Faculty Profiles - KANEKO, Hitoshi

Unmet need for mental health care among adolescents in Asia and Europe. Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Yuko Mori, Andre Sourander, Kaisa Mishina, Tiia Ståhlberg, Anat Brunstein Klomek, Gerasimos Kolaitis, Hitoshi Kaneko, Liping Li, Mai Nguyen Huong, Samir Kumar Praharaj, Henriette Kyrrestad, Lotta Lempinen, Emmi Heinonen

European child & adolescent psychiatry 2024.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

The unmet need for mental health care is a global concern. There is a lack of cross-cultural studies examining adolescent help-seeking behavior from both formal and informal sources, including both high-and lower-income countries. This study investigates mental health help-seeking behavior in eight Asian and European countries. Data from 13,184 adolescents aged 13-15 (51% girls) was analysed using mixed-effects logistic regression with school-wise random intercepts to compare countries and genders. Although a significant proportion of adolescents considered getting or sought informal help, formal help-seeking remained exceptionally low, especially in middle-income countries (< 1%), while it ranged from 2 to 7% in high-income countries. Among adolescents with high emotional and behavioral problems (scoring above the 90th percentile on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), 1-2% of those in middle-income countries and 6-25% of those in high-income countries sought formal help. Girls generally seek more help than boys. The study shows the most adolescents do not receive formal help for mental health problems. The unmet need gap is enormous, especially in lower-income countries. Informal sources of support, including relatives, peers, and teachers, play a crucial role, especially in lower-income countries.

DOI： 10.1007/s00787-024-02472-0

日本語版夫婦関係幻滅感尺度の開発 Reviewed

牧野裕也・金子一史

家族心理学研究 Vol. 37 ( 2 ) page： 144 - 154 2024.3

Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Strengths and Difficulties Self-Report Questionnaire in 12 Asian and European Countries Reviewed International coauthorship

Andre Sourander, Minja Westerlund, Hitoshi Kaneko, Emmi Heinonen, Anat Brunstein Klomek, Say How Ong, Sturla Fossum, Gerasimos Kolaitis, Sigita Lesinskiene, Liping Li, Mai Huong Nguyen, Samir Kumar Praharaj, Tjhin Wiguna, Zahra Zamani, Sonja Gilbert

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2024

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Objective: The self-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is widely used globally; hence, the validity of the intergroup comparisons is essential. This study examined the structure of the self-report SDQ in a large multinational adolescent sample, tested its measurement invariance across genders and countries, and compared youth mental health in 12 European and Asian countries. Method: This study is part of the Eurasian Child Mental Health Study (EACMHS), a cross-cultural research study of child and adolescent well-being and mental health in 12 Asian and European countries. The sample (N = 26,306) came from a cross-sectional school-based survey of adolescents. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess a common measurement model for the self-report SDQ and the measurement invariance of the model across gender and country. Results: Fit indices in the total sample, in each gender, and in each of the 12 countries separately supported the use of the first-order 3-factor model (without the reverse-coded items) as a common measurement model for the self-report SDQ. Measurement invariance analyses provided good support for configural, metric, and scalar invariance across gender; however, metric invariance across countries was not supported. There were significant gender main effects for all SDQ subscales except for hyperactivity/inattention. Culture had significant main effects and moderated the magnitude of gender differences in all subscales. Conclusion: The present findings support the use of the correlated 3-factor model comprising the positive dimension of prosocial behavior and 2 broad groupings of internalizing and externalizing problems, without the reverse-coded problem items, as a common measurement model for the self-report SDQ internationally.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jaac.2024.10.002

児童虐待予防に向けた妊娠産褥期のメンタルヘルス

金子一史・牧野裕也・中野まみ

研究助成論文集　公益財団法人明治安田こころの健康財団 Vol. 58 page： 21 - 28 2023.10

Adolescent mental health in Japan and Russia: The role of body image, bullying victimisation and school environment Reviewed International coauthorship

