Faculty Profiles - OTSUKA, Yuichi

Papers - OTSUKA, Yuichi

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Physical mechanisms of the ionospheric storms at equatorial and higher latitudes during the recovery phase of geomagnetic storms Reviewed Open Access

N. Balan, Y. Otsuka, M. Nishioka, J. Y. Liu, G. J. Bailey

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Vol. 118 ( 5 ) page： 2660 - 2669 2013.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Blackwell Publishing Ltd

The paper studies the physical mechanisms of the ionospheric storms at equatorial and higher latitudes, which are generally opposite both during the main phase (MP) and recovery phase (RP) of geomagnetic storms. The mechanisms are based on the natural tendency of physical systems to occupy minimum energy state which is most stable. The paper first illustrates the recent developments in the understanding of the mechanisms during daytime MPs when generally negative ionospheric storms (in Nmax and TEC) develop at equatorial latitudes and positive storms occur at higher latitudes, including why the storms are severe only in some cases. The paper then investigates the relative importance of the physical mechanisms of the positive ionospheric storms observed at equatorial latitudes (within ±15°) during daytime RPs when negative storms occur at higher latitudes using CHAMP Ne and GPS-TEC data and Sheffield University Plasmasphere Ionosphere Model. The results indicate that the mechanical effect of the storm-time equatorward neutral winds that causes plasma convergence at equatorial F region could be a major source for the positive storms, with the downwelling effect of the winds and zero or westward electric field, if present, acting as minor sources. Key PointsPositive ionospheric storms during RPs due to plasma convergencePhysical mechanisms based on stable minimum energy stateSevere space weather seems to be due to the rate of energy release during CMEs ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

DOI： 10.1002/jgra.50275

Web of Science

Scopus

Evidence of gravity wave ducting in the mesopause region from airglow network observations Reviewed Open Access

S. Suzuki, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, S. Kawamura, Y. Murayama

Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 40 ( 3 ) page： 601 - 605 2013.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Blackwell Publishing Ltd

We present observational evidence of gravity wave ducting and show, for the first time, that the ducting occurs over large horizontal distances in the mesopause region. An optical network of four all-sky imagers in Japan identified two-dimensional patterns of small-scale gravity wave bands in OH airglow images on 13 June 2004. The wave signatures clearly showed northward propagation of more than 1800 km over a wide range of latitudes. The horizontal wavelength, horizontal phase speed, and wave period were estimated from the airglow data as 33.4 km, 42.8 m s&lt
sup&gt
-1&lt
/sup&gt
, and 13.4 min, respectively. The wave structure lasted for the whole 5-h airglow observation period. Simultaneous MF radar wind data and TIMED/SABER measurements suggested that the wave was trapped and ducted at the airglow height. The ducting likely contributed to the remarkable coherence of the wave as it propagated northward. Key Points An airglow imaging network in Japan provides gravity wave ducting signatures Gravity wave bands appear over a horizontal extent of more than 1800 km Simultaneous winds and temperature are consistent with gravity wave ducting © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

DOI： 10.1029/2012GL054605

Web of Science

Scopus

GPS observations of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over Europe Reviewed Open Access

Otsuka, Y., Suzuki, K., Nakagawa, S., Nishioka, M., Shiokawa, K., and Tsugawa, T.

