Faculty Profiles - NORINAGA Koyo

P-4-5　Investigation of numerical conditions for heat transfer in a CO2 sublimation tank Reviewed

YAMAGUCHI Hiroyasu, UEHARA Yusuke, MACHIDA Hiroshi, NORINAGA Koyo, SAITO Yasuhiro

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of The Japan Institute of Energy Vol. 33 ( 0 ) page： 244 - 245 2024.7

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy

Numerical simulations for cooling of CO2 gas around a cold plate in a laboratory-scale sublimation tank were performed to investigate the effect of the heat flux from the plate and the initial temperatures of the CO2 gas on the temperature distribution. The results showed that the heat flux of the plate had a minimal impact on the temperature distribution in the tank. The effect of the heat of sublimation of CO2 on the temperature distribution in the tank would be significantly large.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.33.0_244

6-2-4　Development of Atomically Dispersed Ni Catalyst on N-doped Carbonized Lignin for Highly Efficient Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reviewed

Park Gi-Dong, Suchada Sirisomboonchai, Norinaga Koyo

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of The Japan Institute of Energy Vol. 33 ( 0 ) page： 166 - 167 2024.7

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy

The Ni single-atom catalysts (SACs) on N-doped carbon are promising electrocatalyst for the electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R), owing to their unique electrocatalytic properties. However, conventional methods to fabricate SACs are not environmentally friendly. To overcome it, we utilized lignin for preparing Ni SAC, which is derived from biomass. Furthermore, the coordination number of Ni−NxC sites was regulated to investigate the effects of change in geometrical/electronic nature on catalytic behaviors. The Ni SAC on lignin-derived N-doped carbon performed an CO Faradaic efficiency of 98.2 % at −0.9 V vs. RHE, in H-type cell configuration. Along with experimental results, DFTbased theoretical calculations elucidated the reasons for the enhanced CO2R performance, depending on the different coordination environments of Ni−NxC sites.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.33.0_166

6-2-2　Study on methane synthesis process using treated gas from automobile shredder dust as feedstock Reviewed

Nakamura Maki, Li Qiao, Chopendra G. Wasnik, Norinaga Koyo

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of The Japan Institute of Energy Vol. 33 ( 0 ) page： 162 - 163 2024.7

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy

This study proposes a rational process aimed at carbon recycling to effectively recycle carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from automobile shredder residue (ASR). The methods investigated include direct methane synthesis from ASR process gas and methane synthesis from CO2 recovered by chemical absorption using a gas engine cogeneration system. By optimizing the type and operating conditions of these reactors, it was found that the methane synthesis cost can be reduced by using CO2 recovered through chemical absorption in the methane synthesis process.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.33.0_162

6-2-3　Development Of CO2 Methanation Catalysts Supported On CeO2 And SiC At Elevated Temperatures Reviewed

Chopendra G. Wasnik, Nakamura Maki, Shimada Taiki, Machida Hiroshi, Norinaga Koyo

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of The Japan Institute of Energy Vol. 33 ( 0 ) page： 164 - 165 2024.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy

The increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is a major environmental concern, and effective utilization of CO2 is crucial. In this context, efficient circulation and utilization of CO2 are paramount. The methanation process emerges as a critical strategy for effective CO2 utilization. The methanation is an exothermic reaction. Therefore, catalysts that uphold high activity and methane selectivity over a wide temperature range are in significant demand. This study investigated 2Ni-2Co/SiC and 2Ni-2Co/CeO2 bimetallic catalysts, using only 20 mg of the sample. The experiments were carried out in a fixed-bed tubular reactor at a steady GHSV of 12,000 h-1. The results showed that the catalyst 2Ni-2Co/SiC showed 77% conversion of CO2 with an 88% CH4 selectivity, while 2Ni-2Co/CeO2 demonstrated 76% CO2 conversion and 83% selectivity for CH4 at 500°C. These bimetallic catalysts have high activity for Ni and Ru, with resistance to Co and Mn carbon deposition, and can withstand high temperatures up to 500°C without losing activity, selectivity, and thermal stability. The catalysts were characterized through multiple tests, to unveil their physicochemical properties. The Co and Mn have effectively restrained the Ni and Ru agglomeration, optimized metal dispersion, and enhanced catalytic activity even in high-temperature environments.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.33.0_164

LNG Oxy-Fuel Power and Green Methanol Poly Generation Systems Associated with CO2 Condensation Capture: Techno-Economic Environmental Assessment Reviewed