Xiao Zhang, Helena R. Slobodskaya, Hitoshi Kaneko

International Journal of Psychology 2023.9

乳児への歌いかけと母親の育児自己効力感およびボンディングとの関連ー歌いかけへの評価に注目してー Reviewed

諸岡由依, 小花和 Wright 尚子, 金子一史

家族心理学研究 Vol. 36 ( 2 ) page： 143 - 154 2023.3

Victimization by traditional bullying and cyberbullying and the combination of these among adolescents in 13 European and Asian countries. Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Roshan Chudal, Elina Tiiri, Anat Brunstein Klomek, Say How Ong, Sturla Fossum, Hitoshi Kaneko, Gerasimos Kolaitis, Sigita Lesinskiene, Liping Li, Mai Nguyen Huong, Samir Kumar Praharaj, Lauri Sillanmäki, Helena R Slobodskaya, Jorge C Srabstein, Tjhin Wiguna, Zahra Zamani, Andre Sourander

European child & adolescent psychiatry Vol. 31 ( 9 ) page： 1391 - 1404 2022.9

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

There has been a lack of studies on bullying in non-western low-income and middle-income countries. This study reported the prevalence of traditional victimization, cybervictimization, and the combination of these, in 13 European and Asian countries, and explored how psychiatric symptoms were associated with victimization. The data for this cross-sectional, school-based study of 21,688 adolescents aged 13-15 were collected from 2011 to 2017. The main outcomes were traditional and cybervictimization obtained from student self-reports. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used to assess psychiatric symptoms. Generalized estimating equation and logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The mean prevalence of any victimization was 28.9%, of traditional victimization only, this was 17.7%, and for cybervictimization only this was 5.1%. Cybervictimization occurred both independently, and in combination with, traditional victimization. The mean prevalence of combined victimization was 6.1%. The mean proportion of those who were cyberbullied only among those who were either cyberbullied only or bullied both traditionally and in cyber was 45.1%. The rates of prevalence varied widely between countries. In the total sample, those who experienced combined victimization, reported the highest internalizing symptoms (girls, OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.22-1.29; boys, OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.25-1.33). The study findings suggest that anti-bullying interventions should include mental health components and target both traditional and cyberbullying. Due to the overlap between these, targeting bullying should primarily focus on how to reduce bullying behavior rather than just focusing on where bullying takes place.

DOI： 10.1007/s00787-021-01779-6

Feeling Unsafe at School Among Adolescents in 13 Asian and European Countries: Occurrence and Associated Factors. Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Yuko Mori, Elina Tiiri, Lotta Lempinen, Anat Brunstein Klomek, Gerasimos Kolaitis, Helena R Slobodskaya, Hitoshi Kaneko, Jorge C Srabstein, Liping Li, Mai Nguyen Huong, Samir Kumar Praharaj, Say How Ong, Sigita Lesinskiene, Henriette Kyrrestad, Tjhin Wiguna, Zahra Zamani, Lauri Sillanmäki, Andre Sourander

Frontiers in psychiatry Vol. 13 page： 823609 - 823609 2022

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

BACKGROUND: Research on perceived school safety has been largely limited to studies conducted in Western countries and there has been a lack of large-scale cross-national studies on the topic. METHODS: The present study examined the occurrence of adolescents who felt unsafe at school and the associated factors of perceived school safety in 13 Asian and European countries. The data were based on 21,688 adolescents aged 13-15 (11,028 girls, 10,660 boys) who completed self-administered surveys between 2011 and 2017. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. FINDINGS: The number of adolescents who felt unsafe at school varied widely across countries, with a mean occurrence of 31.4% for the total sample: 31.3% for girls, and 31.1% for boys. The findings revealed strong independent associations between feeling unsafe and individual and school-related factors, such as being bullied, emotional and behavioral problems and feeling that teachers did not care. The study also found large variations in perceived school safety between schools in many countries. CONCLUSION: The findings emphasize the need to create safe educational environments for all students, based on positive relationships with teachers and peers. School-based interventions to prevent bullying and promote mental health should be a natural part of school safety promotion.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.823609

