Faculty Profiles - NAKANO, Hideo

An improved laser photo-detachment diagnostic for negative ion density measurement

Rattanawongnara E., Nakano H., Tsumori K., Nagaoka K., Osakabe M.

Journal of Instrumentation Vol. 19 ( 11 ) 2024.11

Publisher：Journal of Instrumentation

A photo-detachment Langmuir probe is a crucial tool because it gives a point measurement of negative ion density. The detection circuitry of a photo-detachment diagnostic with nanosecond laser pulses is critical for the accuracy of the results. Applying the electromagnetic theory to the design of the photo-detachment system has allowed it to stabilize its frequency response up to -445 MHz, providing a significantly higher time resolution than in a common photo-detachment circuit setup. A systematic design rule is given in this paper to standardize the proper circuit. The new standard allows comparison between laboratories without concern for electronic parameter differences. The high-time resolution result shows three different peaks in the photo-detached electron current. This paper identified that the first peak is the most correlated to negative-ion density information, and the second and third peaks are related to background electrons interacting with build-up potential.

DOI： 10.1088/1748-0221/19/11/P11002

The Identification of a Target Gene of the Transcription Factor KojR and Elucidation of Its Role in Carbon Metabolism for Kojic Acid Biosynthesis in <i>Aspergillus oryzae</i> Open Access

Mizutani, T; Oka, H; Goto, R; Tsurigami, R; Maruyama, J; Shimizu, M; Kato, M; Nakano, H; Kojima, T

JOURNAL OF FUNGI Vol. 10 ( 2 ) 2024.2

Language：English Publisher：Journal of Fungi

DNA-binding transcription factors are broadly characterized as proteins that bind to specific sequences within genomic DNA and modulate the expression of downstream genes. This study focused on KojR, a transcription factor involved in the metabolism of kojic acid, which is an organic acid synthesized in Aspergillus oryzae and is known for its tyrosinase-inhibitory properties. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying KojR-mediated kojic acid synthesis remains unclear. Hence, we aimed to obtain a comprehensive identification of KojR-associated genes using genomic systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment with high-throughput DNA sequencing (gSELEX-Seq) and RNA-Seq. During the genome-wide exploration of KojR-binding sites via gSELEX-Seq and identification of KojR-dependent differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using RNA-Seq, we confirmed that KojR preferentially binds to 5′-CGGCTAATGCGG-3′, and KojR directly regulates kojT, as was previously reported. We also observed that kojA expression, which may be controlled by KojR, was significantly reduced in a ΔkojR strain. Notably, no binding of KojR to the kojA promoter region was detected. Furthermore, certain KojR-dependent DEGs identified in the present study were associated with enzymes implicated in the carbon metabolic pathway of A. oryzae. This strongly indicates that KojR plays a central role in carbon metabolism in A. oryzae.

DOI： 10.3390/jof10020113

Bio-nanocapsules for oriented immobilization of DNA aptamers on aptasensors Reviewed

Iijima, M; Yamada, Y; Nakano, H; Nakayama, T; Kuroda, S

ANALYST Vol. 147 ( 3 ) page： 489 - 495 2022.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Analyst