Ann. Geophys. Vol. 31 page： 163-172 2013.2

Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Two-dimensional structures of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) over Europe have been revealed, for the first time, by using maps of the total electron content (TEC) obtained from more than 800 GPS receivers of the European GPS receiver networks. From statistical analysis of the TEC maps obtained 2008, we have found that the observed MSTIDs can be categorized into two groups: daytime MSTID and nighttime MSTID. The daytime MSTID frequently occurs in winter. Its maximum occurrence rate in monthly and hourly bin exceeds 70% at lower latitudes over Europe, whereas it is approximately 45% at higher latitudes. Since most of the daytime MSTIDs propagate southward, we speculate that they could be caused by atmospheric gravity waves in the thermosphere. The nighttime MSTIDs also frequently occur in winter but most of them propagate southwestward, in a direction consistent with the theory that polarization electric fields play an important role in generating the nighttime MSTIDs. The nighttime MSTID occurrence rate shows distinct latitudinal difference: The maximum of the occurrence rate in monthly and hourly bin is approximately 50% at lower latitudes in Europe, whereas the nighttime MSTID was rarely observed at higher latitudes. We have performed model calculations of the plasma density perturbations caused by a gravity wave and an oscillating electric field to reproduce the daytime and nighttime MSTIDs, respectively. We find that TEC perturbations caused by gravity waves do not show dip angle dependencies, while those caused by the oscillating electric field have a larger amplitude at lower latitudes. These dip angle dependencies of the TEC perturbation amplitude could contribute to the latitudinal variation of the MSTID occurrence rate. Comparing with previous studies, we discuss the longitudinal difference of the nighttime MSTID occurrence rate, along with the E- and F-region coupling processes. The seasonal variation, of the nighttime MSTID occurrence rate in Europe, is not consistent with the theory that the longitudinal and seasonal variations of the nighttime MSTID occurrence could be attributed to those of the Es layer occurrence.

DOI： doi:10.5194/angeo-31-163-2013

Open Access

Drift velocities of 150-km field-aligned irregularities observed by the equatorial atmosphere radar Reviewed Open Access

Otsuka Y, Mizutani N, Shiokawa K, Patra A, Yokoyama T, Yamamoto M

Antarctic Record Vol. 57 ( 3 ) page： 369 - 378 2013

GPS observations of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over Europe Reviewed Open Access

Y. Otsuka, K. Suzuki, S. Nakagawa, M. Nishioka, K. Shiokawa, T. Tsugawa

ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE Vol. 31 ( 2 ) page： 163 - 172 2013

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH

Two-dimensional structures of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) over Europe have been revealed, for the first time, by using maps of the total electron content (TEC) obtained from more than 800 GPS receivers of the European GPS receiver networks. From statistical analysis of the TEC maps obtained 2008, we have found that the observed MSTIDs can be categorized into two groups: daytime MSTID and nighttime MSTID. The daytime MSTID frequently occurs in winter. Its maximum occurrence rate in monthly and hourly bin exceeds 70 % at lower latitudes over Europe, whereas it is approximately 45 % at higher latitudes. Since most of the daytime MSTIDs propagate southward, we speculate that they could be caused by atmospheric gravity waves in the thermosphere. The nighttime MSTIDs also frequently occur in winter but most of them propagate southwestward, in a direction consistent with the theory that polarization electric fields play an important role in generating the nighttime MSTIDs. The nighttime MSTID occurrence rate shows distinct latitudinal difference: The maximum of the occurrence rate in monthly and hourly bin is approximately 50 % at lower latitudes in Europe, whereas the nighttime MSTID was rarely observed at higher latitudes. We have performed model calculations of the plasma density perturbations caused by a gravity wave and an oscillating electric field to reproduce the daytime and nighttime MSTIDs, respectively. We find that TEC perturbations caused by gravity waves do not show dip angle dependencies, while those caused by the oscillating electric field have a larger amplitude at lower latitudes. These dip angle dependencies of the TEC perturbation amplitude could contribute to the latitudinal variation of the MSTID occurrence rate. Comparing with previous studies, we discuss the longitudinal difference of the nighttime MSTID occurrence rate, along with the E- and F-region coupling processes. The seasonal variation, of the nighttime MSTID occurrence rate in Europe, is not consistent with the theory that the longitudinal and seasonal variations of the nighttime MSTID occurrence could be attributed to those of the Es layer occurrence.