A comparison of child and adolescent psychiatry in the Far East, the Middle East, and Southeast Europe Reviewed International coauthorship

Martine Stecher Nielsen, Carolyn E. Clausen, Tomoya Hirota, Hojka Kumperscak, Anthony Guerrero, Hitoshi Kaneko, Norbert Skokauskas

ASIA-PACIFIC PSYCHIATRY 2021.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：WILEY

Introduction Despite the high proportion of children and adolescents living in low- and middle-income countries, 95% of all specialized child and adolescent mental health resources are located in high-income countries. To strengthen child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS), first it is necessary to complete an assessment of the available services and training programs to determine what is needed, particularly in regions with young populations, such as Southeast Europe, the Far East, and the Middle East. The aim of this article is to compare the status of child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) training programs and the workforce in CAMHS in three geographical regions, to identify similar problems, highlight success stories, and to make recommendations for future studies. Methods This study compared CAP training programs and CAMHS workforce using the World Psychiatric Association, CAP Section's regional studies data. Results This study included data from 44 countries: 18 countries in the Far East, 15 countries in the Middle East, and 11 countries in Southeast Europe. There were significant differences both within, and between, the three included regions with regards to availability and infrastructure of CAP training programs. Besides Greece, all included countries reported the need for more child and adolescent psychiatrists and allied child and adolescent mental health professionals. Discussion There is an urgent need for more qualified child and adolescent psychiatrists and allied professionals in a very large group of countries in three different geographic regions with great differences in religion, culture, and economy.

DOI： 10.1111/appy.12490

Nonsuicidal self-injury risk factors among adolescents in Japan: A population-based study Reviewed International coauthorship

Shoko Hamada, Hitoshi Kaneko, Masayoshi Ogura, Lauri Sillanmäki, Andre Sourander

Social Behavior and Personality Vol. 49 ( 2 ) 2021.2

Early risk factors for postpartum depression: A longitudinal Japanese population -based study Reviewed International coauthorship

Mami Nakano, Andre Sourander, Terhi Luntamo, Roshan Chudal, Norbert Skokauskas, Hitoshi Kaneko

Journal of Affective Disorders Vol. 269 page： 148 - 153 2020.5

The factors related to maternal bonding in the pregnancy period Reviewed

Nakano Mami, Fukaya Mami, Sakiyama Miho, Morooka Yui, Takahashi Yuichiro, Hattori Ritsuko, Kaneko Hitoshi

The Annals of the Hokkaido Psychological Society Vol. 42 ( 0 ) page： 1 - 8 2020.3

Authorship：Last author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Hokkaido Psychological Society

Maternal bonding, the emotional tie between a mother awith postnatal bonding. However, little is known about thestudy aimed to investigate these factors. This study includegestational age of 18.9 weeks. Multiple regression analysisstatus (β = -0.18, p < .05) are associated with maternalimportance of identifying mothers with depression and pooimpaired maternal bonding after delivery.

DOI： 10.20654/hps.42.0_1

CiNii Research

Parental Risk Factors among Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder Referred to Specialized Services: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Reviewed International coauthorship

Upadhyaya S, Chudal R, Luntamo T, Sinkkonen J, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Kaneko H, Sourander A

Child psychiatry and human development Vol. 50 ( 4 ) page： 546 - 556 2019.8

Risk factors for impaired maternal bonding when infants are 3 months old: a longitudinal population based study from Japan. Reviewed International coauthorship

Nakano M, Upadhyaya S, Chudal R, Skokauskas N, Luntamo T, Sourander A, Kaneko H

BMC psychiatry Vol. 19 ( 1 ) page： 87 2019.3

Cross-cultural, population-based study on adolescent body image andeating distress in Japan and Finland Reviewed International coauthorship