The oriented immobilization of sensing molecules (e.g., IgGs, receptors, lectins, and DNA aptamers) on sensor chips is particularly important for maximizing the potential of the sensing molecules, thereby enhancing the sensitivity and target-binding capacity of biosensors. We previously developed ∼30 nm bio-nanocapsules (ZZ-BNCs) consisting of the hepatitis B virus envelope L protein fused with the tandem form of protein A-derived IgG Fc-binding Z domain (ZZ-L protein). ZZ-BNC acts successfully as a scaffold, enhancing both the sensitivity and binding capacity of IgG, a Fc-fused receptor, and Fc-fused lectin to antigens, cytokines, and sugar chains through an oriented immobilization on a biosensor surface. To expand the versatility of ZZ-BNC, we modified ZZ-BNC by replacing the ZZ domain with a DNA-binding single-chain lambda Cro (scCro) domain, thereby developing scCro-BNC. The scCro-BNC was synthesized in yeast cells and homogeneously purified as ∼30 nm sized nanoparticles. In a quartz crystal microbalance, an scCro-BNC-coated sensor chip immobilized with thrombin-binding DNA aptamers showed an ∼5.5-fold higher thrombin-binding capacity and ∼6000-fold higher detection sensitivity than a sensor chip directly coated with DNA aptamers. In addition, the number of bound thrombin molecules per molecule of DNA aptamer increased by ∼7.8-fold with an scCro-BNC coating, consistent with the theoretical thrombin-binding capacity. Collectively, scCro-BNC was shown to perform as an ideal scaffold for maximizing the potential of the DNA aptamer by immobilizing it in an oriented manner. Facilitating a highly sensitive detection of various target molecules, these BNC-based scaffolds are expected to improve a wide range of biosensors while minimizing the number of sensing molecules required. This journal is

DOI： 10.1039/d1an02278d

Development of robust and rapid monoclonal antibody screening technology using cell-free protein synthesis

無細胞タンパク質合成系を利用した迅速抗体スクリーニング技術開発と実用化 Invited

加藤晃代, 中野秀雄, 兒島孝明, 永井里美

日本生物工学会会誌 Vol. 99 ( 2 ) page： 62 - 67 2021.2

Ojima-Kato T., Nakano H., Kojima T., Nagai S.

Seibutsu-kogaku Kaishi Vol. 99 ( 2 ) page： 62 - 67 2021

Rapid Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies from Single B Cells by Ecobody Technology Open Access

Ojima-Kato Teruyo, Morishita Shiomi, Uchida Yoshino, Nagai Satomi, Kojima Takaaki, Nakano Hideo

ANTIBODIES Vol. 7 ( 4 ) 2018.11

Effect of Translation-Enhancing Nascent SKIK Peptide on the Arrest Peptides Containing Consecutive Proline Open Access

Yuma Nishikawa, Riko Fujikawa, Hideo Nakano, Takashi Kanamori, Teruyo Ojima-Kato

ACS Synthetic Biology Vol. 13 ( 12 ) page： 3908 - 3916 2024.11

Construction of transcript regulation mechanism prediction models based on binding motif environment of transcription factor AoXlnR in Aspergillus oryzae. International journal

Hiroya Oka, Takaaki Kojima, Ryuji Kato, Kunio Ihara, Hideo Nakano

Journal of bioinformatics and computational biology Vol. 22 ( 03 ) page： 2450017 - 2450017 2024.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) play a central role in transcriptional regulation mechanisms, mainly through their specific binding to target sites on the genome and regulation of the expression of downstream genes. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the function of these TFs will lead to the understanding of various biological mechanisms. However, the functions of TFs in vivo are diverse and complicated, and the identified binding sites on the genome are not necessarily involved in the regulation of downstream gene expression. In this study, we investigated whether DNA structural information around the binding site of TFs can be used to predict the involvement of the binding site in the regulation of the expression of genes located downstream of the binding site. Specifically, we calculated the structural parameters based on the DNA shape around the DNA binding motif located upstream of the gene whose expression is directly regulated by one TF AoXlnR from Aspergillus oryzae, and showed that the presence or absence of expression regulation can be predicted from the sequence information with high accuracy ([Formula: see text]-1.0) by machine learning incorporating these parameters.