DOI： 10.5194/angeo-31-163-2013

Open Access

Web of Science

Longitudinal characteristics of spread F backscatter plumes observed with the EAR and Sanya VHF radar in Southeast Asia Reviewed Open Access

Guozhu Li, Baiqi Ning, M. A. Abdu, Yuchi Otsuka, T. Yokoyama, M. Yamamoto, Libo Liu

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Vol. 118 ( 10 ) page： 6544 - 6557 2013

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Blackwell Publishing Ltd

The development of equatorial plasma irregularity plumes can be well recorded by steerable backscatter radars operated at and off the magnetic equator due to the fact that the vertically extended plume structures are tracers of magnetically north-south aligned larger scale structures. From observations during March 2012, using two low latitude steerable backscatter radars in Southeast Asia, the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) (0.2°S, 100.3°E
dip lat 10.4°S) and the Sanya VHF radar (18.4°N, 109.6°E
dip lat 12.8°N), the characteristics of backscatter plumes over the two sites separated in longitude by ~1000 km were simultaneously investigated. The beam steering measurements reveal frequent occurrences of multiple plumes over both radar sites, of which two cases are analyzed here. The observations on 30 March 2012 show plume structures initiated within the radar scanned area, followed by others drifting from the west of the radar beam over both stations. A tracing analysis on the onset locations of plasma plumes reveals spatially well-separated backscatter plumes, with a maximum east-west wavelength of about 1000 km, periodically generated in longitudes between 85°E and 110°E. The postsunset backscatter plumes seen by the Sanya VHF radar are found to be due to the passage of sunset plumes initiated around the longitude of EAR. Most interestingly, the EAR measurements on the night of 21 March 2012 show multiple plume structures that developed successively in the radar scanned area with east-west separation of ~50 km, with however no sunset plasma plume over Sanya. Colocated ionogram measurements show that spread F irregularities occurred mainly in the bottomside F region at Sanya, whereas satellite traces in ionograms that are indications of large-scale wave structures were observed on that night at both stations. Possible causes for the longitudinal difference in the characteristics of radar backscatter plumes are discussed. Key Points Simultaneous measurements of ESF plumes by two closely located radars Sunset plume onset and post-sunset periodic plumes are detected by both radars Smaller scale longitudinal differences in the plume occurrence are presented ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

DOI： 10.1002/jgra.50581

Scopus

IMAP-WG国際宇宙ステーションからの地球超高層大気撮像観測ISS-IMAPミッションの初期成果

齊藤昭則, 山崎敦, 阿部琢美, 鈴木睦, 坂野井健, 吉川一朗, 大塚雄一, 藤原均, 田口真, 山本衛, 中村卓司, 江尻省, 菊池雅行, 河野英昭, Huixin Liu, 石井守, 久保田実, 津川卓也, 星野尾一明, 坂野井和代

第13回宇宙科学シンポジウム 2013

Small-scale ionospheric delay variation associated with plasma bubbles studied with GNSS and optical measurements and its impact on GBAS Reviewed

S. Saito, T. Yoshihara, Y. Otsuka

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING OF THE SATELLITE DIVISION OF THE INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION (ION GNSS 2013) page： 1869 - 1874 2013

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings) Publisher：INST NAVIGATION

For differential GNSS systems such as the ground-based augmentation system (GBAS), spatial variation (or spatial gradient) in ionospheric delay is a critical issue.
In the low latitude region, the dominant ionospheric disturbance is the plasma bubble. Plasma bubbles are local ionospheric depletions that often occur after sunset. They accompany ionospheric irregularities with various scale sizes from 100 km down to a meter. However, the characteristics of the low latitude ionospheric variations in teens of a specific threat to GBAS have not been well studied yet.
This paper studies the spatial relationship between the ionospheric delay gradients and the large-scale plasma bubble structure. The ionospheric delay gradients are measured with spaced receivers at Ishigaki, Japan. Large-scale plasma bubble structures are measured with an all-sky airglow images observed at Yonaguni, Japan.
The ionospheric delay gradients are shown to have large values at the edges of plasma bubbles, and theeir directions are consistent with the direction of the electron density gradient inferred from the airglow images as well as the expectation that the gradient.
In some cases, however, the ionospheric delay gradients have large values had large values at locations other than the plasma bubble edges. The absolute ionospheric delay with dual-frequency measurements and the drift velocity will be analyzed to investigate the scale size and the amplitude of the irregularities that cause the ionospheric delay gradients. Co-site observations of the ionospheric delay gradient and the airglow at Ishigaki to have nearly common line of sights for both the measurements.

