealed that excess iron is a risk for carcinogenesis. This is supported by a variety of human epidemiological data on cancer risk and prognosis. Cancer is basically a disease of the genome with persistently activated oncogenes and inactivated tumor suppressor genes through which iron addiction with ferroptosis-resistance is maintained. Engineering has made a great advance in the past 50 years. In particular, nanotechnology is distinct in that the size of the engineered molecules is similar to that of our biomolecules. While some nano-molecules are found carcinogenic, there are principles to avoid such carcinogenicity with a smart possibility to use nano-molecules to specifically kill cancer cells. Non-thermal plasma is another modality to fight against cancer.

DOI： 10.3390/cancers12113320

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Journal of Applied Physics  

DOI： 10.35848/1347-4065/abbc56

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects  

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129685

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Plasma Processes and Polymers  

DOI： 10.1002/ppap.201900259

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Cancer Science  

DOI： 10.1111/cas.14581

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Redox Biology  

DOI： 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101726

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本癌学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Redox Biology  

DOI： 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101616

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Oncology Reports  

DOI： 10.3892/or.2020.7669

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics  

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108440

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Cancer Science  

DOI： 10.1111/cas.14496

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics  

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108414

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Cancer Science  

DOI： 10.1111/cas.14405

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The onset of malignant mesothelioma (MM) is linked to exposure to asbestos fibers. Asbestos fibers are classified as serpentine (chrysotile) or amphibole, which includes the crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite types. Although few studies have been undertaken, anthophyllite has been shown to be associated with mesothelioma, and tremolite, a contaminant in talc and chrysotile, is a risk factor for carcinogenicity. Here, after characterizing the length and width of these fibers by scanning electron microscopy, we explored the cytotoxicity induced by tremolite and anthophyllite in cells from an immortalized human mesothelial cell line (MeT5A), murine macrophages (RAW264.7), and in a rat model. Tremolite and short anthophyllite fibers were phagocytosed and localized to vacuoles, whereas the long anthophyllite fibers were caught on the pseudopod of the MeT5A and Raw 264.7 cells, according to transmission electron microscopy. The results from a 2-day time-lapse study revealed that tremolite was engulfed and damaged the MeT5A and RAW264.7 cells, but anthophyllite was not cytotoxic to these cells. Intraperitoneal injection of tremolite in rats induced diffuse serosal thickening, whereas anthophyllite formed focal fibrosis and granulomas on peritoneal serosal surfaces. Furthermore, the loss of Cdkn2a/2b, which are the most frequently lost foci in human MM, were observed in 8 cases of rat MM (homozygous deletion [5/8] and loss of heterozygosity [3/8]) by array-based comparative genomic hybridization techniques. These results indicate that tremolite initiates mesothelial injury and persistently frustrates phagocytes, causing subsequent peritoneal fibrosis and MM. The possible mechanisms of carcinogenicity based on fiber diameter/length are discussed.

DOI： 10.1111/cas.14358

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Free Radical Research  

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2020.1743285

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本病理学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Scientific Reports  

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-020-58667-3

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Free Radical Research  

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2020.1733548

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DOI： 10.1038/s41598-019-50136-w

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DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108071

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Hypoxia and acidity provide microenvironment for selection under evolutionary pressure and proliferation in cancer cells. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a superfamily of metalloenzymes present in all life kingdoms, equilibrating the reactions among CO2, bicarbonate and H+. CA9, a membrane-associated α-CA, has been a drug target for various cancers. Whereas iron is essential not only for cancer cells but also for all the lives on earth, little is known on the association among hypoxia, iron metabolism, extracellular acidity and redox regulation. Malignant mesothelioma (MM), an aggressive tumor with poor prognosis, is an intriguing model in that asbestos-associated pathogenesis includes excess iron environment during carcinogenesis. Re-analysis of rat asbestos-induced MM model revealed an inverse association between high CA9 expression and survival. Here we used human MMs to identify the molecular events surrounding CA9 from the viewpoint of iron metabolism. CA9 expression was significantly higher in MM cells than in MeT-5A mesothelial cells, which was further amplified under hypoxia (1%O2) with increased catalytic Fe(II). CA9 suppression by inhibitors (S4 and U104) decreased viability and migration of MM cells, accompanied by overexpression of TFRC, IREB1/2 and FPN1(SLC40A1) and by downregulation of FTH/FTL. This expressional pattern was similar to that of erastin-induced ferroptosis in the same cells. Furthermore, we observed mitochondrial fission and enhanced autophagy with increased catalytic Fe(II) in both mitochondria and lysosomes after CA9 inhibition, accompanied by increased peroxides, mitochondrial O2- and lipid peroxidation. The eventual cell death was significantly inhibited by deferoxamine, ferrostatin-1 and Z-VAD-FMK, suggesting a mixed cell death of ferroptosis and apoptosis. Therefore, CA9 plays a role in equilibrating among hypoxia, iron metabolism and redox regulation in MM cells.

DOI： 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101297

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本癌学会  

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DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2019.05.019

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本病理学会  

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DOI： 10.1016/j.tox.2019.01.011

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DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2018.12.001

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DOI： 10.1293/tox.2018-0029

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DOI： 10.3164/jcbn.18-91

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Ferroptosis in Health and Disease  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-26780-3_2

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Toxicology  

<p><b>[Introduction]</b> Drug-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent cause of adverse drug reaction. Serum creatinine (CRE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are widely used as standard biomarkers for kidney injury; however, the sensitivity and specificity are considered to be low. In recent years, circulating microRNA (miRNAs) have been attracting considerable attention as novel biomarkers for organ injury, but there are currently no established miRNA biomarkers for drug-induced AKI. The present study aimed to identify plasma miRNAs that may enable early and specific detection of drug-induced tubular and glomerular injury through next-generation sequencing analysis. <b>[Methods]</b> Six-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered cisplatin and gentamicin to induce tubular injury. To create glomerular injury models, puromycin and doxorubicin were administered, and these models were always accompanied by tubular damage. Small RNA-sequencing was performed to analyze time-dependent changes in the plasma miRNA profiles. <b>[Results and Discussion]</b> In the differential analysis, miR-3473 was specifically up-regulated in the glomerular injury models. miR-143-3p and miR-122-5p were commonly down-regulated in all models, and the changes were earlier than the traditional biomarkers, such as plasma CRE and BUN. These data indicated that changes in the specific miRNAs in plasma may enable the early and sensitive detection of tubular and glomerular injuries. The present study suggests the potential utility of plasma miRNAs in the early and type-specific detection of drug-induced AKI.</p>