DOI： 10.1142/S0219720024500173

Rapid and cost-effective epitope mapping using PURE ribosome display coupled with next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics. Open Access

Substrate profiling of human transglutaminase 1 using cDNA display and next-generation sequencing Reviewed Open Access

T I K Munaweera, Jasmina Damnjanović, Maurizio Camagna, Moeri Nezu, Beixi Jia, Kiyotaka Hitomi, Naoto Nemoto, Hideo Nakano

BIOSCIENCE, BIOTECHNOLOGY, AND BIOCHEMISTRY Vol. 88 ( 6 ) page： 620 - 629 2024.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Oxford University Press (OUP)

Abstract

Human transglutaminase 1 (TG1) modulates skin development, while its involvement in diseases remains poorly understood, necessitating comprehensive exploration of its substrate interactions. To study the substrate profile of TG1, an in vitro selection system based on cDNA display technology was used to screen two peptide libraries with mutations at varying distance from the reactive glutamine. Next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of the selected DNA pools revealed a detailed TG1 substrate profile, indicating preferred and non-preferred amino acid sequences. The peptide sequence, AEQHKLPSKWPF, was identified showing high reactivity and specificity to TG1. The position weight matrix calculated from the per amino acid enrichment factors was employed to search human proteins using an in-house algorithm, revealing six known TG1 substrate proteins with high scores, alongside a list of candidate substrates currently under investigation. Our findings are expected to assist in future medical diagnoses and development of treatments for skin disorders.

DOI： 10.1093/bbb/zbae029

Other Link： https://academic.oup.com/bbb/article-pdf/88/6/620/57805618/zbae029.pdf

Beixi Jia, Teruyo Ojima-Kato, Takaaki Kojima, Hideo Nakano

Journal of bioscience and bioengineering Vol. 137 ( 4 ) page： 321 - 328 2024.4

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

A novel, efficient and cost-effective approach for epitope identification of an antibody has been developed using a ribosome display platform. This platform, known as PURE ribosome display, utilizes an Escherichia coli-based reconstituted cell-free protein synthesis system (PURE system). It stabilizes the mRNA-ribosome-peptide complex via a ribosome-arrest peptide sequence. This system was complemented by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and an algorithm for analyzing binding epitopes. To showcase the effectiveness of this method, selection conditions were refined using the anti-PA tag monoclonal antibody with the PA tag peptide as a model. Subsequently, a random peptide library was constructed using 10 NNK triplet oligonucleotides via the PURE ribosome display. The resulting random peptide library-ribosome-mRNA complex was selected using a commercially available anti-HA (YPYDVPDYA) tag monoclonal antibody, followed by NGS and bioinformatic analysis. Our approach successfully identified the DVPDY sequence as an epitope within the hemagglutinin amino acid sequence, which was then experimentally validated. This platform provided a valuable tool for investigating continuous epitopes in antibodies.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.01.008

Nascent MSKIK Peptide Cancels Ribosomal Stalling by Arrest Peptides in Escherichia coli

Teruyo Ojima-Kato, Yuma Nishikawa, Yuki Furukawa, Takaaki Kojima, Hideo Nakano

Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol. 299 ( 5 ) page： 104676 - 104676 2023.5

Comprehensive analysis of transglutaminase substrate preference by cDNA display coupled with next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics Open Access

Jasmina Damnjanović, Nana Odake, Jicheng Fan, Maurizio Camagna, Beixi Jia, Takaaki Kojima, Naoto Nemoto, Kiyotaka Hitomi, Hideo Nakano

Scientific Reports Vol. 12 ( 1 ) page： 13578 2022.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Abstract

cDNA display is an in vitro display technology based on a covalent linkage between a protein and its corresponding mRNA/cDNA, widely used for the selection of proteins and peptides from large libraries (10<sup>12</sup>) in a high throughput manner, based on their binding affinity. Here, we developed a platform using cDNA display and next-generation sequencing (NGS) for rapid and comprehensive substrate profiling of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), an enzyme crosslinking glutamine and lysine residues in proteins. After screening and selection of the control peptide library randomized at the reactive glutamine, a combinatorial library of displayed peptides randomized at positions − 1, + 1, + 2, and + 3 from the reactive glutamine was screened followed by NGS and bioinformatic analysis, which indicated a strong preference of TG2 towards peptides with glutamine at position − 1 (Gln-Gln motif), and isoleucine or valine at position + 3. The highly enriched peptides indeed contained the indicated sequence and showed a higher reactivity as TG2 substrates than the peptide previously selected by phage display, thus representing the novel candidate peptide probes for TG2 research. Furthermore, the obtained information on substrate profiling can be used to identify potential TG2 protein targets. This platform will be further used for the substrate profiling of other TG isozymes, as well as for the selection and evolution of larger biomolecules.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-022-17494-4