Web of Science

A comparative study of equatorial daytime vertical E x B drift in the Indian and Indonesian sectors based on 150 km echoes Reviewed Open Access

A. K. Patra, P. Pavan Chaitanya, N. Mizutani, Y. Otsuka, T. Yokoyama, M. Yamamoto

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 117 2012.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

In this paper, we study for the first time the daytime vertical E x B drift velocities from Gadanki and Kototabang using the Doppler shifts of the 150-km echoes observed during 2008-2010, a period of low solar activity. Drift velocities are mostly positive and confined to 35 m s(-1) at both the locations, except for Gadanki where on a few occasions negative drift velocities have been observed in the afternoon hours. Drift velocities generally show a decreasing trend with local time and the largest drift is generally observed in the forenoon hours consistent with extensively reported observations and models of E x B drift. Drift velocities from Gadanki and Kototabang compared exceeding well on some days and differed remarkably on many days despite the fact that they are longitudinally separated by only 20 degrees. The day-to-day variation in the drift velocity could be as high as 15 m s(-1) at Gadanki and 7 m s(-1) at Kototabang. Seasonal mean drifts over Gadanki are found to be generally larger than those of Kototabang. The observations have been compared in detail with those reported earlier based on ground- and satellite- based observations and also with the Scherliess-Fejer model. The observed differences in the drifts at the two locations, including the downward drifts, have been discussed in the light of current understanding of the longitudinal variability of E x B drift.

DOI： 10.1029/2012JA018053

Web of Science

Motion of high-latitude nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances associated with auroral brightening Reviewed Open Access

Shiokawa, K, Mori, M, Otsuka, Y, Oyama, S, Nozawa, S

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 117 2012.10

Motion of high-latitude nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances associated with auroral brightening Reviewed Open Access

Shiokawa K, Mori M, Otsuka Y, Oyama S, Nozawa S

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 117 2012.10

Observation of equatorial nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances in 630-nm airglow images over 7 years Reviewed

D. Fukushima, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, T. Ogawa

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 117 2012.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

We report on nighttime medium- scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) observed at Kototabang, Indonesia (geographic longitude: 100.3 degrees E; geographic latitude: 0.2 degrees S; and geomagnetic latitude: 10.6 degrees S) during a 7-year period from October 2002 to October 2009. MSTIDs were observed in 630-nm nighttime airglow images by using a highly sensitive all-sky airglow imager at Kototabang. The averages and standard deviations of horizontal phase velocity, period, and horizontal wavelength of MSTIDs observed during the 7 years were 320 +/- 170 m/s, 42 +/- 11 min, and 790 +/- 440 km, respectively. The occurrence rate of the observed MSTIDs decreased with decreasing solar activity. The average horizontal wavelength of MSTIDs increased with decreasing solar activity. Southward MSTIDs were dominant throughout the 7 years of observations. These facts are consistent with the hypothesis that the observed MSTIDs are caused by gravity waves in the thermosphere. Moreover, we compared the propagation directions of the observed MSTIDs with the locations of tropospheric convection activity for the events where gravity waves producing the observed MSTIDs could have existed in the lower atmosphere. Strong tropospheric convection was found within +/- 30 degrees from the source directions of MSTIDs in 81% of the MSTID events. In such events, gravity waves were possibly generated from deep convection in the troposphere and directly propagated into the thermosphere.