DOI： 10.14869/toxpt.46.1.0_P-233

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2018.1500019

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NAGOYA UNIV, SCH MED  

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted much business interest in industrial applications due to their high electrical and heat conductivities while being both durable and versatile. However. multiwall CNTs (MWCNTs) of similar to 50 nm diameter (NT50) have been shown to cause mesothelioma in rodents after direct exposure to mesothelial cells, and thus were classified as a Group 213 carcinogen to humans, which requires considerable regulations for use. In contrast, tangled MWCNTs of similar to 15 nm diameter (NTtngl) are not carcinogenic to rats, indicating that the physical dimension linked with mesothelial cellular uptake is an important factor for human environmental risk. In the present study, hypothesizing that dustability is another distinct risk factor, for the first time, we evaluated the toxicity of CNT granules (Durobeads) that were generated with a polymer coating to mesothelial cells. Polymer coating induced prominent agglomeration and significantly suppressed the dustability of CNTs in a dose-dependent manner, with a 10% polymer coating resulting in 730 times less dustability. These CNT granules revealed significantly lower mesothelial uptake and cytotoxicity in comparison to NT50 in in vitro assays. Similarly, in in vivo analyses, CNT granules induced limited peritoneal inflammation 4 weeks after intraperitoneal injection, whereas NT50 caused severe fibrosing inflammation. Previously, we demonstrated that the severity of inflammation by intraperitoneal injection in the subacute studies are in agreement with the mesothelial carcinogenicity by CNTs. Therefore, we suggest that adding a polymer coating to CNTs provides another smart strategy for the safe use of CNTs.

DOI： 10.18999/nagjms.80.4.597

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DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2018.1514604

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DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.401

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DOI： 10.1515/hsz-2018-0199

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DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2018.1528501

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japan Society of Applied Physics  

DOI： 10.11470/jsapmeeting.2018.2.0_37

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier Inc.  

Non-enzymatic peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) results in the formation of various α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, of which 4-hydroxyalkenals are abundant. The propensity of n-6 PUFA, such as linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid, to undergo radical-induced peroxidation and generate 4-hydroxy-2E-nonenal (4-HNE) has been widely demonstrated. The ability of the latter to form covalent adducts with macromolecules and modify cellular functions has been linked to numerous pathological processes. Concomitantly, evidence has accumulated on specific signaling properties of low concentrations of 4-HNE that may induce hormetic and protective responses to peroxidation stress in cells. It has long been known that peroxidation of PUFA, and particularly arachidonic acid, also give rise to 4-hydroxy-2E,6Z-dodecadienal (4-HDDE), which is more chemically reactive than 4-HNE. Few studies on 4-HDDE revealed its ability to avidly interact covalently with electronegative moieties in macromolecules and to its ability to selectively activate the transcriptional regulator Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)-β/δ. The research on 4-HDDE has been impeded due to the lack of available pure 4-HDDE and antibodies that recognize 4-HDDE-modified epitopes in proteins. The purpose of this study was to employ an established procedure to synthesize 4-HDDE and use it to create and characterize a monoclonal antibody against 4-HDDE-modified proteins and establish its application for ELISA and immunohistochemical analysis of cells and tissues and further expand lipid peroxidation research.

DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.079

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DOI： 10.1111/pin.12665

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Nature Publishing Group  

The aim of the present study was to investigate long-term outcomes of the offspring in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maternal immune activation (MIA) model and the effect of maternal molecular hydrogen (H2) administration. We have previously demonstrated in the MIA mouse model that maternal administration of H2 attenuates oxidative damage and neuroinflammation, including induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation, in the fetal brain. Short-term memory, sociability and social novelty, and sensorimotor gating were evaluated using the Y-maze, three-chamber, and prepulse inhibition (PPI) tests, respectively, at postnatal 3 or 4 weeks. The number of neurons and oligodendrocytes was also analyzed at postnatal 5 weeks by immunohistochemical analysis. Offspring of the LPS-exposed dams showed deficits in short-term memory and social interaction, following neuronal and oligodendrocytic loss in the amygdala and cortex. Maternal H2 administration markedly attenuated these LPS-induced abnormalities. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of H2 on LPS-induced astrocytic activation, both in vivo and in vitro. The number of activated astrocytes with hypertrophic morphology was increased in LPS-exposed offspring, but decreased in the offspring of H2-administered dams. In primary cultured astrocytes, LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines were attenuated by H2 administration. Overall, these findings indicate that maternal H2 administration exerts neuroprotective effects and ameliorates MIA-induced neurodevelopmental deficits of offspring later in life.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-018-27626-4

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A 62-year-old previously healthy male who was a welder/smoker/drinker was admitted to Kani Tono Hospital for severe hypoxemia (Day 0). Initial physical and radiological examinations suggested an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, respiratory failure developed rapidly, and he died on Day + 4. Aspergillus fumigatus was identified after his death, and he was diagnosed with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The clinical and pathological features are precisely described with pathogenetic considerations.

DOI： 10.1016/j.mmcr.2018.02.002

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p16 activation caused by oncogenic mutations may represent oncogene-induced senescence (OIS), a protective mechanism against oncogenic events. However, OIS can contribute to tumor development via tissue remodeling in some tumors. Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD), a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis, is one such tumor. Its clinical and histological features vary, making it difficult to diagnose. Herein, we describe an autopsy of an ECD patient. The patient underwent radiological examinations, including 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), bone scintigraphy and CT. A biopsy from the lesion with the highest FDG accumulation confirmed the presence of foamy macrophages, a diagnostic clue for ECD. Based on this finding and the clinical features, ECD was diagnosed. However, the patient died from heart dysfunction. After the autopsy, each radiologically different site showed various histological findings regarding the morphology of macrophages, fibrosis, inflammation, and p16 expression. OIS-induced histological progression can cause certain changes observed in radiological images. In addition, in order to evaluate the increase in glucose metabolism, which can affect FDG accumulation, the expression of glucose transporter 1 and hexokinase II was also analyzed. Summarizing the radio-histological correlation can help further both the understanding and diagnosis of ECD.