Discussion Reviewed

NODA Reiji, NORINAGA Koyo, FUSHIMI Chihiro, ENOMOTO Hiroshi, HOSOKAI Sou, OTA Tomohisa

Nihon Enerugii Gakkai Kikanshi Enermix Vol. 103 ( 4 ) page： 422 - 431 2024.7

Li, Q; Machida, H; Feng, ZM; Norinaga, K

ENERGY & FUELS Vol. 38 ( 14 ) page： 13089 - 13103 2024.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Energy and Fuels

To achieve energy-environment synergy and sustainability, this study proposes a poly generation system that integrates the energy release process of liquefied natural gas (LNG) oxy-fuel power generation with the energy storage process of green methanol synthesis from renewable energy. In this system, oxygen, the byproduct of water hydrolysis to hydrogen, can support LNG oxy-fuel power generation; while the cold energy released during LNG regasification can serve as a cold source for carbon capture, the captured CO2 can be utilized as the carbon source for methanol synthesis, thus realizing cleaner methanol production and an efficient power generation process with near-zero carbon emission. Following the process design, the parameters were optimized with minimum levelized production cost of methanol and electricity as the objective function through Matlab using the “MADS” algorithm, resulting in 683.79 $/tonne and 68.05 $/MW h, respectively, with overall exergy efficiency of 50.28%. Notably, as green methanol synthesis requires additional CO2, a reduction of 2272.59 kg/h can be achieved. The study concludes that the novel poly generation process is superior in exergy efficiency and CO2 capture and utilization but inferior in high production costs.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c01250

Environmental-friendly extraction of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from poly (vinyl chloride) using liquefied dimethyl ether Reviewed

Wang, T; Kanda, H; Kusumi, K; Mei, L; Zhang, LJ; Machida, H; Norinaga, K; Yamamoto, T; Sekikawa, H; Yasui, K; Zhu, L

WASTE MANAGEMENT Vol. 183 page： 21 - 31 2024.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Waste Management

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is one of the most widely used plastics. However, a major challenge in recycling PVC is that there is no economical method to separate and remove its toxic phthalate plasticizers. This research made a breakthrough by extracting PVC with liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) and successfully separating the plasticizer components. Nearly all (97.1 %) of the di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate plasticizer was extracted within 30 min by passing liquefied DME (285 g) through PVC at 25 °C. The compatibility of PVC with organic solvents, including liquefied DME, was derived theoretically from their Hansen solubility parameters (HSP), and actual dissolution experiments were conducted to determine the optimal PVC solvents. A liquefied DME mixture was used to dissolve PVC, and the extract was diluted with ethanol to precipitate the dissolved PVC. We demonstrated that liquefied DME is a promising method for producing high quality recycled products and that the process retains the fundamental properties of plasticizers and PVC without inducing degradation or depolymerization. Because of its low boiling point, DME can be easily separated from the solute after extraction, allowing for efficient reuse of the solvent, extracted plasticizer, and PVC. DME does not require heat and produces little harmful wastewater, which significantly reduces the energy consumption of the plasticizer additive separation process.

DOI： 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.050

Energy optimization of a non-aqueous solvent CO2 absorption system with pressure swing regeneration Reviewed

PubMed

Chairunnisaa; Zhou, YX; Wu, YT; You, C; Thu, K; Miyazaki, T; Uehara, Y; Machida, H; Norinaga, K

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL Vol. 135 2024.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

This study focuses on optimizing the energy requirement in the post-combustion CO2 capture system using pressure swing regeneration through a model-based design (MBD). The simulation results highlight the significant impact of CO2 recovery, inlet gas and liquid flow rate, and CO2 concentration in the flue gas on the overall energy demand of the system. Moreover, an investigation into the de-sublimation chamber was undertaken, revealing a relationship between dry ice formation and the heat transfer between the LNG stream and CO2 in the heat exchanger. The parametric analysis study reveals that the sensible heat of the lean solvent is significantly influenced by the CO2 concentration in the liquid, consequently affecting the overall system energy. According to the results, the utilization of cold energy from LNG could save 80 % of the total energy requirement. The optimization results found the best working condition, which consumes energy of 0.190 GJ/ton CO2, 31 % lower than the basic scenario.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijggc.2024.104154

High-Throughput CO2 Solubility Measurement in Miscible and Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Types of Amine Solvent Using Headspace Gas Chromatography Reviewed

Tran, KVB; Yanase, K; Rao, TU; Hirayama, M; Norinaga, K; Machida, H

INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH Vol. 63 ( 13 ) page： 5823 - 5832 2024.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research