DOI： 10.1029/2012JA017758

Web of Science

On post-midnight field-aligned irregularities observed with a 30.8-MHz radar at a low latitude: Comparison with F-layer altitude near the geomagnetic equator Reviewed

M. Nishioka, Y. Otsuka, K. Shiokawa, T. Tsugawa, Effendy, P. Supnithi, T. Nagatsuma, K. T. Murata

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 117 2012.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

We investigated the relationship between post-midnight F-region field aligned irregularities (FAIs) and F-layer altitude by analyzing data of a 30.8-MHz radar installed 5at Kototabang, Indonesia (0.2 degrees S, 100.3 degrees E; geomagnetic latitude 10.4 degrees S) and an ionosonde installed at Chumphon, Thailand (10.7 degrees N, 99.4 degrees E; geomagnetic latitude 3.3 degrees N). Chumphon is located near the geomagnetic equator on approximately the same meridian as Kototabang. Case studies show that the altitude of the F-layer rose at Chumphon a half hour before the post-midnight FAIs appeared at Kototabang. The Doppler velocity of the E-region FAIs observed simultaneously by the 30.8-MHz radar was downward, indicating that the F-layer uplift was not caused by the electric field. We also investigated seasonal variations of the post-midnight FAI occurrence and the F-layer altitude. Both the post-midnight FAIs and the uplift of the F-layer were frequently seen around midnight between May and August. The seasonal variation of the midnight F-layer uplift around the geomagnetic equator coincided with that of the post-midnight FAI occurrence at Kototabang. These results suggest that the uplift of the F-layer would play an important role in the generation of post-midnight FAIs. We evaluated the linear growth rate of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability based on the altitude of the F-layer observed at Chumphon. The result shows that the uplift of the F-layer can enhance the growth rate because gravity-driven eastward electric current increases. Therefore, we interpret that the observed FAIs were accompanied by plasma bubble, the growth rate of which was reinforced by the uplifted F-layer.

DOI： 10.1029/2012JA017692

Web of Science

Response of low-latitude ionosphere to medium-term changes of solar and geomagnetic activity Reviewed

Ivan Kutiev, Yuichi Otsuka, Dora Pancheva, Rod Heelis

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 117 2012.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

The paper presents the medium-term quasi periodic (similar to 9-27 day) response of middle and low-latitude ionosphere to solar [F10.7) and geomagnetic (Kp-index) forcing. The ionospheric response is examined by wavelet analysis of the relative deviations of TEC over Japan for the period of time 2000-2008. It is found that the similar to 27-day rTEC oscillations correlate well with the same oscillations of the solar index F10.7 particularly in the solar maximum and its early declining phase (2001-2005). During the declining phase of solar activity (for example, year of 2005) the Kp-index variability exhibits additionally strong oscillations with periods 13.5- and 9-days. Similar oscillations are found in rTEC as well but they do not follow the geomagnetic forcing as faithfully as those associated with F10.7. During solar minimum the quasi periodic rTEC variability is shaped mainly by the recurrent geomagnetic activity. An attempt is made to investigate the latitudinal dependence of the similar to 9-27-day rTEC response over Japan as well as the phase relationship between the forcing and response.

DOI： 10.1029/2012JA017641

Web of Science

Disappearance of equatorial plasma bubble after interaction with mid-latitude medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance Reviewed Open Access

Otsuka, Y., K. Shiokawa, and T. Ogawa

Geophys. Res. Lett. Vol. 39 ( L14105 ) 2012.7

Disappearance of equatorial plasma bubble after interaction with mid-latitude medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance Reviewed Open Access

Y. Otsuka, K. Shiokawa, T. Ogawa

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS Vol. 39 2012.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

We report simultaneous observations of an equatorial plasma bubble and a Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance (MSTID) in 630-nm airglow images taken with an all-sky airglow imager at Shigaraki (34.9 degrees N, 136.1 degrees E; dip angle of the geomagnetic field similar to 49 degrees), Japan. Clear depletion of the 630-nm airglow intensity was observed as the equatorial plasma bubble propagated eastward, whereas the MSTID, which had a wavefront aligned from northwest to southeast, propagated southwestward. This result indicates that MSTIDs do not propagate at the same velocity as the ambient plasma, which is clearly shown by the eastward motion of the plasma bubbles. We found that the airglow depletion caused by the plasma bubble disappeared when the plasma bubble encountered the MSTID. The plasma depletion could be filled with ambient rich plasma that moved into the plasma-depleted region by E x B drift associated with the MSTID, indicating that MSTIDs are accompanied by electric field perturbations.