DOI： 10.1111/pin.12663

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本微量元素学会  

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DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.081

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P-REX2a is a PTEN inhibitor that also activates Rac 1. No associations with P-REX2a and human endometrial cancers have been reported to date. In this study, we immunohistochemically analyzed 155 uterine endometrial malignancies for P-REX2a expression. The P-REX2a-positive tumors displayed worse prognosis independent of PTEN expression. Then, we transduced either P-REX2a expression vector or short hairpin RNAs targeting P-REX2a into 2 uterine endometrioid carcinoma cell lines, OMC-2 and JHUEM-14. Ectopic expression of P-REX2a led to increased cell proliferation only in the PTEN-expressing OMC-2 cells but did not show any change in the PTEN-negative JHUEM-14 cells or the P-REX2a-knockdown cells. Induction of P-REX2a increased and knockdown of P-REX2a decreased cell migration in both cell lines. Then, we performed expression microarray analysis using these cells, and pathway analysis revealed that the expression of members of the GPCR downstream pathway displayed the most significant changes induced by the knockdown of P-REX2a. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Vav1, a member of the GPCR downstream pathway, was expressed in 139 of the 155 endometrial tumors, and the expression levels of Vav1 and P-REX2a showed a positive correlation (r = 0.44, p < 0.001). In conclusion, P-REX2a enhanced cell motility via the GPCR downstream pathway independently of PTEN leading to progression of uterine endometrioid malignancies and poor prognosis of the patients.

DOI： 10.18632/oncotarget.25349

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DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2018.1467562

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Spandidos Publications  

Intrauterine inflammation causes preterm birth and is associated with complications in preterm neonates. Thus, strategies aimed at suppressing inflammation are expected to be effective for reducing the risk of preterm birth and associated complications. Our previous studies demonstrated that molecular hydrogen (H2), an anti-inflammatory agent, prevented inflammation-induced impairment in foetal brain and lung tissues in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rodent models. However, it remains unclear whether H2 is capable of inhibiting preterm labour. The aim of the current study was therefore to investigate the effect of H2 on inflammation-induced preterm labour. Pregnant ICR (CD-1) mice were divided into three groups: Control, LPS and H2 water (HW) + LPS. In the control and LPS groups, vehicle and LPS, respectively, were intraperitoneally injected on embryonic day 15.5. In the HW + LPS group, HW was administered 24 h prior to LPS injection. The time from LPS administration to parturition was compared between the LPS and HW + LPS groups. Maternal uterus was collected 6 h after LPS injection and the transcript levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, contractile-associated proteins (CAPs), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (Mmp3) and endothelin-1 (Et1) were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) were also evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The time from LPS administration to parturition in the HW + LPS group was significantly increased compared with that in the LPS group (33.5±3.4 vs. 18.3±8.8 h, respectively, P=0.020). H2 administration also resulted in significantly higher progesterone levels compared with LPS treatment alone (P=0.002). The transcript levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, CAPs, Mmp3 and Et1 in the uteri of the LPS group were significantly higher than those in the control group (all P&lt
0.05). In turn, all these levels with the exception of interleukin-8 and Mmp3 were significantly lower in the HW + LPS group compared with those in the LPS group (all P&lt
0.05). The protein levels of Cox2 in the LPS group were also significantly increased compared with those in the control (P&lt
0.001) and HW + LPS (P=0.003) groups. These results suggest that inflammation-induced changes in the uterus may be ameliorated through maternal H2 administration. Preventive H2 administration may therefore represent an effective strategy for the suppression of inflammation during preterm labour.

DOI： 10.3892/br.2018.1082

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Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive neoplasm with no particularly effective treatments. We previously reported that overexpression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) promotes mesothelioma growth, thus suggesting it as a novel molecular target. A human monoclonal antibody that antagonizes CTGF (FG-3019, pamrevlumab) attenuates malignant properties of different kinds of human cancers and is currently under clinical trial for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. This study reports the effects of FG-3019 on human mesothelioma in vitro and in vivo. We analyzed the effects of FG-3019 on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration/invasion, adhesion and anchorage-independent growth in three human mesothelioma cell lines, among which ACC-MESO-4 was most efficiently blocked with FG-3019 and was chosen for in vivo experiments. We also evaluated the coexistent effects of fibroblasts on mesothelioma in vitro, which are also known to produce CTGF in various pathologic situations. Coexistent fibroblasts in transwell systems remarkably promoted the proliferation and migration/invasion of mesothelioma cells. In orthotopic nude mice model, FG-3019 significantly inhibited mesothelioma growth. Histological analyses revealed that FG-3019 not only inhibited the proliferation but also induced apoptosis in both mesothelioma cells and fibroblasts. Our data suggest that FG-3019 antibody therapy could be a novel additional choice for the treatment of mesothelioma.

DOI： 10.18632/oncotarget.24892

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Blackwell Publishing Ltd  

Aims: Ossification is found occasionally in dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS). The aims of this study were to elucidate whether the formed bone tissue is usually produced by tumour cells or by reactive non-neoplastic cells, and to reveal the clinicopathological characteristics of DDLPS with ossification. Methods and results: We examined 36 cases of ossified DDLPS by comparing them to 31 cases of non-ossified DDLPS. MDM2 amplification was confirmed in osteocytes and/or osteoblastic cells in all but one ossified DDLPS cases (27 of 28) using fluorescence in-situ hybridisation, although the morphological impression of ossification appeared to be mainly metaplastic (27 of 36) or high-grade osteosarcoma-like (six of 36). The bone tissue was often formed predominantly at the periphery of the DDLPS area near the well-differentiated liposarcoma component (18 of 36), and an organised structure such as bone marrow-like differentiation was not uncommon (12 of 36). According to a modified French Fédération Nationale des Centers de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC) grading system, ossified DDLPS tended to be lower grade than non-ossified DDLPS (mean grade: 1.88 and 2.15, respectively). Ossification in DDLPS was associated significantly with shorter local recurrence-free survival by multivariate analysis (P = 0.02347), but metaplastic-appearing ossification tended to be associated with longer overall survival (P = 0.1400). Conclusions: The bone tissue formed in DDLPS was mainly neoplastic regardless of its morphology and maturity, which highlighted the osteogenic differentiation of the tumour cells. DDLPS patients with osteogenic differentiation tended to suffer from earlier local recurrences, which did not necessarily lead to poor life outcomes.