CO2 solubility is one of the key factors in evaluating not only the efficiency of the absorbent but also the energy consumption of the CO2 capture process from flue gas. In this study, a system namely headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC), which is a combination of gas chromatography (GC-3200, GL Sciences) and a headspace autosampler (Turbomatrix HS16, PerkinElmer), was developed to measure the CO2 solubility of amine solutions. The equilibrium time and calibration curve of this system were checked and compared with those of the literature data. The developed system showed high reproducibility with reference CO2 solubility data of benchmark amine solutions. Distinct from conventional measurement methods of CO2 solubility, high-throughput CO2 solubility measurement by HS-GC shows its advantages such as a small amount sample requirement, rapid achievement of equilibration time, automation of sample exchange, and high reproducibility, which is superior in the amine solvent screening phase. Moreover, this system can evaluate new types of CO2 capture solvents, including the phase separation solvent. By acquiring continuous data, the inflection point in the solubility curve indicated by phase separation was observed. The absorption heat estimated from those CO2 solubility curves measured by this system also agrees well with the experimental data.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c03314

Design and optimization of the flexible poly- generation process for methanol and formic acid from CO2 hydrogenation under uncertain product prices Reviewed

Li, Q; Machida, H; Ren, XS; Feng, ZM; Norinaga, K

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY Vol. 54 page： 635 - 651 2024.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

During the design of the carbon capture and hydrogen storage process, a static CO2 hydrogenation poly-generation process for methanol and formic acid synthesis was developed, thereby reducing recycling flow and feedstock losses in the single methanol synthesis process and increasing product diversity. Additionally, a novel flexible poly-generation process was proposed as the product prices fluctuated with the market environment throughout the plant's life cycle. For the static poly-generation process, a mixed integer nonlinear programming model was established, followed by the Mesh Adaptive Direct Search algorithm to determine the optimal parameter design. For flexible processes, with the unscented transform tool, a two-stage optimization strategy is proposed for obtaining optimal design and operating parameters that are computationally tractable. With an input CO2 flow rate of 200 kmol/h, the results show (1) the static process with an optimal Return On Investment of 13.05%, a fixed investment cost of $ 34.14 × 106, and an annual net profit of 4.46 × 106 $/year; and (2) the flexible process, in which the flexibility indices of the methanol and formic acid production units are 1.088 and 1.194, respectively, resulting the fixed investment cost increase to $ 39.19 × 106, an increase of 14.79%. Accordingly, the annual net profit increased by 8.97% to 4.86 × 106 $/year, while the Return On Investment decreased by 4.67%–12.44%. For investment decision-makers, the flexible poly-generation process can achieve higher profits and reduce potential market risks when they have adequate financing.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.01.205

Regulation of temperature distribution in fixed bed reactor for CO2 methanation through "CHESS" monolith structure catalyst Reviewed

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Zhang, W; Lin, YX; Zhang, YM; Li, TL; Li, JZ; Chen, ZW; Norinaga, K

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING Vol. 236 2024.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Applied Thermal Engineering

CO2 methanation suffers from the problem of temperature runaway phenomenon due to its exothermic nature. To mitigate this issue, optimizing catalyst structure becomes crucial. This work established numerical models to investigate the CO2 methanation reaction and heat/mass transfer process in the reactor with porous pellet and monolithic catalysts. Results show that the reactor with porous pellets has the lowest carbon conversion per unit pressure drop due to its large total pressure drop. In contrast, the reactor with monolith exhibits a much larger carbon conversion per unit pressure drop but a smaller absolute carbon conversion. Based on this, an improved “CHESS” monolith structure was proposed and improved, which not only maintains a high absolute carbon conversion (62.6 %) but also enhances the heat transfer process in CO2 methanation. Moreover, compared with the reactor with porous pellets, the maximum temperature in the improved “CHESS” monolith was decreased by around 11.09 %.

DOI： 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121826

CO<inf>2</inf> methanation over low-loaded Ni-M, Ru-M (M = Co, Mn) catalysts supported on CeO<inf>2</inf> and SiC Reviewed

Wasnik C.G., Nakamura M., Shimada T., Machida H., Norinaga K.