DOI： 10.1029/2012GL052286

Web of Science

Overview of Nighttime Ionospheric Instabilities at Low- and Mid-Latitudes: Coupling Aspects Resulting in Structuring at the Mesoscale Reviewed

Jonathan J. Makela, Yuichi Otsuka

SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS Vol. 168 ( 1-4 ) page： 419 - 440 2012.6

Language：English Publisher：SPRINGER

We present a review of the current state of understanding regarding two classes of irregularities causing mesoscale structuring (hundreds of kilometers) in the nighttime ionosphere at low- and mid-latitudes. Additionally, current state of understanding of equatorial plasma bubbles at low latitudes, and medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances at mid latitudes and their relationship to possible seeding from lower altitudes are described. In each case, well-developed linear theories exist to explain the general properties of the irregularities. However, these linear theories have growth rates too low to explain the actual observations, giving rise to the need to invoke seeding mechanisms. We describe the observational databases that have been compiled over the decades and discuss possible coupling and seeding mechanisms that would overcome the low growth rate and explain the observed structuring at the mesoscale. Future research directions are also briefly discussed.

DOI： 10.1007/s11214-011-9816-6

Web of Science

GPS total electron content variations associated with poleward moving Sun-aligned arcs Reviewed Open Access

P. T. Jayachandran, K. Hosokawa, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, C. Watson, S. C. Mushini, J. W. MacDougall, P. Prikryl, R. Chadwick, T. D. Kelly

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS Vol. 117 2012.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

GPS total electron content (TEC) has shown quasiperiodic oscillations of varying amplitude associated with poleward moving Sun-aligned arcs. The amplitude of TEC variations showed a maximum of similar to 3 TECU and seemed to decrease as the arcs moved poleward from the source/generation region. Simultaneous DMSP data showed that fluctuations in TEC and optical intensification were caused by precipitation of high-energy (>500 eV) particles. Concurrent ionosonde observations also exhibited quasiperiodic variations (within limit of the resolution of the data) in peak ionospheric electron density of the ionosphere. Bottom height of the ionospheric layers produced by precipitating particles varied between 130 km (upper E region) and 300 km (F region), indicating variable particle precipitation energy. Frequency analysis of high-resolution TEC data showed a broad range of discrete frequency components from 1.60 mHz to 22.80 mHz present in the TEC oscillations, which may provide insight into the energization/modulation of precipitating particles by these oscillations. A broad distribution of equivalent vertical thickness of arcs was calculated using GPS TEC and ionosonde measurements of peak electron density. This distribution showed a minimum thickness of 21 km, a maximum of 84 km, and an average of 49 km. The equivalent vertical thickness also showed a linear relationship with bottomside height of the ionospheric layer (auroral arc). The relationship showed an increase in the vertical thickness with an increase in bottomside height of the layer. This relationship is a consequence of variations in the energy of the precipitating particles causing different ionospheric production profiles.

DOI： 10.1029/2011JA017423

Web of Science

VHF Radar Observations of Post-Midnight F-Region Field-Aligned Irregularities over Indonesia during Solar Minimum Reviewed

Otsuka, Y., K. Shiokawa, M. Nishioka and Effendy

Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics (IJRSP) ( 41 ) page： 199-207 2012.4

VHF Radar Observations of Post-Midnight F-Region Field-Aligned Irregularities over Indonesia during Solar Minimum Reviewed

Otsuka, Y, K. Shiokawa, M. Nishioka, Effendy

Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics (IJRSP) ( 41 ) page： 199-207 2012.4

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Papers - OTSUKA, Yuichi