Junko Maezono, Shoko Hamada, Lauri Sillanmaki, Hitoshi Kaneko, Masayoshi Ogura, Lotta Lempinen, Andre Sourander

SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 60 ( 1 ) page： 67 - 76 2019.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：WILEY

This cross-sectional population-based survey compares the prevalence of self-reported body image and eating distress symptoms among adolescents in Japan and Finland, and associations between emotional/behavioral problems, body image and eating distress from a cross-cultural perspective. The study included 1,840 Japanese and 1,135 Finnish 8th grade students. The self-reported questionnaire included the Body Image and Eating Distress Scale and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The female adolescents from both Finland and Japan reported much greater dissatisfaction with, and concern about, their bodies than the males and Japanese females expressed even higher distress than Finnish females. High levels of body image and eating distress were associated with psychiatric problems measured with the SDQ. There was a significant three-way interaction effect of body image and eating distress, gender and country with SDQ peer problems and prosocial behavior.

DOI： 10.1111/sjop.12485

Child and adolescent psychiatry in the Far East: A 5-year follow up on the Consortium on Academic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in the Far East (CACAP-FE) study

Hirota T., Guerrero A., Sartorius N., Fung D., Leventhal B., Ong S.H., Kaneko H., Apinuntavech S., Bennett A., Bhoomikumar J., Cheon K.A., Davaasuren O., Gau S., Hall B., Koren E., van Nguyen T., Oo T., Tan S., Tateno M., Thikeo M., Wiguna T., Wong M., Zheng Y., Skokauskas N.

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Vol. 73 ( 2 ) page： 84 - 89 2019.2

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences

Aim: Data pertaining to child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) training systems are limited as extant research has mostly been derived from one-time data collection. This 5-year follow-up survey collects updated information on CAP training systems in the Far East, allowing for the tracking of system changes over the past 5 years. Methods: Data were obtained from 18 countries, or functionally self-governing areas, in the Far East, 17 of which were also included in the original study. An online questionnaire was completed by leading CAP professionals in each country. Questions were expanded in the present study to capture the contents of CAP training. Results: When compared to data from the original study, there has been progress in CAP training systems in the last 5 years. Specifically, there has been an increase in the number of countries with CAP training programs and national guidelines for the training. In addition, the number of CAP departments/divisions affiliated with academic institutions/universities has increased. Findings from 12 of 18 countries in the present study provide data on clinical contents. All informants of the present study reported the need for more child and adolescent psychiatrists and allied professionals. Conclusion: Despite progress in CAP training systems over the last 5 years, the need for more professionals in child and adolescent mental health care in all the relevant areas in this region have yet to be adequately addressed. Continued national efforts and international collaborations are imperative to developing and sustaining new CAP training systems while facilitating improvements in existing programs.

DOI： 10.1111/pcn.12800

Association between bullying behavior, perceived school safety, and self-cutting: a Japanese population-based school survey Reviewed

Shoko Hamada, Hitoshi Kaneko, Masayoshi Ogura, Aya Yamawaki, Junko Maezono, Lauri Sillanmaki, Andre Sourander, Shuji Honjo

CHILD AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH Vol. 23 ( 3 ) page： 141 - 147 2018.9

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：WILEY

BackgroundNo previous population-based studies have examined associations between self-cutting, perceived school safety, and bullying behavior among East Asian adolescents.MethodWe examined whether bullying, victimization, and perceived school safety were associated with self-cutting by getting 1865 students with a mean age of 13.9years (standard deviation 0.2years) to complete questions on these variables. Psychiatric problems were assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.ResultsAbout 5.6% of males and 11.9% females had practiced self-cutting and when we controlled these results for psychiatric symptoms, self-cutting was associated with being both a bully and a victim among males and females. In addition, self-cutting was independently associated with perceived school safety among females. Those who felt unsafe at school and were victimized were much more likely to engage in self-cutting.ConclusionsSelf-cutting among Japanese adolescents was linked with bullying behavior and feeling unsafe at school. Secure school environments and school-based antibullying programs could help to prevent adolescent self-injurious behavior.