Carbon Resources Conversion 2024

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Carbon Resources Conversion

The concentration of the major greenhouse gas CO2 is rapidly increasing in the atmosphere, leading to global warming and a range of environmental issues. An efficient circulation and utilization of CO2 is critical in the current environmental context. Methanation, an exothermic process, emerges as a critical strategy for effective CO2 utilization. On this front, there is a significant demand for rational design of catalysts that maintain high activity and methane selectivity over a wide temperature range (250–550 °C). The catalyst that can promise a consistent reaction even at 500 °C under an atmospheric pressure is thus obliged. The present study investigated bimetallic catalysts with SiC, which is known for its exceptional thermal conductivity, and CeO2, which is characterized by its CO₂ affinity, as base materials. We incorporated Ni-M and Ru-M (M = Co and Mn) as the active metals, each loaded at 2 %. Impressively, with merely 20 mg, the Ni-Co/SiC catalyst achieved a CO2 conversion rate of 77 % and CH₄ selectivity of 88 % at 500 °C, in a fixed-bed tubular reactor system with conditions of H2/CO2 = 4, a total flow rate of 70 ml min−1, and a steady GHSV of 12,000 h−1. Moreover, 2Ni-2Co/CeO2 catalyst demonstrated exceptional performance with a 76 % conversion of CO2 and a 83 % selectivity for CH4, all under identical conditions. The catalyst's durability was confirmed by a subsequent 40-hour stability test, which showed only a 3–5 % degradation. The developed catalysts were comprehensively characterized by BET/BJH, CO pulse chemisorption, H2-TPR, HAADF-STEM-EDS, SEM-EDS and XRD etc. to unveil their physicochemical and surface traits. It was found that Co and Mn, when integrated, effectively restrained the agglomeration of Ni and Ru particles, ensuring optimal metal dispersion on the support. In conclusion, our synthesized bimetallic catalysts shown a sustained catalytic capability, even in the high-temperature environment.

DOI： 10.1016/j.crcon.2024.100241

1-02　Tar and soot formation characteristics of various coals in a two-stage entrained flow coal gasifier revealed by detailed chemical kinetic modeling Reviewed

LI Tailin, NAKAMURA Maiki, UEHARA Yusuke, MACHIDA Hiroshi, NORINAGA Koyo

Proceedings of Conference on Coal Science Vol. 60 ( 0 ) page： 4 - 5 2023.10

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy

Substituting air with either CO2 or H2O in the gasifying agents presents a viable strategy for promptly integrating a carbon-neutral energy vector into coal gasification technology, concurrently mitigating harmful particulate matter emissions. However, fully understanding the evolution of tar in the practical gasifier has proven to be challenging owing to complex mixture of the scale of reactors. This study presents a detailed kinetic investigation of tar and soot formations from the gas-phase reactions in the reductor of a two-stage entrained flow coal gasifier under oxy-fuel (O2/CO2, O2/H2O) atmospheres. The effects of temperature and coal types were studied. The results show that benzene, followed by naphthalene and phenanthrene, serves as the primary tar products. Higher temperature promotes tar reduction, especially under O2/H2O condition. Moreover, soot yield under the O2/H2O condition is less than that under the O2/CO2 condition owing to weaker hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition route. Soot yield decreases with the temperature rises. This work provides valuable insights and guidance for the reduction of tar and soot in the two-stage entrained flow coal gasifier under oxy-fuel atmospheres.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.60.0_4

1-08　The computational fluid dynamics analysis resolved at the formed catalyst shape level of CO2 hydrogenation reactor Reviewed

SHIMADA Taiki, LIN Yixiong, NAKAMURA Maki, NORINAGA Koyo

Proceedings of Conference on Coal Science Vol. 60 ( 0 ) page： 16 - 17 2023.10

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy

This paper reports a 3D computational fluid dynamics simulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) methanation in a shell-and-tube reactor resolved to the catalyst geometry level. Fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer are calculated, and the local distribution of gas and solid phases in the reactor is shown in detail. To generalize the simulation model, the catalyst effectiveness factor was treated as a variable, and the catalyst effectiveness factor equation and its parameters were investigated. As a result, the catalyst effective coefficient derived from the general Thiele modulus was the best agreement for the present computational model. For higher accuracy, the equations need to be improved to be more suitable for more reality models and chemical reaction equations.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.60.0_16

CFD simulation of CO2 methanation through the Sabatier reaction in a shell-and-tube reactor incorporating phase change on the shell side Reviewed

Kazui Fukumoto, Wei Zhang, Risa Mizoguchi, Yixiong Lin, Cheolyong Choi, Hiroshi Machida, Koyo Norinaga

Fuel Vol. 349 page： 128126 - 128126 2023.10

Modeling the Chemical Structures of Coals with Different Classifications Using Mean Molecular Weights

Hata Yuki, Hayashizaki Hideyuki, Takanohashi Toshimasa, Takahashi Takafumi, Kanehashi Koji, Norinaga Koyo