DOI： 10.1111/his.13421

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本病理学会  

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Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare but socially important neoplasm due to its association with asbestos exposure. Malignant mesothelioma is difficult to diagnose at an early stage, yet there are no particularly effective treatments available at the advanced stage, thus necessitating efficient strategies to prevent MM in individuals already exposed to asbestos. We previously showed that persistent oxidative damage caused by foreign body reaction and affinity of asbestos both to hemoglobin and histones is one of the major pathogeneses. Accordingly, as an effective strategy to prevent asbestos-induced MM, we undertook the use of an iron chelator, deferasirox, which decreased the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in a crocidolite-induced rat MM model. However, this agent may show adverse effects. Here, we studied the effects of iron removal by phlebotomy as a realistic measure on the same rat model. We injected a total of 5 mg crocidolite i.p. to F1 hybrid rats between the Fischer-344 and Brown-Norway strains at the age of 6 weeks. We repeated weekly or biweekly phlebotomy of 6-8 mL/kg/time from 10 to 60 weeks of age. The animals were observed until 120 weeks. In male rats, phlebotomy significantly decreased the weight and nuclear grade of MM, and modestly reduced the associated ascites and the fraction of more malignant sarcomatoid subtype. Weekly phlebotomy prolonged long-term survival. Our results indicate that appropriate phlebotomy may be a practical preventive measure to attenuate the initiation and promotion capacity of asbestos towards MM by reducing iron in individuals exposed to asbestos.

DOI： 10.1111/cas.13460

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Plasma-activated medium (PAM) is a novel chemotherapy that induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death in a wide range of cancer cell types, suggesting that PAM may be a promising therapeutic option for cancer treatment. However, dose response experiments suggest that PAM sensitivity is cell line specific. We examined the sensitivities of three glioblastoma cell lines to PAM, and found a wide variation in cell killing that was linked to differences in PAM induced ROS and apoptosis. These results indicate that the PAM sensitivity of glioblastoma cells, and potentially cancer cells more generally, is heterogeneous and likely to be dependent on the regulation of apoptosis and antioxidant pathways in target cells.

DOI： 10.1109/trpms.2017.2721973

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DOI： 10.1007/s41614-017-0004-3

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DOI： 10.1111/cas.13460.

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DOI： doi: 10.1111/pin.12598.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOCIETY FOR FREE RADICAL RESEARCH JAPAN  

<p>Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a life-threatening neonatal disease that leads to lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension. We recently found that maternal prenatal administration of Saireito (TJ-114) ameliorates fetal CDH in a nitrofen-induced rat model. Here, we studied the role of iron and oxidative stress in neonates of this model and in lung fibroblasts IMR90-SV in association with nitrofen and Saireito. We observed increased immunostaining of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in the lungs of neonates with CDH, which was ameliorated by maternal Saireito intake. Pulmonary <i>transferrin receptor</i> expression was significantly decreased in both CDH and CDH after Saireito in comparison to normal controls, indicating functional lung immaturity, whereas catalytic Fe(II) and pulmonary <i>DMT1/ferroportin</i> expression remained constant among the three groups. Saireito revealed a dose-dependent scavenging capacity with electron spin resonance spin trapping <i>in vitro</i> against hydroxyl radicals but not against superoxide. Finally, nitrofen revealed dose-dependent cytotoxicity to IMR90-SV cells, accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress, as seen by 5(6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and catalytic Fe(II). Saireito ameliorated all of these in IMR90-SV cells. In conclusion, catalytic Fe(II)-dependent oxidative stress by nitrofen may be the pathogenic cause of CDH, and the antioxidative activity of Saireito is at least partially responsible for improving nitrofen-induced CDH.</p>

DOI： 10.3164/jcbn.17-17

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Oxidative stress including iron excess has been associated with carcinogenesis. The level of 8-oxoguanine, a major oxidatively modified base in DNA, is maintained very low by three distinct enzymes, encoded by OGG1, MUTYH and MTH1. Germline biallelic inactivation of MUTYH represents a familial cancer syndrome called MUTYH-associated polyposis. Here, we used Mutyh-deficient mice to evaluate renal carcinogenesis induced by ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA). Although the C57BL/6 background is cancer-resistant, a repeated intraperitoneal administration of Fe-NTA induced a high incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC; 26.7%) in Mutyh-deficient mice in comparison to wild-type mice (7.1%). Fe-NTA treatment also induced renal malignant lymphoma, which did not occur without the Fe-NTA treatment in both the genotypes. Renal tumor-free survival after Fe-NTA treatment was marginally different (P=0.157) between the two genotypes. Array-based comparative genome hybridization analyses revealed, in RCC, the loss of heterozygosity in chromosomes 4 and 12 without p16(INKA) inactivation; these results were confirmed by a methylation analysis and showed no significant difference between the genotypes. Lymphomas showed a preference for genomic amplifications. Dlk1 inactivation by promoter methylation may be involved in carcinogenesis in both tumors. Fe-NTA-induced murine RCCs revealed significantly less genomic aberrations than those in rats, demonstrating a marked species difference.

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Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides to lethal levels. Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis represents an ancient vulnerability caused by the incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into cellular membranes, and cells have developed complex systems that exploit and defend against this vulnerability in different contexts. The sensitivity to ferroptosis is tightly linked to numerous biological processes, including amino acid, iron, and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism, and the biosynthesis of glutathione, phospholipids, NADPH, and coenzyme Q(10). Ferroptosis has been implicated in the pathological cell death associated with degenerative diseases (i.e., Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases), carcinogenesis, stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and kidney degeneration in mammals and is also implicated in heat stress in plants. Ferroptosis may also have a tumor-suppressor function that could be harnessed for cancer therapy. This Primer reviews the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis, highlights connections to other areas of biology and medicine, and recommends tools and guidelines for studying this emerging form of regulated cell death.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.021

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DOI： doi: 10.1111/his.13421.

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DOI： 10.1111/his.13421.

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DOI： doi: 10.1074/jbc.M117.776021.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

Mammals incorporate a major proportion of absorbed iron as heme, which is catabolized by the heme oxygenase 1 (HO1)-NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) complex into biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and ferrous iron. Moreover, intestinal iron is incorporated as ferrous iron, which is transported via the iron importer, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). Recently, we demonstrated that the iron chaperone poly(rC)-binding protein 2 (PCBP2) can directly receive ferrous iron from DMT1 or transfer iron to the iron exporter, ferroportin 1. To promote intracellular iron flux, an iron chaperone may be essential for receiving iron generated by heme catabolism, but this hypothesis is untested so far. Herein, we demonstrate that HO1 binds to PCBP2, but not to other PCBP family members, namely PCBP1, PCBP3, or PCBP4. Interestingly, HO1 formed a complex with either CPR or PCBP2, and it was demonstrated that PCBP2 competes with CPR for HO1 binding. Using PCBP2-deletion mutants, we demonstrated that the PCBP2 K homology 3 domain is important for the HO1/PCBP2 interaction. In heme-loaded cells, heme prompted HO1-CPR complex formation and decreased the HO1/PCBP2 interaction. Furthermore, in vitro reconstitution experiments with purified recombinant proteins indicated that HO1 could bind to PCBP2 in the presence of heme, whereas loading of PCBP2 with ferrous iron caused PCBP2 to lose its affinity for HO1. These results indicate that ferrous iron released from heme can be bound by PCBP2 and suggest a model for an integrated heme catabolism and iron transport metabolon.