DOI： 10.1111/camh.12200

Unmet needs of child and adolescent psychiatrists among Asian and European countries: does the Human Development Index (HDI) count? Reviewed

The report of the survey on the usage of the social networking service and internet addiction tendency among high school students.

Shoko HAMADA, Hitoshi KANEKO, Masayoshi OGURA, Takahiro OKAYASU

Meiji University Journal of Psycho-Sociology ( 13 ) page： 91 - 100 2018.3

Andre Sourander, Roshan Chudal, Norbert Skokauskas, Ahmed Malallah Al-Ansari, Anat Brunstein Klomek, Chanvit Pornnoppadol, Gerasimos Kolaitis, Junko Maezono, Hans-Cristoph Steinhausen, Helena Slobodskaya, Hitoshi Kaneko, Jaya Regmee, Liping Li, Mai Huong Nguyen, Meytal Grimland, Olga Osokina, Say How Ong, Samir Kumar Praharaj, Sigita Lesinskienė, Sturla Fossum, Tjhin Wiguna, Valentina A. Makasheva, Venla Lehti

European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Vol. 27 ( 1 ) page： 5 - 8 2018.1

How Should the Study Findings of Psychological Crisis be Utilized for Clinical Practice?:The Link Between Research and the Clinical Field

KANEKO HITOSHI, KUBOTA YUKI, SHIBATA KAZUMASA, HIWATASHI TAKANORI, OGURA MASAYOSHI, WATANABE YAYOI

The Annual Report of Educational Psychology in Japan Vol. 57 ( 0 ) page： 243 - 249 2018

妊娠期間中と産後のボンディング Invited

金子一史

精神科診断学 Vol. 10 ( 1 ) page： 15 - 21 2017.6

高校生のインターネットのソーシャルネットワーキングサービス利用とインターネット依存傾向に関する調査報告

濱田祥子, 金子一史, 小倉正義

明治大学心理社会学研究 Vol. 13 page： 91 - 100 2017

Association Between Bullying Behavior, School Safety, and Self-Cutting: A Japanese Population-Based School Survey Reviewed

Hamada S, Kaneko H, Ogura M, Yamawaki A, Maezono J, Sillanmäki L, Sourander A, & Honjo S.

Child and Adolescent Mental Health page： DOI: 10.1111/camh.12200 2016

Child and adolescent psychiatry in the Far East Reviewed

Tomoya Hirota, Anthony Guerrero, Norman Sartorius, Daniel Fung, Bennett Leventhal, Say How Ong, Hitoshi Kaneko, Bungnyun Kim, Soo-Churl Cho, Norbert Skokauskas

PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES Vol. 69 ( 3 ) page： 171 - 177 2015.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL

AimDespite the general consensus on the importance of youth mental health, the scarcity of child and adolescent mental health services is prominent all over the world. Child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) postgraduate training can play a pivotal role in increasing access to youth mental health services. In comparison to Europe and North America, however, little is reported regarding CAP training in the Far East, one of the most dynamic and rapidly developing world regions with a very young population. This paper presents an original study on the current status of academic child and adolescent psychiatry training across the Far East.
MethodsWe collected data from 17 countries in the Far East using an internally distributed questionnaire to the Consortium members invited for this study, consisting of leading academic child and adolescent psychiatrists in each country.
ResultsBased on informants' input, we found an overall underdevelopment of CAP postgraduate training systems despite CAP's recognition as a subspecialty in 12 of 17 of the nations or functionally self-governing areas in the Far East. Paucity of official guidelines for CAP training was also evident. All informants reported a need for additional child and adolescent mental health professionals.
ConclusionThere seems to be several obstacles to the development of CAP postgraduate training in the Far East, including stigma towards mental health issues and lack of funding. International collaboration is desired to develop evidence-based and culture-tailored CAP training systems.