Tetsu-to-Hagane Vol. 109 ( 10 ) page： 792 - 801 2023.10

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

The chemical structure models for the extractions and residues of two types of bituminous coals, A and B, were constructed. The molecular weights of the extractions were determined via gel permeation chromatography (GPC). New standard materials with structures similar to those of coal extraction (i.e., 9, 10- diphenylanthracene, 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthracene, and chemical compounds A (Mw = 811) and B (Mw = 1135), which were synthesized using the coupling reaction) were adopted for GPC in order to obtain more accurate mean molecular weights than those in literature. Furthermore, a support program for constructing chemical structure models based on 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra was adopted. The coal models constructed suitably indicate the differences between the types of coal. In particular, it is found that a high pyridine-insoluble fraction extracted rate, which accounts for the most significant difference between the total extracted rates for coals A and B, enhance the coking property of coal A. In addition, the cluster size in the magic solvent-insoluble fraction might affect the softening property of coal.

DOI： 10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2023-042

Facile Synthesis and Insight of Atomically Dispersed Ni Catalyst on N-Doped Carbonized Lignin for Highly Efficient Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to CO Reviewed

Park, GD; Sirisomboonchai, S; Norinaga, K

CHEMSUSCHEM Vol. 16 ( 16 ) page： e202300530 2023.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ChemSusChem

For the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), the single-metal atom catalysts (SACs) on N-doped carbon are considered promising alternatives to conventional catalysts owing to their unique electrocatalytic properties. However, environmentally friendly methods to prepare SACs are still required. Herein, Ni SAC was synthesized using lignin derived from biomass whose structural and chemical properties render it suitable as both a base carbon matrix and a metal chelating agent. The coordination environment of active Ni−Nx sites was readily manipulated by controlling thermal activation. The Ni SAC on lignin-derived N-doped carbon achieved an outstanding CO Faradaic efficiency of 98.2 % at −0.9 V vs. RHE, which is comparable to those of conventional SACs. Experimental results combined with DFT calculations demonstrate the optimal conditions for manufacturing Ni SAC which is highly selective for CO2-to-CO conversion and the effect of the electronic structure of Ni atom on CO2RR kinetics.

DOI： 10.1002/cssc.202300530

6-1-1 Overall electrochemical CO2 reduction - oxygen evolution reaction system via electrodeposition bimetallic covered Cu-foam based electrode Reviewed

SIRISOMBOONCHAI Suchada, MACHIDA Hiroshi, NORINAGA Koyo

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of The Japan Institute of Energy Vol. 32 ( 0 ) page： 116 - 117 2023.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy

CO2 reduction reaction(CO2RR), as a potential path toward converting CO2 to fuel, is of great significance for alleviating the shortage of fossil fuels and combatting global climate change. Cu foam (CF) exhibits high electrochemical water splitting and CO2 reduction activity. Practical electrochemical overall CO2RR−OER two-electrode systems include a CO2RR at the cathode and an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode. Herein, we emphasized the CF-modified surface for the two-side reaction by constructing earth-abundant materials on the CF-modified surface with InZnCu/CF as the cathode and Cu(OH)2 NWs@NiCo-LDH as the anode. These were efficient for a CO2RR system with a potential close to an ideal thermodynamic potential for an overall CO2RR−OER. Although this system had different metal composites on both sides, this still allowed a sustainable operation for 40 h with high efficiency. Moreover, we emphasized a further development in scalability. Thus, the energy input for the conversion of CO per ton of CO2 resulted in a low range. The demonstration of the CO2RR−OER provided a facile method of fabricating electrodes based on CF and a constructed overall CO2RR system, which will guide the future development of practical industrial applications.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.32.0_116

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4-4-1 Effect of fluid temperature on heat transfer and flow behavior in a sublimation tank Reviewed

YAMAGUCHI Hiroyasu, UEHARA Yusuke, MACHIDA Hiroshi, NORINAGA Koyo, SAITO Yasuhiro

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of The Japan Institute of Energy Vol. 32 ( 0 ) page： 90 - 91 2023.8

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy

This study investigated the temperature distribution in a laboratory-scale sublimation tank. Numerical simulations in the sublimation tank which cooled CO2 gas at a cold plate were performed to examine the effect of the inlet and initial temperatures of CO2 gas on the temperature distribution. The results showed that the inlet temperature had a minimal impact on the temperature distribution in the tank due to the low flowrate of the gas. In contrast, a decrease in the initial temperature resulted in the increase of the sublimation region below the sublimation temperature, indicating the possibility of dry ice deposition in areas other than near the cold plate.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.32.0_90