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DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M117.776021.

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DOI： doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05620-6.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma has been proposed as a new therapeutic tool for cancer treatment. Recently, plasma-activated medium (PAM) has been widely studied in various cancer types. However, there are only few reports demonstrating the anti-tumour effects of PAM in an animal model reflecting pathological conditions and the accompanying mechanism. Here we investigated the inhibitory effect of PAM on the metastasis of ovarian cancer ES2 cells in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that ES2 cell migration, invasion and adhesion were suppressed by PAM at a certain PAM dilution ratio, whereas cell viability remained unaffected. In an in vivo mouse model of intraperitoneal metastasis, PAM inhibited peritoneal dissemination of ES2 cells, resulting in prolonged survival. Moreover, we assessed the molecular mechanism and found that MMP-9 was decreased by PAM. On further investigation, we also found that PAM prevented the activation of the MAPK pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK. These findings indicate that PAM inhibits the metastasis of ovarian cancer cells through reduction of MMP-9 secretion, which is critical for cancer cell motility. Our findings suggest that PAM intraperitoneal therapy may be a promising treatment option for ovarian cancer.

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DOI： doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.368.

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DOI： doi: 10.3164/jcbn.16-114.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOURNAL CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY & NUTRITION  

Daily intake of vegetables can reduce the risk of cancer and lifestyle-related diseases. However, supplementary intake of 13 carotene alone has been reported to increase the risk of lung cancer in male cigarette smokers and people who were exposed to asbestos. The mechanism of the antioxidative properties of carotenoids in vivo, especially under oxidative stress conditions, still remains unclear. To investigate the antioxidant properties of dietary compounds, we examined the effects of chemically modified astaxanthin (Ax-C-8) using a rat model of ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-induced renal oxidative injury. Ax-C-8 demonstrated lethally toxic effects on the rats in a dose-dependent manner. Following supplementation with Ax-C-8 (0.02%, w/w) for 30 days, the rats were euthanized 1, 4 and 24 h after injection of Fe-NTA. After 4 h, Ax-C-8 pretreatment suppressed the elevation of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and protected the rats from renal tubular necrosis and the formation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified proteins. After 24 h, pretreatment with Ax-C-8 maintained the renal antioxidant enzyme levels and renal tubules. Here, we demonstrate the antioxidant effects of Ax-C-8 against Fe-NTA-induced oxidative injury in rats receiving a regular diet. These data suggest that dietary intake of astaxanthin may be useful for the prevention of renal tubular oxidative damage.

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Epidemiological data indicate a constant worldwide increase in cancer mortality, although the age of onset is increasing. Recent accumulation of genomic data on human cancer via next-generation sequencing confirmed that cancer is a disease of genome alteration. In many cancers, the Nrf2 transcription system is activated via mutations either in Nrf2 or Keap1 ubiquitin ligase, leading to persistent activation of the genes with antioxidative functions. Furthermore, deep sequencing of passenger mutations is clarifying responsible cancer causative agent (s) in each case, including aging, APOBEC activation, smoking and UV. Therefore, it is most likely that oxidative stress is the principal initiating factor in carcinogenesis, with the involvement of two essential molecules for life, iron and oxygen. There is evidence based on epidemiological and animal studies that excess iron is a major risk for carcinogenesis, suggesting the importance of ferroptosis-resistance. Microscopic visualization of catalytic Fe (II) has recently become available. Although catalytic Fe(II) is largely present in lysosomes, proliferating cells harbor catalytic Fe(II) also in the cytosol and mitochondria. Oxidative stress catalyzed by Fe(II) is counteracted by thiol systems at different functional levels. Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen (per) sulfide modulate these reactions. Mitochondria generate not only energy but also heme/iron sulfur cluster cofactors and remain mostly dysfunctional in cancer cells, leading to Warburg effects. Cancer cells are under persistent oxidative stress with a delicate balance between catalytic iron and thiols, thereby escaping ferroptosis. Thus, high-dose L-ascorbate and non-thermal plasma as well as glucose/glutamine deprivation may provide additional benefits as cancer therapies over preexisting therapeutics.

DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.024

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Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a potential new therapeutic modality for cancer. However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Herein, we studied the effect of NTP on mesothelioma cells and fibroblasts to understand its anti-proliferative efficacy. Interestingly, NTP demonstrated greater selective anti-proliferative activity against mesothelioma cells relative to fibroblasts than cisplatin, which is used for mesothelioma treatment. The anti-proliferative effect of NTP was enhanced by pre-incubation with the cellular iron donor, ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), and inhibited by iron chelation using desferrioxamine (DFO). Three oxidative stress probes (CM-H2DCFDA, MitoSOX and C11-BODIPY) demonstrated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by NTP, which was inhibited by DFO. Moreover, NTP decreased transferrin receptor-1 and increased ferritin-H and -L chain expression that was correlated with decreased iron-regulatory protein expression and RNA-binding activity. This regulation was potentially due to increased intracellular iron in lysosomes, which was demonstrated via the Fe (II)-selective probe, HMRhoNox-M, and was consistent with autophagic-induction. Immunofluorescence using LysoTracker and Pepstatin A probes demonstrated increased cellular lysosome content, which was confirmed by elevated LAMP1 expression. The enhanced lysosomal biogenesis after NTP could be due to the observed increase in fluid-phase endocytosis and early endosome formation. These results suggest NTP acts as a stressor, which results in increased endocytosis, lysosome content and autophagy. In fact, NTP rapidly increased autophagosome formation, as judged by increased LC3B-II expression, which co-localized with LAMP1, indicating autophagolysosome formation. Autophagic-induction by NTP was confirmed using electron microscopy. In summary, NTP acts as a cellular stressor to rapidly induce fluid-phase endocytosis, lysosome biogenesis and autophagy.