Other Link： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-17494-4

Administration of Aspergillus oryzae suppresses DSS-induced colitis. International journal Open Access

Ryo Nomura, Sho Tsuzuki, Takaaki Kojima, Mao Nagasawa, Yusuke Sato, Masayoshi Uefune, Yasunori Baba, Toshiya Hayashi, Hideo Nakano, Masashi Kato, Motoyuki Shimizu

Food chemistry. Molecular sciences Vol. 4 page： 100063 - 100063 2022.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Aspergillus oryzae, a filamentous fungus, has long been used for the production of traditional Japanese foods. Here, we analyzed how A. oryzae administration affects the intestinal environment in mice. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the gut microbiota indicated that after the administration of heat-killed A. oryzae spores, the relative abundance of an anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium pseudolongum strain became 2.0-fold greater than that of the control. Next, we examined the effect of A. oryzae spore administration on the development of colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate in mice; we found that colitis was alleviated by not only heat-killed A. oryzae spores, but also the cell wall extracted from the spores. Our findings suggest that A. oryzae holds considerable potential for commercial application in the production of both traditional Japanese fermented foods and new foods with prebiotic functions.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100063

Structures of an engineered phospholipase D with specificity for secondary alcohol transphosphatidylation: Insights into plasticity of substrate binding and activation. Invited Reviewed International coauthorship

Samantha, A., Damnjanović, J., Iwasaki, Y., Nakano, H., and Vrielink, A.

Biochemical Journal Vol. 478 page： 1749 - 1767 2021.5

Structures of an engineered phospholipase D with specificity for secondary alcohol transphosphatidylation: insights into plasticity of substrate binding and activation Open Access

Ariela Samantha, Jasmina Damnjanović, Yugo Iwasaki, Hideo Nakano, Alice Vrielink

Biochemical Journal Vol. 478 ( 9 ) page： 1749 - 1767 2021.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Portland Press Ltd.

Phospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme useful for the enzymatic modification of phospholipids. In the presence of primary alcohols, the enzyme catalyses transphosphatidylation of the head group of phospholipid substrates to synthesise a modified phospholipid product. However, the enzyme is specific for primary alcohols and thus the limitation of the molecular size of the acceptor compounds has restricted the type of phospholipid species that can be synthesised. An engineered variant of PLD from Streptomyces antibioticus termed TNYR SaPLD was developed capable of synthesising 1-phosphatidylinositol with positional specificity of up to 98%. To gain a better understanding of the substrate binding features of the TNYR SaPLD, crystal structures have been determined for the free enzyme and its complexes with phosphate, phosphatidic acid and 1-inositol phosphate. Comparisons of these structures with the wild-type SaPLD show a larger binding site able to accommodate a bulkier secondary alcohol substrate as well as changes to the position of a flexible surface loop proposed to be involved in substrate recognition. The complex of the active TNYR SaPLD with 1-inositol phosphate reveals a covalent intermediate adduct with the ligand bound to H442 rather than to H168, the proposed nucleophile in the wild-type enzyme. This structural feature suggests that the enzyme exhibits plasticity of the catalytic mechanism different from what has been reported to date for PLDs. These structural studies provide insights into the underlying mechanism that governs the recognition of myo-inositol by TNYR SaPLD, and an important foundation for further studies of the catalytic mechanism.