DOI： 10.1111/pcn.12248

The Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire in Japanese Mothers Reviewed

Kaneko H. & Honjo S.

Psychology Vol. 5 ( 9 ) page： 1135-1142 2014.6

Child Welfare in Japan: Children's Care Homes and Mental Health Reviewed

Yoshikawa T. Kaneko H., & Nomura K.

Adolescent Psychiatry Vol. 4 page： 233-241 2014

Neuroimaging markers for the prediction of treatment response to Methylphenidate in ADHD Reviewed

Norbert Skokauskas, Kaneko Hitoshi, Honjo Shuji, Thomas Frodl

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY Vol. 17 ( 6 ) page： 543 - 551 2013.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders of childhood, which often continues into adulthood. Methylphenidate is one the most commonly used medication to treat ADHD, however up to 30% of patients do not respond to it.Aims: This paper aims to review studies, which employed neuroimaging to predict treatment response to Methylphenidate in ADHD.Methods: Systematic literature searches were performed using several databases. Selected articles had to describe an original study that identified neuroimaging markers for the prediction of treatment response to Methylphenidate in ADHD.Results: Eighty-three articles were found, of which twelve were selected for the present review. Several neuroimaging markers to predict response to MPH were suggested including DAT status, size of medial prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum.Conclusion: Some promising findings have been identified and they should motivate additional work to establish more reliable neuroimaging markers of treatment response to MPH in ADHD. (C) 2013 European Paediatric Neurology Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.04.007

The frequency of Internet use among the female junior high school students and the association between Internet addiction and mental health problems

YAMAWAKI Aya, OGURA Masayoshi, HAMADA Shoko, HONJO Shuji, KANEKO Hitoshi

Vol. 59 page： 53 - 60 2012

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

This study aimed to examine the frequency of Internet use in female junior high school students. Further, we examined the association between Internet addiction (IA) and mental health problems such as eating problems and self-injurious behavior experiences (self-cutting). The participants were 310 female junior high school students (mean age: 13.9 years), who were required to complete the Japanese Internet Addiction Test (JIAT), and scales on eating problems and self-injurious behavior experiences (self-cutting). Approximately 60% of the participants used the Internet once a week or more. Moreover they often used moving images among other Internet application software. As a result of t-test the high-IA group showed the higher tendency of mental health problems than the low-IA group. Our findings suggest that female junior high school students were familiar with the Internet. The Internet might be a risk factor in aspects of mental health problems. These associations might be influenced by the interpersonal relationship styles of high-IA people.

DOI： 10.18999/nupsych.59.53

CiNii Books

Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2237/17850

Prefrontal overactivation, autonomic arousal, and task performance under evaluative pressure: A near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) study Reviewed

Hiroyuki Ito, Hoshiko Yamauchi, Hitoshi Kaneko, Toru Yoshikawa, Kenji Nomura, Shuji Honjo

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY Vol. 48 ( 11 ) page： 1562 - 1570 2011.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：WILEY

To study the mechanism underlying the influence of psychological pressure on task performance, we investigated the relationship between prefrontal activation, autonomic arousal, and performance in an n-back working memory task with 3 load levels (l-, 2-, and 3-back tasks) under evaluative pressure. The tasks were performed by 32 university students with or without evaluative observation by experimenters. The error rate and prefrontal activation were found to increase with pressure only in the highest load task (3-back). In contrast, autonomic arousal increased with pressure regardless of the task condition. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation of the error rate with prefrontal activation in the 3-back task and no consistent correlation with autonomic arousal. We concluded that the inhibitory effect of evaluative pressure on task performance is mediated by prefrontal overactivation rather than autonomic arousal.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01220.x