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DOI： 10.3164/jcbn.16-114.

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DOI： doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01951-6.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Estradiol (E2) and the oestrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha) signalling pathway play pivotal roles in the proliferative activity of breast cancer cells. Recent findings show that the brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange protein 3-prohibitin 2 (BIG3-PHB2) complex plays a crucial role in E2/ER alpha signalling modulation in breast cancer cells. Moreover, specific inhibition of the BIG3-PHB2 interaction using the ERa activity-regulator synthetic peptide (ERAP: 165-177 amino acids), derived from a-helical BIG3 sequence, resulted in a significant anti-tumour effect. However, the duration of this effect was very short for viable clinical application. We developed the chemically modified ERAP using stapling methods (stapledERAP) to improve the duration of its antitumour effects. The stapledERAP specifically inhibited the BIG3-PHB2 interaction and exhibited long-lasting suppressive activity. Its intracellular localization without the membrane-permeable polyarginine sequence was possible via the formation of a stable a-helix structure by stapling. Tumour bearing-mice treated daily or weekly with stapledERAP effectively prevented the BIG3-PHB2 interaction, leading to complete regression of E2-dependent tumours in vivo. Most importantly, combination of stapledERAP with tamoxifen, fulvestrant, and everolimus caused synergistic inhibitory effects on growth of breast cancer cells. Our findings suggested that the stapled ERAP may be a promising anti-tumour drug to suppress luminal-type breast cancer growth.

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DOI： doi: 10.1093/neuonc/now237.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC  

The significance of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity in the maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains controversial. Previous findings showed that mTORC1 activation depleted the population of leukemia stem cells in leukemia, while maintaining the stemness in pancreatic CSCs. The purpose of this study was to examine the currently unknown role and significance of mTORC1 activity in brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs).
Basal mTORC1 activity and its kinetics were investigated in BTSC clones isolated from patients with glioblastoma and their differentiated progenies (DIFFs). The effects of nutrient deprivation and the mTORC1 inhibitors on cell proliferation were compared between the BTSCs and DIFFs. Tissue sections from patients with brain gliomas were examined for expression of BTSC markers and mTORC1 activity by immunohistochemistry.
BTSCs presented lower basal mTORC1 activity under each culture condition tested and a more rapid decline of mTORC1 activity after nutrient deprivation than observed in DIFFs. The self-renewal capacity of BTSCs was unaffected by mTORC1 inhibition, whereas it effectively suppressed DIFF proliferation. In agreement, immunohistochemical staining of glioma tissues revealed low mTORC1 activity in tumor cells positive for BTSC markers. In in vitro culture, BTSCs exhibited resistance to the antitumor agent temozolomide.
Our findings indicated the importance of low mTORC1 activity in maintaining the undifferentiated state of BTSCs, implicating the relevance of manipulating mTORC1 activity when developing future strategies that target BTSCs.

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Extraskeletal osteosarcoma (ESOS) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm. Most ESOSs are high grade, although some low-grade cases have been reported. A few cases of ESOS with MDM2 amplification have also been reported, suggesting some similarity to skeletal low-grade osteosarcoma such as parosteal osteosarcoma, where MDM2 is often amplified. However, the frequency of low-grade cases and cases with MDM2 amplification among ESOSs remains unknown, and their relationship is unclear. To clarify this, we examined 18 primary ESOS cases clinically, pathologically, and genetically, focusing on their MDM2 amplification status. Our cases comprised 10 men and 8 women whose mean age was 58.6 years
the most common site of the lesion was the thigh and buttock. There were one histologically low-grade case evaluated by biopsy specimen with an aggressive course and 2 relatively low-grade cases whose lesions were of low grade for the most part. MDM2 amplification status was revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization in all 18 cases
2 patients—histologically intermediate- and high-grade cases—were found to have MDM2 amplification. In conclusion, this study indicates that histologically low-grade and relatively low-grade cases of ESOS are not always associated with MDM2 amplification. The ESOS case with MDM2 amplification could be high grade, although MDM2-amplified dedifferentiated liposarcoma with osteogenic differentiation should be ruled out in making the diagnosis.

DOI： 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.02.007

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DOI： 10.1111/cas.13224

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CD44 exists as a standard (CD44s) isoform and different variant isoforms (CD44v) due to alternative splicing. While the complex nature of these different isoforms has not been fully elucidated, CD44v expression has been shown to exert oncogenic effects by promoting tumor progression, metastasis and resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy. One of the CD44v isoforms, CD44v8-10, was recently shown to protect cancer cells from oxidative stress by increasing the synthesis of glutathione (GSH). However, data regarding CD44 isoform expression in malignant mesothelioma (MM) are still lacking. Here, we show that most of the MM cell lines express both the CD44s and CD44v isoforms, in contrast to non-tumorigenic mesothelial cells, which express only CD44s. Moreover, we show here that these MM cell lines are positive for CD44 variable axon 9, with CD44v8-10 among the variant isoforms expressed. The expression of CD44 variable axon 9 was found to be statistically associated with NF2 inactivation, a common occurrence in MM. Knockdown of CD44 reduced the protein level of xCT, a cystine transporter, and increased oxidative stress. However, an increase in GSH was also observed and was associated with enhanced chemoresistance in CD44-knockdown cells. Increased GSH was mediated by the Nrf2/AP-1-induced upregulation of GCLC, a subunit of the enzyme catalyzing GSH synthesis. Our results thus suggest that the response to CD44 depletion is cell type-dependent and, in cases such as MM cells, compensatory pathway(s) might be activated rheostatically to account for the loss of CD44 and counteract enhanced oxidative stress.

DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.011

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DOI： doi: 10.1111/cas.13175.

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DOI： doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.024.

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DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.024.

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Xanthohumol (XN), a simple prenylated chalcone, can be isolated from hops and has the potential to be a cancer chemopreventive agent against several human tumor cell lines. We previously identified valosin-containing protein (VCP) as a target of XN; VCP can also play crucial roles in cancer progression and prognosis. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanisms governing the contribution of VCP to the antitumor activity of XN. Several human tumor cell lines were treated with XN to investigate which human tumor cell lines are sensitive to XN. Several cell lines exhibited high sensitivity to XN both in vitro and in vivo. shRNA screening and bioinformatics analysis identified that the inhibition of the adenylate cyclase (AC) pathway synergistically facilitated apoptosis induced by VCP inhibition. These results suggest that there is crosstalk between the AC pathway and VCP function, and targeting both VCP and the AC pathway is a potential chemotherapeutic strategy for a subset of tumor cells.