DOI： 10.1042/BCJ20210117

Increasing cell-free gene expression yields from linear templates inEscherichia coliandVibrio natriegensextracts by using DNA-binding proteins Reviewed International coauthorship Open Access

Bo Zhu, Rui Gan, Maria D. Cabezas, Takaaki Kojima, Robert Nicol, Michael C. Jewett, Hideo Nakano

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING Vol. 117 ( 12 ) page： 3849 - 3857 2020.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：WILEY

In crude extract-based cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS), DNA templates are transcribed and translated into functional proteins. Although linear expression templates (LETs) are less laborious and expensive to generate, plasmid templates are often desired over polymerase chain reaction-generated LETs due to increased stability and protection against exonucleases present in the extract of the reaction. Here we demonstrate that addition of a double stranded DNA-binding protein to the CFPS reaction, termed single-chain Cro protein (scCro), achieves terminal protection of LETs. This CroP-LET (scCro-based protection of LET) method effectively increases superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) expression levels from LETs inEscherichia coliCFPS reactions by sixfold. Our yields are comparable to other strategies that provide chemical and enzymatic DNA stabilization inE. coliCFPS. Notably, we also report that the CroP-LET method successfully enhanced yields in CFPS platforms derived from nonmodel organisms. Our results show that CroP-LET increased sfGFP yields by 18-fold in theVibrio natriegensCFPS platform. With the fast-expanding applications of CFPS platforms, this method provides a practical and generalizable solution to protect linear expression DNA templates.

DOI： 10.1002/bit.27538

Development of a dual monoclonal antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of swine influenza virus using rabbit monoclonal antibody by Ecobody technology Reviewed

Daorung Sila-on, Phornnaphat Chertchinnapa, Yusuke Shinkai, Takaaki Kojima, Hideo Nakano

JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCE AND BIOENGINEERING Vol. 130 ( 2 ) page： 217 - 225 2020.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：SOC BIOSCIENCE BIOENGINEERING JAPAN

A dual monoclonal antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mAb sandwich ELISA) has been developed using rabbit monoclonal antibodies generated by Ecobody technology, which includes the isolation of single B cells binding to a specific antigen, amplification of the heavy and light chains of these immunoglobulins, and expression of the fragment of antigen binding (Fab) by cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS). A rabbit was immunized with swine influenza virus (SIV) vaccine, from which single B cells binding to the antigen were isolated. Then, immunoglobulin mRNA was amplified from single cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, followed by the attachment of a T7 promoter, appropriate tags, and a T7 terminator for the expression of the Fab portion by CFPS. By taking advantage of two different peptide tags fused to the same Fab, optimal combinations for coating Fab on assay plates and detecting Fab, both synthesized by CFPS, were investigated for mAb sandwich ELISA. Pairs of Fab detected 0.5 ng SIV in the assay. In summary, this result showed the applicability of Ecobody technology for a variety of immunodetection kits for high throughput analyses. (C) 2020, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.03.003

Production of active manganese peroxidase in Escherichia coli by co-expression of chaperones and in vitro maturation by ATP-dependent chaperone release

A simple, real-time assay of horseradish peroxidase using biolayer interferometry Open Access

Takaaki Kojima, Ayako Nakane, Bo Zhu, Almasul Alfi, Hideo Nakano

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry Vol. 83 ( 10 ) page： 1822 - 1828 2019.10

Almasul Alfi, Bo Zhu, Jasmina Damnjanović, Takaaki Kojima, Yugo Iwasaki, Hideo Nakano

Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering Vol. 128 ( 3 ) page： 290 - 295 2019.9

Comprehensive investigation of the gene expression system regulated by an Aspergillus oryzae transcription factor XlnR using integrated mining of gSELEX-Seq and microarray data. Reviewed Open Access

Oka H, Kojima T, Ihara K, Kobayashi T, Nakano H

BMC genomics Vol. 20 ( 1 ) page： 16 2019.1

Acyl chain that matters: Introducing sn-2 acyl chain preference to a phospholipase D by protein engineering. Reviewed

Jasmina Damnjanović, Hideo Nakano, Yugo Iwasaki

Protein Eng. Des. Sel. Vol. 32 ( 1 ) page： 1 - 11 2019.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS

Phospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme widely used for enzymatic synthesis of structured phospholipids (PLs) with modified head groups. These PLs are mainly used as food supplements and liposome ingredients. Still, there is a need for an enzyme that discriminates between PLs and lysoPLs, for specific detection of lysoPLs in various specimens and enzymatic synthesis of certain PLs from a mixed substrate. To meet this demand, we aimed at altering sn-2 acyl chain recognition of a PLD, leading to a variant enzyme preferably reacting on lysoPLs, by protein engineering. Based on the crystal structure of Streptomyces antibioticus PLD, W166 was targeted for saturation mutagenesis due to its strong interaction with the sn-2 acyl chain of the PL. Screening result pointed at W166R and W166K PLDs to selectively react on lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), while not on PC. These variants showed a negative correlation between activity and sn-2 chain length of PL substrates. This behavior was not observed in the wild-type (WT)-PLD. Kinetic analysis revealed that the W166R and W166K variants have 7-10 times higher preference to lysoPC compared to the WT-PLD. Additionally, W166R PLD showed detectable activity toward glycero-3-phosphocholine, unlike the WT-PLD. Applicability of the lysoPC-preferring PLD was demonstrated by detection of lysoPC in the mixed PC/lysoPC sample and by the synthesis of cyclic phosphatidic acid. Structure model analyses supported the experimental findings and provided a basis for the structure model-based hypothesis on the observed behavior of the enzymes.

DOI： 10.1093/protein/gzz019

SKIK-zipbody-alkaline phosphatase, a novel antibody fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli cytoplasm

Panwad Ritthisan, Teruyo Ojima-Kato, Jasmina Damnjanovic, Takaaki Kojima, Hideo Nakano

JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCE AND BIOENGINEERING Vol. 126 ( 6 ) page： 705 - 709 2018.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：SOC BIOSCIENCE BIOENGINEERING JAPAN

Antibody-enzyme fusion proteins have been used for various immunological detection techniques, such as ELISA, Western blotting and so on. The use of genetically-fused antibody-enzyme complexes has advantages over conventional chemical conjugation methods, as they require no complex chemical reactions and allow for the strict control of the number of enzymes fused with antibodies, resulting in a more stable performance of the bifunctional protein. Here, we describe efficient cytoplasmic soluble expression of an antigen-binding fragment (Fab) fused with Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (AP), N-terminal Ser-Lys-Ile-Lys (SKIK) tag that can improve the synthesis of the tagged protein, as well as leucine zipper (LZ) to enhance the association of the light chain and the heavy chain of Fab. Our results demonstrated that the SKIK-Fab-LZ-AP fusion was well expressed in E. coli oxidative cytoplasm in soluble form having both antigen-binding and AP activity, and was purified to homogeneity by two step column chromatography, suggesting that the combination of the SKIK tag and AP fusion can greatly increase the productivity and solubility of the Fab enzyme fusion in an E. coli cytoplasmic expression system. (C) 2018, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.06.009

Spatial arrangement of proteins using scCro-tag: application for an in situ enzymatic microbead assay Reviewed

Kojima Takaaki, Hata Jumpei, Oka Hiroya, Hayashi Kenta, Hitomi Kiyotaka, Nakano Hideo

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY Vol. 82 ( 11 ) page： 1911 - 1921 2018.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Informa UK Limited

ABSTRACT

In natural systems, various metabolic reactions are often spatially organized to increase enzyme activity and specificity. Thus, by spatially arranging enzyme molecules in synthetic systems to imitate these natural systems, it is possible to promote a high rate of enzymatic turnover. In this present study, a normal and mutant form of the scCro DNA-binding protein were shown to bind orthogonally to specific recognition sequences under appropriate conditions. Furthermore, these DNA-binding tags were used to establish an enzyme assay system based on the spatial arrangement of transglutaminase and its substrate at the molecular level. Together, the results of the present study suggest that the scCro-tag may be a powerful tool to facilitate the synthetic spatial arrangement of proteins on a DNA ligand.

DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2018.1501265