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DOI： doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.02.007.

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DOI： 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.02.007.

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DOI： 10.11477/mf.1542201106

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DOI： doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.011.

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The therapeutic effects of non-thermal plasma are expected in the medical fields, including hemostasis, vascularization, prevention of organ adhesion, and cell proliferation. Cancer is an internal enemy arising from normal tissue in the body. The prognosis of metastatic and recurrent cancers is still poor despite advances in medicine. To apply non-thermal plasma in cancer treatment is now on going. The mechanism of the proliferation-inhibitory effect of plasma is reactive nitrogen oxide species/reactive oxygen species production in cells. There are a number of problems to be overcome, such as existence of intrinsic reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species scavengers and the shallow infiltration of plasma on tumor surface. The current reviews makes referral to the study results of plasma therapy clarified so far, the possibility of its application in the future.

DOI： 10.3164/jcbn.16-65

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Toxicology  

DOI： 10.14869/toxpt.44.1.0_SL5

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DOI： doi: 10.3164/jcbn.16-65.

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DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2016.09.006

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DOI： 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.07.004

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Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Recently, molecular hydrogen (H2) has been shown to have therapeutic potential in various oxidative stress-related diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of H2 on preeclampsia. We used the reduced utero-placental perfusion pressure (RUPP) rat model, which has been widely used as a model of preeclampsia. H2 water (HW) was administered orally ad libitum in RUPP rats from gestational day (GD) 12-19, starting 2 days before RUPP procedure. On GD19, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured, and samples were collected. Maternal administration of HW significantly decreased MAP, and increased fetal and placental weight in RUPP rats. The increased levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and diacron reactive oxygen metabolites as a biomarker of reactive oxygen species in maternal blood were decreased by HW administration. However, vascular endothelial growth factor level in maternal blood was increased by HW administration. Proteinuria, and histological findings in kidney were improved by HW administration. In addition, the effects of H2 on placental villi were examined by using a trophoblast cell line (BeWo) and villous explants from the placental tissue of women with or without preeclampsia. H2 significantly attenuated hydrogen peroxide-induced sFlt-1 expression, but could not reduce the expression induced by hypoxia in BeWo cells. H2 significantly attenuated sFlt-1 expression in villous explants from women with preeclampsia, but not affected them from normotensive pregnancy. The prophylactic administration of H2 attenuated placental ischemia-induced hypertension, angiogenic imbalance, and oxidative stress. These results support the theory that H2 has a potential benefit in the prevention of preeclampsia.

DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.491

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DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.344

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DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.332

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Impact Journals LLC  

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare neoplasm associated with asbestos exposure. The prognosis of MM is poor because it is aggressive and highly resistant to chemotherapy. Using a rat model of asbestos-induced MM, we found elevated urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR
Plaur) expression in rat tissues, which was associated with poor prognosis. The proliferation, migration and invasion of MM cells were suppressed by uPAR knockdown and increased by overexpression experiments, irrespective of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA
Plau) levels. More importantly, we found that uPAR expression is associated with sensitivity to cisplatin in MM through the PI3K/AKT pathway, which was demonstrated with specific inhibitors, LY294002 and Akti-1/2. uPAR knockdown significantly increased sensitivity to cisplatin whereas its overexpression significantly decreased cisplatin sensitivity. Furthermore, sera and tissues from MM patients showed significantly high uPAR levels, which suggested the pathogenic role of uPAR in the tumor biology of human MM. In conclusion, our findings indicate that uPAR levels are associated with malignant characteristics and cisplatin sensitivity of MM. In addition to the potential use of uPAR as a prognostic marker, the combination of uPAR abrogation and cisplatin may reveal a promising therapeutic approach for MM.

DOI： 10.18632/oncotarget.11829

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.491.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.491.

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Endometriosis is observed in approximate to 10% of reproductive age women. Ovarian endometriosis not only causes dysmenorrhea but also causes infertility and a high risk of adenocarcinoma. Due to its scattered nature, complete surgical resection is difficult. Endometriosis consists of glandular and stromal cells. Previously, we showed that endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) play a role in the protection against pathologic events caused by monthly repeated hemorrhage. Here, we undertook a preclinical study of non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a surgical treatment of endometriosis. Epithelial cells were most sensitive to NTP-activated medium in vitro, whereas ectopic ESCs were most resistant. We then transplanted excised uteruses into BALB/c mice from donors of the same strain with estradiol supplementation. Four weeks after the transplantation, we exposed NTP to each endometriotic lesion after laparotomy. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that immediately after NTP exposure, epithelial cells exhibited significantly higher levels of nuclear immunostaining for 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine than did stromal cells. Four weeks after NTP exposure, the total surface area consisting of endometriotic cysts was significantly smaller with less epithelial proliferative activity than the helium-exposed control, whereas the number of endometriotic lesions had not changed. Therefore, NTP exposure may be useful to prevent the progression and recurrence of endometriosis.

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2016.1211273

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2016.1245859

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Neurotoxicity of 1-bromopropane (1-BP) has been reported in both human cases and animal studies. To date, neurotoxicity of 1-BP has been induced in rats but not in mice due to the lethal hepatotoxicity of 1-BP. Oxidization by cytochromes P450 and conjugation with glutathione (GSH) are two critical metabolism pathways of 1-BP and play important roles in toxicity of 1-BP. The aim of the present study was to establish a murine model of 1-BP neurotoxicity, by reducing the hepatotoxicity of 1-BP with 1-aminobenzotriazole (1-ABT); a commonly used nonspecific P450s inhibitor. The results showed that subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of 1-ABT at 50mg/kg body weight BID (100mg/kg BW/day) for 3days, inhibited about 92-96% of hepatic microsomal CYP2E1 activity, but only inhibited about 62-64% of CYP2E1 activity in brain microsomes. Mice treated with 1-ABT survived even after exposure to 1200ppm 1-BP for 4 weeks and histopathological studies showed that treatment with 1-ABT protected mice from 1-BP-induced hepatic necrosis, hepatocyte degeneration, and hemorrhage. After 4-week exposure to 1-BP, the brain weight of 1-ABT(+)/1200ppm 1-BP group was decreased significantly. In 1-ABT-treated groups, expression of hippocampal Ran protein and cerebral cortical GRP78 was dose-dependently increased by exposure to 1-BP. We conclude that the control of hepatic P450 activity allows the observation of effects of 1-BP on the murine brain at a higher concentration by reduction of hepatotoxicity. The study suggests that further experiments with liver-specific control of P450 activity using gene technology might provide better murine models for 1-bromopropane-induced neurotoxicity.

DOI： 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.006

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a recently developed technology that elicits a variety of biological effects. This includes cancer cell-specific cytotoxicity, which is mainly attributed to the regional generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We studied the effects of NTP on malignant mesothelioma (MM) and its modulation by L-ascorbate. L-ascorbate is a major water-soluble anti-oxidant in vivo, but its pro-oxidant activity in vitro has been well recognized. Thus, the effects of ascorbate on the efficacy of NTP is important to examine. NTP exposure dose-dependently killed MM cells, whereas MM cells tolerated 1 mM L-ascorbate. However, brief pre-treatment with a pharmacological dose (250-750 mu M) of L-ascorbate immediately prior to NTP exposure significantly increased its cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, which was inhibited by the iron chelator, deferoxamine. However, paradoxically, this potentiating effect of L-ascorbate was completely abolished by a prolonged 4 h pre-incubation with L-ascorbate (500 mu M). MM cytotoxicity induced by NTP was associated with immediate oxidative stress evaluated by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorecein diacetate, which was followed by an increase in the expression of the autophagosome marker, LC3B-II. In conclusion, MM can be a target for NTP treatment and L-ascorbate can increase or decrease its efficacy depending on the length of the pre-incubation period. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2016.05.016

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics  

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.014

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DOI： doi: 10.1002/ptr.5645.

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DOI： doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.11829.

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DOI： doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.006.

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DOI： doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.05.016.

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) can induce lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension and is associated with high mortality. The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy and safety of antenatal Saireito (TJ-114), a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, in a rat CDH model. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to an herbicide (nitrofen, 100 mg) on embryonic day 9 (E9) to induce CDH, and antenatal Saireito (2000 mg/kg/day) was orally administered from E10 to E20. On E21, fetuses were delivered. Antenatal Saireito significantly decreased the incidence of CDH (p &lt; 0.01), increased lung volume (p &lt; 0.01), improved alveolarization and pulmonary artery remodeling using histological analysis, and improved respiratory function using gasometric analysis (pH; p &lt; 0.05, and PCO2; p &lt; 0.01). In addition, antenatal Saireito significantly decreased endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor A expression in the pulmonary arteries. Taken together, our results demonstrated that antenatal Saireito can improve fetal pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary vascular remodeling and, as a result, can improve respiratory function in a rat CDH model. Copyright (C) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/ptr.5645

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Molecular hydrogen (H-2) is effective for many diseases. However, molecular bases of H-2 have not been fully elucidated. Cumulative evidence indicates that H-2 acts as a gaseous signal modulator. We found that H-2 suppresses activated Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by promoting phosphorylation and degradation of beta-catenin. Either complete inhibition of GSK3 or mutations at CK1- and GSK3-phosphorylation sites of beta-catenin abolished the suppressive effect of H-2. H-2 did not increase GSK3-mediated phosphorylation of glycogen synthase, indicating that H-2 has no direct effect on GSK3 itself. Knockdown of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) or Axin1, which form the beta-catenin degradation complex, minimized the suppressive effect of H2 on beta-catenin accumulation. Accordingly, the effect of H-2 requires CK1/GSK3-phosphorylation sites of beta-catenin, as well as the beta-catenin degradation complex comprised of CK1, GSK3, APC, and Axin1. We additionally found that H-2 reduces the activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Oral intake of H-2 water tended to ameliorate cartilage degradation in a surgery-induced rat osteoarthritis model through attenuating beta-catenin accumulation. We first demonstrate that H-2 suppresses abnormally activated Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, which accounts for the protective roles of H-2 in a fraction of diseases.

DOI： 10.1038/srep31986

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Iron is an essential nutrient for every type of life on earth. However, excess iron is cytotoxic and can lead to an increased cancer risk in humans. Catalytic ferrous iron [Fe(II)] is an initiator of the Fenton reaction, which causes oxidative stress by generating hydroxyl radicals. Recently, it became possible to localize catalytic Fe(II) in situ with a turn-on fluorescent probe, RhoNox-1. Here, we screened each organ/cell of rats to globally evaluate the distribution of catalytic Fe(II) and found that eosinophils showed the highest abundance. In various cells, lysosomes were the major organelle, sharing 40-80% of RhoNox-1 fluorescence. We then used an ovalbumin-induced allergic peritonitis model to study the dynamics of catalytic Fe(II). Peritoneal lavage revealed that the total iron contents per cell were significantly decreased, whereas an increase in the number of inflammatory cells (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes) resulted in an increased total iron content of the peritoneal inflammatory cells. Notably, macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils exhibited significantly increased catalytic Fe(II) with increased DMT1 expression and decreased ferritin expression, though catalytic Fe(II) was significantly decreased in the peritoneal lavage fluid. In conclusion, catalytic Fe(II) in situ more directly reflects cellular activity and the accompanying pathology than total iron does. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.003

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DOI： doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.003.

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DOI： doi: 10.1038/srep31986.

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DOI： doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.07.004.

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Cancer Science  

DOI： 10.1111/cas.12947

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Clinical Plasma Medicine  

DOI： 10.1016/j.cpme.2015.12.002

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DOI： 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.07.004.

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DOI： doi: 10.3892/or.2016.4726.

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： doi: 10.1111/cas.12947.

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DOI： 10.1111/cas.12947.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPANDIDOS PUBL LTD  

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma has been widely studied in recent years in many fields, including cancer treatment. However, its efficiency for inducing apoptosis sometimes varies depending on the cell species and experimental conditions. The aim of this study was to elucidate what causes these differences in responses to plasma treatment. Using four ovarian cancer cell lines, the cell density had a markedly negative impact on the proliferation inhibition rate (PIR) and it was more obvious in OVCAR-3 and NOS2 cells. Furthermore, TOV21G and ES-2 cells were drastically sensitive to plasma-activated medium (PAM) compared with the other two cell lines. We demonstrated that the proportion of reactive oxygen species and cell number had a marked impact on the effect of PAM against ovarian cancer cells. Additionally it was suggested that the morphological features of cells were also closely related to the sensitivity of cancer cells to the plasma treatment.

DOI： 10.3892/or.2016.4726

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Pathology International  

DOI： 10.1111/pin.12396

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DOI： 10.1111/pin.12396.

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